Correlation between the presence of neutralizing antibodies against porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and protection against replication of the virus and development of PCV2-associated disease
Tóm tắt
In a previous study, it was demonstrated that high replication of Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) in a gnotobiotic pig was correlated with the absence of PCV2-neutralizing antibodies. The aim of the present study was to investigate if this correlation could also be found in SPF pigs in which PMWS was experimentally reproduced and in naturally PMWS-affected pigs.
When looking at the total anti-PCV2 antibody titres, PMWS-affected and healthy animals seroconverted at the same time point, and titres in PMWS-affected animals were only slightly lower compared to those in healthy animals. In healthy animals, the evolution of PCV2-neutralizing antibodies coincided with that of total antibodies. In PMWS-affected animals, neutralizing antibodies could either not be found (sera from field studies) or were detected in low titres between 7 and 14 DPI only (sera from experimentally inoculated SPF pigs). Differences were also found in the evolution of specific antibody isotypes titres against PCV2. In healthy pigs, IgM antibodies persisted until the end of the study, whereas in PMWS-affected pigs they quickly decreased or remained present at low titres. The mean titres of other antibody isotypes (IgG1, IgG2 and IgA), were slightly lower in PMWS-affected pigs compared to their healthy group mates at the end of each study.
This study describes important differences in the development of the humoral immune response between pigs that get subclinically infected with PCV2 and pigs that experience a high level of PCV2-replication which in 3 of 4 experiments led to the development of PMWS. These observations may contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of a PCV2-infection.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Bolin SR, Stoffregen WC, Nayar GP, Hamel AL: Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome induced after experimental inoculation of cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets with type 2 porcine circovirus. J Vet Diagn Invest. 2001, 13: 185-194.
Imai K, Mase M, Tsukamoto K, Hihara H, Yuasa N: Persistent infection with chicken anaemia virus and some effects of highly virulent infectious bursal disease virus infection on its persistency. Res Vet Sci. 1999, 67: 233-238. 10.1053/rvsc.1999.0313.
Nishizawa T, Okamoto H, Konishi K, Yoshizawa H, Miyakawa Y, Mayumi M: A novel DNA virus (TTV) associated with elevated transaminase levels in posttransfusion hepatitis of unknown etiology. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1997, 241: 92-97. 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7765.
Lefrere JJ, Roudot-Thoraval F, Lefrere F, Kanfer A, Mariotti M, Lerable J, Thauvin M, Lefevre G, Rouger P, Girot R: Natural history of the TT virus infection through follow-up of TTV DNA-positive multiple-transfused patients. Blood. 2000, 95: 347-351.
Ellis J, Hassard L, Clark E, Harding J, Allan G, Willson P, Strokappe J, Martin K, McNeilly F, Meehan B, Todd D, Haines D: Isolation of circovirus from lesions of pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Can Vet J. 1998, 39: 44-51.
Harding JCS: Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS): Preliminary epidemiology and clinical presentation. Proc West Can Assoc Swine Pract. 1996, 21-
Allan GM, McNeilly F, Meehan BM, Ellis JA, Connor TJ, McNair I, Krakowka S, Kennedy S: A sequential study of experimental infection of pigs with porcine circovirus and porcine parvovirus: immunostaining of cryostat sections and virus isolation. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. 2000, 47: 81-94. 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2000.00364.x.
Allan GM, McNeilly F, Ellis J, Krakowka S, Meehan B, McNair I, Walker I, Kennedy S: Experimental infection of colostrum deprived pigs with porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) potentiates PCV2 replication. Arch Virol. 2000, 145: 2421-2429. 10.1007/s007050070031.
Krakowka S, Ellis JA, McNeilly F, Ringler S, Rings DM, Allan G: Activation of the immune system is the pivotal event in the production of wasting disease in pigs infected with porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2). Vet Pathol. 2001, 38: 31-42. 10.1354/vp.38-1-31.
Segales J, Domingo M: Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in pigs. A review. Vet Q. 2002, 24: 109-124.
Ladekjær-Mikkelsen A-S, Nielsen J, Stadejek T, Storgaard T, Krakowka S, Ellis J, McNeilly F, Allan G, Bøtner A: Reproduction of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in immunostimulated and non-immunostimulated 3-week-old pigs experimentally infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). Vet Microbiol. 2002, 89: 97-114. 10.1016/S0378-1135(02)00174-8.
Sanchez RE, Meerts P, Nauwynck HJ, Pensaert MB: Change of porcine circovirus 2 target cells in pigs during development from fetal to early postnatal life. Vet Microbiol. 2003, 95: 15-25. 10.1016/S0378-1135(03)00120-2.
Meerts P, Van Gucht S, Cox E, Vandebosch A, Nauwynck HJ: Correlation between type of adaptive immune response against porcine circovirus type 2 and level of virus-replication. Viral Immunol. 2005, 18: 333-341. 10.1089/vim.2005.18.333.
Mehrazar K, Gilman-Sachs A, Knisley KA, Rodkey LS, Kim YB: Comparison of the immune response to Ars-BGG in germfree or conventional piglets. Dev Comp Immunol. 1993, 17: 459-464. 10.1016/0145-305X(93)90037-Q.
Butler JE, Sun J, Weber P, Ford SP, Rehakova Z, Sinkora J, Lager K: Antibody repertoire development in fetal and neonatal piglets. IV. Switch recombination, primarily in fetal thymus, occurs independent of environmental antigen and is only weakly associated with repertoire diversification. J Immunol. 2001, 167: 3239-3249.
Souza DG, Vieira AT, Soares AC, Pinho V, Nicoli JR, Vieira LQ, Teixeira MM: The essential role of the intestinal microbiota in facilitating acute inflammatory responses. J Immunol. 2004, 173: 4137-4146.
Sorden SD: Update on porcine circovirus and postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Journal of swine Health and Production. 2000, 8: 133-136.
Meerts P, Nauwynck HJ, Sanchez RE, Mateusen B, Pensaert MB: Prevalence of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2)-related wasting on Belgian farms with or without a history of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Flem Vet J. 2004, 73: 31-38.
Kristensen CS, Bækbo P, Bille-Hansen B, Hassing H-G, Bøtner A: Transmission of PMWS. Proceedings of the 18th IPVS Congress, Hamburg, Germany. 2004, 1: 77-
Labarque GG, Nauwynck HJ, Mesu AP, Pensaert MB: Seroprevalence of porcine circovirus types 1 and 2 in the Belgian pig population. Vet Q. 2000, 22: 234-236.
Labarque GG, Nauwynck HJ, Van Reeth K, Pensaert MB: Effect of cellular changes and onset of humoral immunity on the replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in the lungs of pigs. J Gen Virol. 2000, 81: 1327-1334.
Nauwynck HJ, Labarque GG, Pensaert MB: Efficacy of an intranasal immunization with gEgC and gEgI double-deletion mutants of Aujeszky's disease virus in maternally immune pigs and the effects of a successive intramuscular booster with commercial vaccines. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B. 1999, 46: 713-722.
Van Reeth K, Van Gucht S, Pensaert M: Investigations of the efficacy of European H1N1- and H3N2-based swine influenza vaccines against the novel H1N2 subtype. Vet Rec. 2003, 153: 9-13.
Pogranichnyy RM, Yoon KJ, Harms PA, Swenson SL, Zimmerman JJ, Sorden SD: Characterization of immune response of young pigs to porcine circovirus type 2 infection. Viral Immunol. 2000, 13: 143-153.
Delputte PL, Meerts P, Costers S, Nauwynck HJ: Effect of virus-specific antibodies on attachment, internalization and infection of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2004, 102: 179-188. 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.09.007.
Bachmann MF, Zinkernagel RM: Neutralizing antiviral B cell responses. Annu Rev Immunol. 1997, 15: 235-270. 10.1146/annurev.immunol.15.1.235.
Jacobs L, Kimman TG: Epitope-specific antibody response against glycoprotein E of pseudorabies virus. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 1994, 1: 500-505.
Lambkin R, Dimmock HJ: All rabits immunized with type A influenza virus have a serum haemagglutination-inhibtion antibody response biased to a single epitope in antigenic site B. J Gen Virol. 1995, 76: 889-897.
Green KY, Taniguchi K, Mackow ER, Kapikian AZ: Homotypic and heterotypic epitope-specific antibody response in adult and infant rotavirus vaccinees: implications for vaccine development. J Infect Dis. 1990, 161: 667-679.
Lunden A, Sigurdardottir S, Edfors-Lilja I, Danell B, Rendel J, Andersson L: The relationship between bovine major histocompatibility complex class II polymorphism and disease studied by use of bull breeding values. Anim Genet. 1990, 21: 221-232.
Wakenell PS, Miller MM, Goto RM, Gauderman WJ, Briles WE: Association between the Rfp-Y haplotype and the incidence of Marek's disease in chickens. Immunogenetics. 1996, 44: 242-245. 10.1007/s002510050119.
Nielsen J, Vincent IE, Botner A, Ladekaer-Mikkelsen AS, Allan G, Summerfield A, McCullough KC: Association of lymphopenia with porcine circovirus type 2 induced postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2003, 92: 97-111. 10.1016/S0165-2427(03)00031-X.
Esser C, Radbruch A: Immunoglobulin class switching: molecular and cellular analysis. Annu Rev Immunol. 1990, 8: 717-735. 10.1146/annurev.iy.08.040190.003441.
Woo PC, Lau SK, Wong BH, Chan KH, Chu CM, Tsoi HW, Huang Y, Peiris JS, Yuen KY: Longitudinal profile of immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM, and IgA antibodies against the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus nucleocapsid protein in patients with pneumonia due to the SARS coronavirus. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2004, 11: 665-668. 10.1128/CDLI.11.4.665-668.2004.
Yaegashi N, Shiraishi H, Tada K, Yajima A, Sugamura K: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for IgG and IgM antibodies against human parvovirus B19: use of monoclonal antibodies and viral antigen propagated in vitro. J Virol Methods. 1989, 26: 171-181. 10.1016/0166-0934(89)90146-8.