Coronary Artery Anomalies – State of the Art Review

Angelini, 2007, Coronary artery anomalies: an entity in search of an identity, Circulation, 115, 1296, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.618082 Gentile, 2021, Coronary artery anomalies, Circulation, 144, 983, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055347 Maron, 2009, Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980-2006, Circulation, 119, 1085, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.804617 Kastellanos, 2018, Overview of coronary artery variants, aberrations and anomalies, World J Cardiol, 10, 127, 10.4330/wjc.v10.i10.127 Baumgartner, 2021, 2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of adult congenital heart disease, Eur Heart J, 42, 563, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa554 Pelliccia, 2021, 2020 ESC Guidelines on Sports Cardiology and Exercise in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease, Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed), 74, 545 Stout, 2019, 2018 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines, J Am Coll Cardiol, 73, e81, 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.1029 Basso, 2000, Clinical profile of congenital coronary artery anomalies with origin from the wrong aortic sinus leading to sudden death in young competitive athletes, J Am Coll Cardiol, 35, 1493, 10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00566-0 Angelini, 1989, Normal and anomalous coronary arteries: definitions and classification, Am Heart J, 117, 418, 10.1016/0002-8703(89)90789-8 Villa, 2016, Coronary artery anomalies overview: the normal and the abnormal, World J Radiol, 8, 537, 10.4329/wjr.v8.i6.537 Angelini, 2002, Coronary artery anomalies—current clinical issues, Tex Heart Inst J, 29, 271 Shriki, 2012, Identifying, characterizing, and classifying congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries, RadioGraphics, 32, 453, 10.1148/rg.322115097 Apitzsch, 2010, Unusual malignant coronary artery anomaly: results of coronary angiography, MR imaging, and multislice CT, Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol, 33, 389, 10.1007/s00270-009-9663-y Chiribiri, 2011, Coronary imaging with cardiovascular magnetic resonance: current state of the art, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 54, 240, 10.1016/j.pcad.2011.09.002 Karadag, 2009, An extraordinary cause of ischemic chest pain in a young man: congenital ostial atresia of the right coronary artery, J Cardiol, 54, 335, 10.1016/j.jjcc.2009.01.008 Angelini, 2008, Acute takeoff” of the circumflex artery: a newly recognized coronary anatomic variant with potential clinical consequences, Tex Heart Inst J, 35, 28 Raff, 2009, SCCT guidelines for the interpretation and reporting of coronary computed tomographic angiography, J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr, 3, 122, 10.1016/j.jcct.2009.01.001 Dodge-Khatami, 2000, Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature and Database Project: anomalies of the coronary arteries, Ann Thorac Surg, 69, S270, 10.1016/S0003-4975(99)01248-5 Yau, 2011, Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in adults: a comprehensive review of 151 adult cases and a new diagnosis in a 53-year-old woman, Clin Cardiol, 34, 204, 10.1002/clc.20848 Barbetakis, 2005, A long-term survivor of Bland-White-Garland syndrome with systemic collateral supply: a case report and review of the literature, BMC Surg, 5, 23, 10.1186/1471-2482-5-23 Frescura, 1998, Anomalous origin of coronary arteries and risk of sudden death: a study based on an autopsy population of congenital heart disease, Human Pathology, 29, 689, 10.1016/S0046-8177(98)90277-5 Kazmierczak, 2013, Repair of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery in infants, Interactive CardioVasc Thoracic Surg, 16, 797, 10.1093/icvts/ivt061 Roberts, 1986, Major anomalies of coronary arterial origin seen in adulthood, Am Heart J, 111, 941, 10.1016/0002-8703(86)90646-0 Yamanaka, 1990, Coronary artery anomalies in 126,595 patients undergoing coronary arteriography, Catheterization Cardiovasc Diagnosis, 21, 28, 10.1002/ccd.1810210110 Corrado, 1990, Sudden death in young competitive athletes: clinicopathologic correlations in 22 cases, Am J Med, 89, 588, 10.1016/0002-9343(90)90176-E Maron, 2015, Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities: preamble, principles, and general considerations, Circulation, 132, e256, 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000236 Angelini, 2002, Coronary artery anomalies–current clinical issues: definitions, classification, incidence, clinical relevance, and treatment guidelines, Tex Heart Inst J, 29, 271 Angelini, 2019, Imaging approaches for coronary artery anomalies: purpose and techniques, Curr Cardiol Rep, 21, 101, 10.1007/s11886-019-1188-7 Angelini, 2003, Anomalous coronary artery arising from the opposite sinus: descriptive features and pathophysiologic mechanisms, as documented by intravascular ultrasonography, J Invasive Cardiol, 15, 507 Click, 1989, Anomalous coronary arteries: location, degree of atherosclerosis and effect on survival—a report from the coronary artery surgery study, J Am Coll Cardiol, 13, 531, 10.1016/0735-1097(89)90588-3 Desmet, 1992, Isolated single coronary artery: a review of 50,000 consecutive coronary angiographies, Eur Heart J, 13, 1637, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060117 Lipton, 1979, Isolated single coronary artery: diagnosis, angiographic classification, and clinical significance, Radiology, 130, 39, 10.1148/130.1.39 Sloan, 2008, Inferior wall myocardial infarction caused by anomalous right coronary artery, Canadian J Cardiol, 24, S102, 10.1016/S0828-282X(08)70704-9 Yurtdas, 2012, Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the left anterior descending artery: review of the literature, Cardiol J, 19, 122, 10.5603/CJ.2012.0023 Flessas, 2013, An unusual pattern of three major components of the cardiovascular system: multimodality imaging and review of the literature, J Cardiothorac Surg, 8, 61, 10.1186/1749-8090-8-61 Akcay, 2008, Isolated single coronary artery: a series of 10 cases, Circ J, 72, 1254, 10.1253/circj.72.1254 Liberthson, 1996, Sudden death from cardiac causes in children and young adults, New Eng J Med, 334, 1039, 10.1056/NEJM199604183341607 Said, 2014, Coronary artery disease in congenital single coronary artery in adults: a Dutch case series, World J Cardiol, 6, 196, 10.4330/wjc.v6.i4.196 Calişkan, 2009, Anomalous right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva presenting a challenge for percutaneous coronary intervention, Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars, 37, 44 Kafkas, 2011, An isolated single L-I type coronary artery with severe LAD lesions treated by transradial PCI, J Invasive Cardiol, 23, E216 Pourafkari, 2014, Anomalous origin of right coronary artery from distal left circumflex artery: a case study and a review of its clinical significance, J Cardiovasc Thorac Res, 6, 127 Rudan, 2010, Percutaneous coronary intervention of an anomalous right coronary artery originating from the left coronary artery, Wien Klin Wochenschr, 122, 508, 10.1007/s00508-010-1420-3 Rinaldi, 1994, Right coronary artery with anomalous origin and slit ostium, Ann Thorac Surg, 58, 829, 10.1016/0003-4975(94)90760-9 Taylor, 1992, Sudden cardiac death associated with isolated congenital coronary artery anomalies, J Am Coll Cardiol, 20, 640, 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90019-J Hongsakul, 2012, Congenital absence of left circumflex artery detected by computed tomography coronary angiography: a case report, Case Rep Vasc Med, 2012 Majid, 2011, Superdominant right coronary artery with absent left circumflex artery, Biomed Imaging Interv J, 7, e2 Gay, 1989, [Atresia of the left coronary ostium. Repair in a 2-month-old infant], Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss, 82, 807 Sato, 1990, Congenital atresia of the left main coronary artery ostium–a case suffering from ventricular tachycardia, Nihon Kyobu Geka Gakkai Zasshi, 38, 1467 van der Hauwaert, 1982, Congenital atresia of left coronary ostium, Br Heart J, 48, 298, 10.1136/hrt.48.3.298 Verney, 1969, Myocardial infarction in a 5-month-old infant. Punctiform ostium of the left coronary artery. Distal adventitial lesions in the area of anterior interventricular artery, Ann Pediatr (Paris), 16, 263 Elian, 2003, Left main coronary artery atresia: extremely rare coronary anomaly in an asymptomatic adult and an adolescent soccer player, Cardiol Rev, 11, 160, 10.1097/01.CRD.0000064423.27902.BB Tian, 2018, Left main coronary artery atresia with concomitant mitral regurgitation in an adult, Medicine (Baltimore), 97, e12367, 10.1097/MD.0000000000012367 Angelini, 2012, Congenital coronary artery ostial disease: a spectrum of anatomic variants with different pathophysiologies and prognoses, Tex Heart Inst J, 39, 55 Gupta, 2015, Absent right coronary artery: a case of single coronary artery or congenital ostial atresia?, Indian Heart Journal, 67, S11, 10.1016/j.ihj.2015.11.038 Lea, 1986, Congenital ostial stenosis of the right coronary artery repaired by vein patch angioplasty, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 92, 796, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)35886-6 Lee, 2001, Right coronary artery atresia in Marfan's syndrome: a case report, Korean J Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg, 1, 720 Pandey, 2019, Congenital ostial atresia of right coronary artery: an exceedingly rare anomaly diagnosed on CT angiography, BMJ Case Rep CP, 12 Rauzier, 1997, Aortic-ventricular tunnel with right coronary artery atresia, Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss, 90, 725 Zugibe, 1993, Hypoplastic coronary artery disease within the spectrum of sudden unexpected death in young and middle age adults, Am J Forensic Med Pathol, 14, 276, 10.1097/00000433-199312000-00002 Ogden, 1970, Congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries, Am J Cardiol, 25, 474, 10.1016/0002-9149(70)90016-0 Roberts, 1992, Congenital hypoplasia of both right and left circumflex coronary arteries, Am J Cardiol, 70, 121, 10.1016/0002-9149(92)91407-U Fraisse, 2000, Myocardial infarction in children with hypoplastic coronary arteries, Circulation, 101, 1219, 10.1161/01.CIR.101.10.1219 McFarland, 2011, Hypoplastic coronary artery disease: a rare cause of sudden cardiac death and its treatment with an implantable defibrillator, J Cardiol Cases, 4, e148, 10.1016/j.jccase.2011.08.005 Saremi, 2013, Dual origin, course and supply in coronary artery system, Int J Cardiol, 168, 4970, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.07.137 Angelini, 2002, Coronary anomalies: incidence, pathophysiology, and clinical relevance, Circulation, 105, 2449, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000016175.49835.57 Li, 1998, Coronary arterial anatomy in tetralogy of Fallot: morphological and clinical correlations, Heart, 80, 174, 10.1136/hrt.80.2.174 Celik, 2015, A new anomaly of the left anterior descending artery: type X dual LAD, Indian Heart J, 67, S14, 10.1016/j.ihj.2015.09.004 Oral, 1996, Significance of dual left anterior descending coronary artery in interventional cardiology. A case report, Angiology, 47, 825, 10.1177/000331979604700812 Sajja, 2000, Dual left anterior descending coronary artery: surgical revascularization in 4 patients, Tex Heart Inst J, 27, 292 Altun, 2002, An interesting diagnostic dilemma: double right coronary artery or high take off of a large right ventricular branch, Int J Cardiol, 82, 99, 10.1016/S0167-5273(01)00595-2 Spindola-Franco, 1983, Dual left anterior descending coronary artery: angiographic description of important variants and surgical implications, Am Heart J, 105, 445, 10.1016/0002-8703(83)90363-0 Al-Umairi, 2018, A new variant of dual left anterior descending artery anomaly, Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J, 18, e386, 10.18295/squmj.2018.18.03.021 Bozlar, 2015, Prevalence of dual left anterior descending artery variations in CT angiography, Diagn Interv Radiol, 21, 34, 10.5152/dir.2014.14275 Dhanse, 2018, Dual LAD system – a case report and lessons learnt from past nomenclature system, IHJ Cardiovasc Case Rep (CVCR), 2, S4, 10.1016/j.ihjccr.2018.06.002 Greenberg, 1994, Dual left anterior descending coronary artery (dual LAD), Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn, 31, 250, 10.1002/ccd.1810310323 Samarendra, 2001, Anomalous circumflex coronary artery: benign or predisposed to selective atherosclerosis, Angiology, 52, 521, 10.1177/000331970105200803 Angelini, 1983, Myocardial bridges: a review, Prog Cardiovasc Dis, 26, 75, 10.1016/0033-0620(83)90019-1 Rossi, 1980, Myocardial bridges and ischemic heart disease, Eur Heart J, 1, 239, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a061125 Morales, 1993, Intramural left anterior descending coronary artery: significance of the depth of the muscular tunnel, Hum Pathol, 24, 693, 10.1016/0046-8177(93)90004-Z Hong, 2014, Relation of myocardial bridge to myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis, Chin Med J (Engl), 127, 945 Hostiuc S, Rusu MC, Hostiuc M, Negoi RI, Negoi I. Cardiovascular consequences of myocardial bridging: a meta-analysis and meta-regression. Sci Rep. 2017; 7:14644. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13958-0 Tarantini, 2016, Left anterior descending artery myocardial bridging: a clinical approach, J Am Coll Cardiol, 68, 2887, 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.09.973 Yun, 2018, Coronary artery fistulas: pathophysiology, imaging findings, and management, Radiographics, 38, 688, 10.1148/rg.2018170158 Baitaxe, 1977, the incidence of congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries in the adult population, Radiology, 122, 47, 10.1148/122.1.47 Vitarelli, 2002, Assessment of congenital coronary artery fistulas by transesophageal color Doppler echocardiography, Am J Med, 113, 127, 10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01157-9 Reddy, 2015, Coronary artery fistulae, Circ Cardiovasc Interv, 8, 10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.115.003062 Gowda, 2006, Coronary artery fistulas: clinical and therapeutic considerations, Int J Cardiol, 107, 7, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.01.067 Said, 2013, Late outcome of repair of congenital coronary artery fistulas–a word of caution, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 145, 455, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2012.11.028 Moberg, 1967, Anastomoses between extracardiac vessels and coronary arteries. I. Via bronchial arteries. Post-mortem angiographic study in adults and newborn infants, Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh), 6, 177, 10.1177/028418516700600209 Bluemke, 2008, Circulation, 118, 586, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.189695 Lim, 2011, Medscape. Anomalous origination of a coronary artery from the opposite sinus, Nat Rev Cardiol, 8, 706, 10.1038/nrcardio.2011.147 Manghat, 2005, Multidetector row computed tomography: imaging congenital coronary artery anomalies in adults, Heart, 91, 1515, 10.1136/hrt.2005.065979 Bigler, 2021, Hemodynamic relevance of anomalous coronary arteries originating from the opposite sinus of valsalva-in search of the evidence, Front Cardiovasc Med, 7, 10.3389/fcvm.2020.591326 Ghadri, 2014, Congenital coronary anomalies detected by coronary computed tomography compared to invasive coronary angiography, BMC Cardiovasc Disord, 14, 81, 10.1186/1471-2261-14-81 Shi, 2004, Multislice CT imaging of anomalous coronary arteries, Eur Radiol, 14, 2172, 10.1007/s00330-004-2490-2 Frommelt, 2020, J Am Soc Echocardiogr, 33, 259, 10.1016/j.echo.2019.10.011 Zeina, 2009, Congenital coronary artery anomalies in adults: non-invasive assessment with multidetector CT, Br J Radiol, 82, 254, 10.1259/bjr/80369775 Benz, 2016, Minimized radiation and contrast agent exposure for coronary computed tomography angiography: first clinical experience on a latest generation 256-slice scanner, Acad Radiol, 23, 1008, 10.1016/j.acra.2016.03.015 Herzog, 2009, First head-to-head comparison of effective radiation dose from low-dose 64-slice CT with prospective ECG-triggering versus invasive coronary angiography, Heart, 95, 1656, 10.1136/hrt.2008.162420 Husmann, 2008, Feasibility of low-dose coronary CT angiography: first experience with prospective ECG-gating, Eur Heart J, 29, 191, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehm613 Morin, 2003, Radiation dose in computed tomography of the heart, Circulation, 107, 917, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000048965.56529.C2 Gaur, 2013, Rationale and design of the HeartFlowNXT (HeartFlow analysis of coronary blood flow using CT angiography: NeXt sTeps) study, J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr, 7, 279, 10.1016/j.jcct.2013.09.003 Leipsic, 2014, CT angiography (CTA) and diagnostic performance of noninvasive fractional flow reserve: results from the Determination of Fractional Flow Reserve by Anatomic CTA (DeFACTO) study, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 202, 989, 10.2214/AJR.13.11441 Kawaji, 2016, Diagnosis of functional ischemia in a right coronary artery with anomalous aortic origin, J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr, 10, 188, 10.1016/j.jcct.2015.11.001 Miki, 2018, Anomalous aortic origin of the right coronary artery with functional ischemia determined with fractional flow reserve derived from computed tomography, Clin Case Rep, 6, 1371, 10.1002/ccr3.1582 Tahir, 2018, Anomalous origin of left anterior descending artery and left circumflex artery from right coronary sinus with malignant left anterior descending artery course: role of coronary CT angiography derived fractional flow reserve in decision making, Cureus, 10, e3220 Tang, 2020, Coronary computed tomography angiography-derived fractional flow reserve in patients with anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the left coronary sinus, Korean J Radiol, 21, 192, 10.3348/kjr.2019.0230 Linsen, 2018, First in humans: dobutamine stress cardiac computed tomography to evaluate dynamic compression of an anomalous left coronary artery, Coron Artery Dis, 29, 607, 10.1097/MCA.0000000000000641 Angelini, 2007, Newer concepts for imaging anomalous aortic origin of the coronary arteries in adults, Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 69, 942, 10.1002/ccd.21140 Gräni, 2017, Multimodality imaging in individuals with anomalous coronary arteries, JACC Cardiovasc Imaging, 10, 471, 10.1016/j.jcmg.2017.02.004 Ichikawa, 2007, Multislice computed tomographic findings of the anomalous origins of the right coronary artery: evaluation of possible causes of myocardial ischemia, Int J Cardiovasc Imaging, 23, 353, 10.1007/s10554-006-9165-9 Brothers, 2015, Cardiac MRI and CT: differentiation of normal ostium and intraseptal course from slitlike ostium and interarterial course in anomalous left coronary artery in children, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 204, W104, 10.2214/AJR.14.12953 Brothers, 2016, Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging characterizes stenosis, perfusion, and fibrosis preoperatively and postoperatively in children with anomalous coronary arteries, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 152, 205, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.12.057 Harris, 2015, Identifying abnormal ostial morphology in anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery, Ann Thoracic Surg, 100, 174, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.02.031 Kilner, 2010, Recommendations for cardiovascular magnetic resonance in adults with congenital heart disease from the respective working groups of the European Society of Cardiology, Eur Heart J, 31, 794, 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp586 Doan, 2021, Dobutamine stress cardiac MRI is safe and feasible in pediatric patients with anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA), Int J Cardiol, 334, 42, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.04.031 Nagel, 1999, Noninvasive diagnosis of ischemia-induced wall motion abnormalities with the use of high-dose dobutamine stress MRI: comparison with dobutamine stress echocardiography, Circulation, 99, 763, 10.1161/01.CIR.99.6.763 Noel, 2017, Cardiac stress MRI evaluation of anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery, Congenit Heart Dis, 12, 627, 10.1111/chd.12501 Ntsinjana, 2017, Utility of adenosine stress perfusion CMR to assess paediatric coronary artery disease, Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 18, 898, 10.1093/ehjci/jew151 Strigl, 2009, Feasibility of dobutamine stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in children, J Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 29, 313, 10.1002/jmri.21639 Brown, 2015, A practical guide to pediatric coronary artery imaging with echocardiography, J Am Soc Echocardiography, 28, 379, 10.1016/j.echo.2015.01.008 Fuse, 2010, Standard method for ultrasound imaging of coronary artery in children, Pediatr Int, 52, 876, 10.1111/j.1442-200X.2010.03252.x Jureidini, 2003, Assessment of the coronary arteries in children: an integral part of each transthoracic echocardiographic study, J Am Soc Echocardiography, 16, 899, 10.1067/S0894-7317(03)00289-X Zeppilli, 1998, In vivo detection of coronary artery anomalies in asymptomatic athletes by echocardiographic screening, Chest, 114, 89, 10.1378/chest.114.1.89 Turner, 2011, Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery: preoperative diagnosis and surgical planning, World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg, 2, 340, 10.1177/2150135111406938 Brothers, 2010, Anomalous left coronary artery origin from the opposite sinus of Valsalva: evidence of intermittent ischemia, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 140, e27, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.06.029 Brothers, 2017, Expert consensus guidelines: anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 153, 1440, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.06.066 Erez, 2006, Anomalous coronary artery with aortic origin and course between the great arteries: improved diagnosis, anatomic findings, and surgical treatment, Ann Thorac Surg, 82, 973, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.04.089 Thankavel, 2013, Anomalous left main coronary artery origin from the right sinus of Valsalva: a novel echocardiographic screening method, Pediatr Cardiol, 34, 842, 10.1007/s00246-012-0550-y Fernandes, 1993, The role of transesophageal echocardiography in identifying anomalous coronary arteries, Circulation, 88, 2532, 10.1161/01.CIR.88.6.2532 Lorber, 2015, Anomalous aortic origin of coronary arteries in the young: echocardiographic evaluation with surgical correlation, JACC: Cardiovasc Imaging, 8, 1239 Lameijer, 2015, Additive value of dobutamine stress echocardiography in patients with an anomalous origin of a coronary artery, Neth Heart J, 23, 139, 10.1007/s12471-014-0648-3 Goo, 2015, Coronary artery imaging in children, Korean J Radiol, 16, 239, 10.3348/kjr.2015.16.2.239 Angelini, 2015, Origin of the right coronary artery from the opposite sinus of Valsalva in adults: characterization by intravascular ultrasonography at baseline and after stent angioplasty, Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 86, 199, 10.1002/ccd.26069 Boler, 2017, Functional assessment of anomalous right coronary artery using fractional flow reserve: an innovative modality to guide patient management, Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 89, 316, 10.1002/ccd.26660 Driesen, 2018, Anomalous coronary artery originating from the opposite sinus of Valsalva (ACAOS), fractional flow reserve- and intravascular ultrasound-guided management in adult patients, Catheter Cardiovasc Interv, 92, 68, 10.1002/ccd.27578 De Luca, 2004, Stress-rest myocardial perfusion SPECT for functional assessment of coronary arteries with anomalous origin or course, J Nucl Med, 45, 532 Uebleis, 2012, Combined anatomical and functional imaging using coronary CT angiography and myocardial perfusion SPECT in symptomatic adults with abnormal origin of a coronary artery, Int J Cardiovasc Imaging, 28, 1763, 10.1007/s10554-011-9995-y Cremer, 2016, Risk stratification with exercise N(13)-ammonia PET in adults with anomalous right coronary arteries, Open Heart, 3, 10.1136/openhrt-2016-000490 Pepine, 2015, Multiple causes for ischemia without obstructive coronary artery disease: not a short list, Circulation, 131, 1044, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.015553 Pazhenkottil, 2018, Hybrid SPECT perfusion imaging and coronary CT angiography: long-term prognostic value for cardiovascular outcomes, Radiology, 288, 694, 10.1148/radiol.2018171303 Gräni, 2017, Hybrid CCTA/SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging findings in patients with anomalous origin of coronary arteries from the opposite sinus and suspected concomitant coronary artery disease, J Nucl Cardiol, 24, 226, 10.1007/s12350-015-0342-x Cheezum, 2017, Anomalous origin of the coronary artery arising from the opposite sinus: prevalence and outcomes in patients undergoing coronary CTA, Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 18, 224, 10.1093/ehjci/jev323 Taylor, 1997, Anomalous right or left coronary artery from the contralateral coronary sinus: “high-risk” abnormalities in the initial coronary artery course and heterogeneous clinical outcomes, Am Heart J, 133, 428, 10.1016/S0002-8703(97)70184-4 Nguyen, 2012, Sudden cardiac death after repair of anomalous origin of left coronary artery from right sinus of Valsalva with an interarterial course, Neth Heart J, 20, 463, 10.1007/s12471-012-0324-4 Angelini, 2014, Novel imaging of coronary artery anomalies to assess their preva- lence, the causes of clinical symptoms, and the risk of sudden cardiac death, Circ Cardiovasc Imaging, 7, 747, 10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.113.000278 Michałowska, 2016, Coronary artery variants and anomalies in patients with bicuspid aortic valve, J Thorac Imaging, 31, 156, 10.1097/RTI.0000000000000205 Cheezum, 2017, Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery from the inappropriate sinus of Valsalva, J Am Coll Cardiol, 69, 1592, 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.01.031 Roberts, 1992, The four subtypes of anomalous origin of the left main coronary artery from the right aortic sinus (or from the right coronary artery), Am J Cardiol, 70, 119, 10.1016/0002-9149(92)91406-T https://www.jtcvs.org/action/showPdf?pii=S0022-5223%2817%2930134-4 (Accessed June16, 2023) Taylor, 1997, Anomalous right or left coronary artery from the contralateral coronary sinus: ‘‘high-risk’’ abnormalities in the initial coronary artery course and heterogeneous clinical outcomes, Am Heart J, 133, 428, 10.1016/S0002-8703(97)70184-4 Taylor, 1992, Sudden cardiac death associated with iso- lated congenital coronary artery anomalies, J Am Coll Cardiol, 20, 640, 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90019-J Kragel, 1988, Anomalous origin of either the right or left main cor- onary artery from the aorta with subsequent coursing between aorta and pulmonary trunk: analysis of 32 necropsy cases, Am J Cardiol, 62, 771, 10.1016/0002-9149(88)91220-9 Meyer, 2012, Incidence, causes, and survival trends from cardiovascular-related sudden car- diac arrest in children and young adults 0 to 35 years of age: a 30-year review, Circulation, 126, 1363, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.076810 Pilmer, 2014, Sudden cardiac death in children and adolescents between 1 and 19 years of age, Heart Rhythm, 11, 239, 10.1016/j.hrthm.2013.11.006 Brothers, 2010, Anomalous left coronary artery origin from the opposite sinus of Valsalva: evidence of intermittent ischemia, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 140, e27, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.06.029 Maron, 2009, Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States,1980-2006, Circulation, 119, 1085, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.804617