Coronary Health Issues for Lesbians

American Heart Association. 1992 Heart and Stroke Facts: Statistical Update. Dallas, TX: American Heart Association, 1991. Forrester JS, Shah PK. Lipid lowering versus revascularization: a idea whose time (for testing) has come. Circulation 1997;96:1360–62. White JC, Dull VT. Room for improvement: communication between lesbians and primary care providers. J Lesb Stud 1998;2:95–110. Grady D, Rubin SM, Petitti DB, Fox CS, Black D, Ettinger B, Ernster VL, Cummings SR. Hormone replacement therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:1016–37. Lerner DJ, Kannel Wb. Patterns of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality in the sexes: a 26-year follow-up of the Framingham population. Am Heart J 1986; 111:383–90. Rich-Edwards JW, Manson JE, Hennekens CH, Buring JE. The primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1758–66. Bush TL. The epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990;592:263–71. Mosca L, Manson JE, Sutherland SE, Langer RD, Manolio T, Barrett-Connor E. Cardiovascular disease in women. A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 1997;96:2468–82. Summary of Second Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel II). JAMA 1993;269:3015–23. Winkelby MA, Kraemer HC, Ahn DK, Varady AN. Ethnic and socioeconomic differences in cardiovascular disease risk factors. JAMA 1998;280:356–62. Judelson DR. Coronary heart disease in women: risk factors and prevention. JAMWA 1994;49:186–97. Pierce JP, Fiore MC, Novotny TE, Hatziandreu EJ, Davis RM. Trends in cigarette smoking in the United States: projections to the year 2000. JAMA 1989;261:61–65. O'Hanlon KA. Lesbian health: therapeutic perpectives. In: Wallis LA, editor-in-chief. Textbook of Women's Health. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1998:97–104. Skinner WF, Otis MD. Drug and alcohol use among lesbian and gay people in a southern U.S. sample: epidemiological, comparative, and methodological findings from the Trilogy Project. J Homosex 1996;30:59–92. Bradford J, Ryan C. National Lesbian Health Care Survey. Washington, DC: National Gay and Lesbian Health Foundation, 1987. Willett WC, Green A, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Monson RR, Stason W, Hennekens CH. Relative and absolute excess risk of coronary heart disease among women who smoke cigarettes. N Engl J Med 1987;317:1303–9. Hansen EF, Andersen LT, Von Eyben FE. Cigarette smoking and age at first acute myocardial infarction, and influence of gender and extent of smoking. Am J Cardiol 1993;71:1439–42. Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Shapiro S. Decline in the risk of myocardial infarction among women who stop smoking. N Engl J Med 1990;322:213–17. Joint National Committee on the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of Blood Pressure: the Fifth Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of Blood Pressure (JNC-V). Arch Intern Med 1993;153:154–83. Gueyffier F, Boutitie F, Boissel JP, Pocock S, Cooper J, Cutler J, Ekbom T, Fagard R, Friedman L, Perry M, Prineas R, Schron E. Effect of antihypertensive drug treatment on cardiovascular outcomes in women and men: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomized controlled trials. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:761–67. SHEP Cooperative Research Group. Prevention of stroke by anti-hypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension: final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA 1991;265:3255–64. Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, Bray GA, Vogt TM, Cutler JA, Windhauser MM, Lin PH, Karanja N. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. DASH Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 1997;336:1117–24. Whelton PK, Appel LJ, Espeland MA, Applegate WB, Ettinger WH Jr, Kostis JB, Kumanyika S, Lacy CR, Johnson KC, Folmar S, Cutler JA. Sodium reduction and weight loss in the treatment of hypertension in older persons: a randomized controlled trial of nonpharmacologic interventions in the elderly (TONE). TONE Collaborative Research Group. JAMA 1998;279:839–46. Manolio TA, Pearson TA, Wenger NK, Barrett-Connor E, Payne GH, Harlen WR. Cholesterol and heart disease in older persons and women. Ann Epidemiol 1992;2:161–76. Bass KM, Newschaffer CH, Klag MJ, Bush TL. Plasma lipoprotein levels as predictors of cardiovascular death in women. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:2209–16. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study Group. Randomised trial of cholesterol lowering in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian simvastatin survival study (4S). Lancet 1994;344:1383–89. Lewis SJ, Sacks FM, Mitchell JS, East C, Glasser S, Kell S, Letterer R, Limacher M, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E for the CARE investigators. Effect of pravastatin on cardiovascular events in women after myocardial infarction: the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;32:140–46. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and deaths with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1349–57. Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, Whitney E, Shapiro DR, Beere PA, Langendorfer A, Stein EA, Kruyer W, Gotto AM Jr. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. JAMA 1998;279:1615–22. Jacobs DR Jr., Meban IL, Bangdiwala SI, Criqui MH, tyroler HA. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol as a predictor of cardiovascular disease mortality in men and women: the follow-up study of the Lipid Research Clinic Prevalence Study. Am J Epidemiol 1990;131:32–47. Austin MA. Plasma triglyceride and coronary heart disease. Arterioscler Thromb 1991;11:2–14. Castelli WP. The triglyceride issue: a view from Framingham. Am Heart J 1986;112:432–37. Grundy SM. Hypertriglyceridemia, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 1998;81:18B-25B. American Diabetes Association. Management of dyslipidemia in adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998;21:179–82. Schrott HG, Bittner V, Vittinghoff E, Herrington DM, Hulley S, for the HERS Research Group. Adherence to National Cholesterol Education program treatment goals in postmenopausal women with heart disease: the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS). JAMA 1997;277:1281–86. Schectman G, Hiatt J. Drug therapy for hypercholesterolemia in patients with cardiovascular disease: factors limiting achievement of lipid goals. Am J Med 1996;100:197–204. Rich-Edwards JW, Manson JE, Hennekens CH, Buring JE. The primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1758–66. Barrett-Connor E, Wingard DL. Sex differential in ischemic heart disease mortality in diabetics: a prospective population-based study. Am J Epidemiol 1983;118:489–96. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993;329:977–86. Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rosner B, Monson RR, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of obesity and the risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 1990;322:882–89. Kaplan NM. The deadly quartet: upper body obesity, glucose intolerance, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypertension. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:1514–20. Bjorntorp P. Regional patterns of fat distribution. Ann Intern Med 1985;103:994–95. Lemaitre RN, Heckbert SR, Psaty BM, Siscovick DS. Leisure-time physical activity and the risk of nonfatal myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:2302–08. Kushi LH, Fee RM, Folsom AR, Mink PJ, Anderson KE, Sellers TA. Physical activity and mortality in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1997;277:1287–92. Blair SN, Kohl HW III, Paffenbarger RS Jr., Clark DG, Cooper KH, Gibbons LW. Physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a prospective study of healthy men and women. JAMA 1989;262:2395–401. Greendale GA, Bodin-Dunn L, Ingles S. Leisure, home and occupational physical activity and cardiovascular risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Intervention (PEPI) Study. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:418–24. Duncan JJ, Gordon NF, Scott CB. Women walking for health and fitness. How much is enough? JAMA 1991;266:3295–99. Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, Haskell WL, Macera CA, Bouchard C, Buchner D, Ettinger W, Heath GW, King AC. Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from Centers for Disease Control and prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA 1995;273:402–7. American College of Sports Medicine: Position stand on the recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness in healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1990;22:265–74. Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA. Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary heart disease in women: a quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence. Prev Med 1991;20:47–63. Barrett-Connor E. Postmenopausal estrogen and prevention bias. Ann Intern Med 1991;115:455–56. Nabulsi AA, Folsom AR, White A, Patsch W, Heiss G, Wu KK, Szklo M, for the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1069–75. Bush TL, Barrett-Connor E, Cowan LD, Criqui MH, wallace RB, Suchindran CM, Tyroler HA, Rifkind BM. Cardiovascular mortality and noncontraceptive use of estrogen in women: results from the Lipid Research Clinics Program Follow-up Study. Circulation 1987;75:1102–9. Williams JK, Adams MR, Herrington DM, Clarkson TB. Short-term administration of estrogen and vascular responses of atherosclerotic coronary arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992;20:452–57. Writing Group for the PEPI trial. Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) trial. JAMA 1995;273:199–208. Hulley S, Grady D, Bush T, Furberg C, Herrington D, Riggs B, Vittinghoff E for the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group. Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1998;280:605–13. Rossouw JE, Finnegan LP, Harlan WR, Pinn VW, Clifford C, McGowan JA. The evolution of the Women's Health Initiative: perspectives form the NIH. J Am Med Women Assoc 1995;50:50–55. Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer. Breast cancer and hormone replacement therapy: collaborative reanalysis of data from 51 epidemiological studies of 52,705 women with breast cancer and 108,411 women without breast cancer. Lancet 1997;350:1047–59. Proceedings of the American College of Chest Physicians 5th Consensus on Antithrombotic Therapy 1998. Chest 1998;114(5 Suppl):439S-769S. The Steering Committee of the Physician's Health Study Research Group. Final report from the aspirin component of the ongoing Physician's Health Study. N Engl J Med 1989;321:129–35. Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rosner B, Speizer FE, Hennekens CH. A prospective study of aspirin use and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in women. JAMA 1991;266:521–27. He J, Whelton PK, Vu B, Klag MJ. Aspirin and risk of hemorrhagic stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1998;280:1930–35. Antiplatelet Trialist' Collaboration. Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy—I: prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. BMJ 1994;308:81–106. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival). Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. Lancet 1988;2:329–60. Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH, Manson JE, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Willett WC. Vitamin E Consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1444–49. Faggiotto A, Poli A, Catapano AL. Antioxidants and coronary artery disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 1998;9:541–49. Boushey CJ, Beresford SAA, Omenn GS, Motulsky AG. A quantitative assessment of plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease: probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA 1995;274:1049–57. Rimm EB, Willett WC, Hu FB, Sampson L, Colditz GA, Manson JE, Hennekens C, Stampfer MJ. Folate and vitamin B 6 from diet and supplements in relation to risk of coronary heart disease in women. JAMA 1998;297:359–64. Bybee D. Michigan Lesbian Survey: A Report to the Michigan Organization for Human Rights and the Michigan Department of Public Health. Detroit, MI: Michigan Department of Health and Human Services, 1990.