Convective Heat Transfer Coefficients in a Building-Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal System

Luis M. Candanedo1, Andreas Athienitis1, Kwangwook Park1
1Department of Building, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Concordia University, Room EV16.117, 1455 Maisonneuve West, Montréal, QC, H3G 1M8, Canada

Tóm tắt

This paper presents an experimental study for the development of convective heat transfer correlations for an open loop air-based building-integrated photovoltaic/thermal (BIPV/T) system. The BIPV/T system absorbs solar energy on the top surface, which includes the photovoltaic panels and generates electricity while also heating air drawn by a variable speed fan through a channel formed by the top roof surface with the photovoltaic modules and an insulated attic layer. The BIPV/T system channel has a length/hydraulic diameter ratio of 38, which is representative of a BIPV/T roof system for 30–45 deg tilt angles. Because of the heating asymmetry in the BIPV/T channel, two average Nusselt number correlations are reported as a function of Reynolds number: one for the top heated surface and the other for the bottom surface. For the top heated surface, the Nusselt number is in the range of 6–48 for Reynolds numbers ranging from 250 to 7500. For the bottom insulated surface, the Nusselt number is in the range of 22–68 for Reynolds numbers ranging from 800 to 7060. This paper presents correlations for the average Nusselt number as a function of Reynolds number; this correlation is considered adequate for the design of BIPV/T systems where forced convection dominates. Local Nusselt number distributions are also presented for laminar and turbulent flow conditions.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Candanedo, Transient and Steady State Models for Open-Loop Air-Based BIPV/T Systems, ASHRAE Trans., 116, 600

Candanedo, Simulation of the Performance of a BIPV/T System Coupled to a Heat Pump in a Residential Heating Application, Proceedings of the 9th International IEA Heat Pump Conference, 12

Chen, Design and Simulation for a Solar House With Building Integrated Photovoltaic-Thermal System and Thermal Storage, Proceedings of ISES Solar World Congress, 327

Sandia National Laboratories, 2006.

Sandberg, Cooling of Building Integrated Photovoltaics by Ventilation Air, Proceedings of the First International One Day Forum on Natural and Hybrid Ventilation

Duffie, Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes, 10.1002/9781118671603

Candanedo, Investigation of Anticipatory Control Strategies in a Net-Zero Energy Solar House, ASHRAE Trans., 116, 246

Incropera, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer

King, Measuring Solar Spectral and Angle-of-Incidence Effects on Photovoltaic Modules and Solar Irradiance Sensors, Proceedings of the 26th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, 5

Test, Heat Transfer During Wind Flow Over Rectangular Bodies in the Natural Environment, ASME Trans. J. Heat Transfer, 103, 262, 10.1115/1.3244451

Sharples, Full-Scale Measurements of Wind-Induced Convective Heat Transfer From a Roof-Mounted Flat Plate Solar Collector, Sol. Energy, 62, 69, 10.1016/S0038-092X(97)00119-9

McAdams, Heat Transmission

Pasini, Systems Design of the Canadian Solar Decathlon House, ASHRAE Trans., 112, 208

Candanedo, Development of an Air-Based Open Loop Building-Integrated Photovoltaic/Thermal System Model, Proceedings of the Building Simulation 2009

Eicker, Thermal Performance of Building Integrated Ventilated PV Facades, Proceedings of the International Solar Energy Conference, 10.1016/B978-008043895-5/50095-3

Bazilian, Modelling of a Photovoltaic Heat Recovery System and Its Role in a Design Decision Support Tool for Building Professionals, Renewable Energy, 27, 57, 10.1016/S0960-1481(01)00165-3

Bloem, A TRNSYS Type Calculation Model for Double Skin Photovoltaic Facades

Charron, A Two Dimensional Model of a Double Facade With Integrated Photovoltaic Panels, ASME J. Sol. Energy Eng., 128, 160, 10.1115/1.2188534

Mittelman, A Model and Heat Transfer Correlation for Rooftop Integrated Photovoltaics With a Passive Air Cooling Channel, Sol. Energy, 83, 1150, 10.1016/j.solener.2009.01.015

Brinkworth, A Validated Model of Naturally Ventilated PV Cladding, Sol. Energy, 69, 67, 10.1016/S0038-092X(99)00076-6

Brinkworth, A Validated Procedure for Determining the Buoyancy Induced Flow in Ducts, Build. Services Eng. Res. Technol., 26, 35, 10.1191/0143624405bt115oa

Cipriano, Development and Characterization of Semitransparent Double Skin PV Facades, Proceedings of the EuroSun 2008, 8

Bazilian, Simplified Numerical Modelling and Simulation of a Photovoltaic Heat Recovery System, Proceedings of the 17th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 2387

Cengel, Heat Transfer: A Practical Approach

Kakaç, Handbook of Single-Phase Convective Heat Transfer

Eicker, Solar Technologies for Buildings, 10.1002/0470868341

Tan, An Experimental Investigation of Forced Convective Heat Transfer for Fully Developed Turbulent Flow in a Rectangular Duct With Asymmetric Heating, Sol. Energy, 13, 121, 10.1016/0038-092X(70)90012-5

Altfeld, Exergetische Optimierung Flacher Solarer Lufterhitzer

Shah, Laminar Flow Forced Convection in Ducts, Advances in Heat Transfer

Gnielinski, Forced Convection in Ducts, Heat Exchanger Design Handbook

Chen, Design and Simulation of a Building Integrated Photovoltaic Thermal System and Thermal Storage for a Solar Home, Proceedings of the 2nd Canadian Solar Buildings Conference

Kreith, Principles of Heat Transfer, 10.1115/1.2887901

Candanedo, Design and Simulation of a Net Zero Energy Healthy Home in Montreal, 1

Lienhard, A Heat Transfer Textbook

Sopian, Performance Analysis of Photovoltaic Thermal Air Heaters, Energy Convers. Manage., 37, 1657, 10.1016/0196-8904(96)00010-6

Garg, Conventional Hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) Air Heating Collectors: Steady-State Simulation, Renewable Energy, 11, 363, 10.1016/S0960-1481(97)00007-4

Hegazy, Comparative Study of the Performance of Four Photovoltaic/Thermal Solar Air Collectors, Energy Convers. Manage., 41, 861, 10.1016/S0196-8904(99)00136-3

Altfeld, Second Law Optimization of Flat Plate Solar Air Heaters. Part 1: The Concept of Net Exergy Flow and the Modeling of Solar Air Heaters, Sol. Energy, 41, 127, 10.1016/0038-092X(88)90128-4

Ong, Thermal Performance of Solar Air Heaters: Mathematical Model and Solution Procedure, Sol. Energy, 55, 93, 10.1016/0038-092X(95)00021-I

Ito, Flow Control and Unsteady-State Analysis on Thermal Performance of Solar Air Collectors, ASME J. Sol. Energy Eng., 128, 354, 10.1115/1.2210493

Dittus, Heat Transfer in Automobile Radiators of the Tubular Type, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer, 12, 3, 10.1016/0735-1933(85)90003-X

Dittus, Heat Transfer in Automobile Radiators of the Tubular Type, Univ. Calif. Publ. Eng., 2, 443

Martinelli, Heat Transfer to Molten Metals, Trans. ASME, 69, 947

Kakaç, Convective Heat Transfer

Tan, Effect of Thermal Entrance Region on Turbulent Forced Convective Heat Transfer for an Asymmetrically Heated Rectangular Duct With Uniform Heat Flux, Sol. Energy, 12, 513, 10.1016/0038-092X(69)90072-3

Sparrow, Experiments on Turbulent Heat Transfer in an Asymmetrically Heated Rectangular Duct, ASME Trans. J. Heat Transfer, 88, 170, 10.1115/1.3691505

Novotny, Heat Transfer for Turbulent Flow in Rectangular Ducts With Two Heated and Two Unheated Walls, AIChE J., 10, 466, 10.1002/aic.690100411

Cheng, Effect of Tube Inclination on Laminar Convection in Uniformly Heated Tubes for Flat-Plate Solar Collectors, Sol. Energy, 13, 363, 10.1016/0038-092X(72)90002-3

Malik, Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Solar Drier, Proceedings of the Sun Service Mankind, 1

Metais, Forced, Mixed and Free Convection Regimes, ASME J. Heat Transfer, 86, 295, 10.1115/1.3687128

Mori, Forced Convective Heat Transfer in Uniformly Heated Horizontal Tubes 1st Report—Experimental Study on the Effect of Buoyancy, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 9, 453, 10.1016/0017-9310(66)90101-3

McComas, Combined Free and Forced Convection in a Horizontal Tube, ASME Trans. J. Heat Transfer, 88, 147, 10.1115/1.3691494

Petukhov, Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer in Pipes Under Considerable Effect of Thermogravitational Forces, Heat Transfer and Turbulent Buoyant Convection, 701

Jackson, Combined Free and Forced Convection in a Constant Temperature Vertical Tube, Trans. ASME, 80, 739

Brown, Combined Free and Forced Convection: 1. Heat Transfer in Aiding Flow, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 43, 306, 10.1002/cjce.5450430608

Hallman, T. M. , 1961, “Experimental Study of Combined Forced and Laminar Convection in a Vertical Tube,” Lewis Research Center, Technical Report No. TN D-1104.

Brown, The Superposition of Natural and Forced Convection at Low Flow Rates in a Vertical Tube, VDI-Forschungsh., 26, 1

Hausen, Neue Gleichungen Für Die Wärmeübertragung Bei Freier Und Erzwungener Strömung, Allg. Wärmetech, 9, 75

Axcell, Mixed Convection to Air in a Vertical Pipe, Proceedings of the 6th International Heat Transfer Conference, 37

Fewster, Enhancement of Turbulent Heat Transfer Due to Buoyancy for Downward Flow of Water in Vertical Tubes, Proceedings of the Seminar on Turbulent Buoyant Convection

Osborne, Laminar, Mixed Convection Heat Transfer for Flow Between Horizontal Parallel Plates With Asymmetric Heating, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 28, 207, 10.1016/0017-9310(85)90023-7

Maughan, Experiments on Mixed Convection Heat Transfer for Airflow in a Horizontal and Inclined Channel, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 30, 1307, 10.1016/0017-9310(87)90163-3

Jackson, Studies of Mixed Convection in Vertical Tubes, Int. J. Heat Fluid Flow, 10, 2, 10.1016/0142-727X(89)90049-0

Aicher, New Correlations for Mixed Turbulent Natural and Forced Convection Heat Transfer in Vertical Tubes, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 40, 3617, 10.1016/S0017-9310(97)00026-4

Sudo, Experimental Study on the Effects of Channel Gap Size on Mixed Convection Heat Transfer Characteristics in Vertical Rectangular Channels Heated From Both Sides, Nucl. Eng. Des., 120, 135, 10.1016/0029-5493(90)90368-8

Smyth, Combined Free and Forced Convection Heat Transfer in a Rectangular Duct, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer, 18, 669, 10.1016/0735-1933(91)90079-J

Zhang, Heat Transfer Analysis of Buoyancy-Assisted Mixed Convection With Asymmetric Heating Conditions, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 41, 3255, 10.1016/S0017-9310(97)00231-7

Dutta, Adverse and Favorable Mixed Convection Heat Transfer in a Two-Side Heated Square Channel, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., 18, 314, 10.1016/S0894-1777(98)10036-5

Chong, Effects of Duct Inclination Angle on Thermal Entrance Region of Laminar and Transition Mixed Convection, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 51, 3953, 10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2007.12.010

ASHRAE, ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals

Churchill, Friction-Factor Equation Spans All Fluid Flow Regimes, Chem. Eng. Prog., 44, 91

Winterton, Where Did the Dittus and Boelter Equation Come From?, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 41, 809, 10.1016/S0017-9310(97)00177-4

Ong, Thermal Performance of Solar Air Heaters Experimental Correlation, Sol. Energy, 55, 209, 10.1016/0038-092X(95)00027-O

Kakaç, Transient Turbulent Flow in Ducts, Waerme- Stoffuebertrag., 1, 169, 10.1007/BF00751148

Parametric Technology Corporation, 2007.

Hatton, The Effect of Axially Varying and Unsymmetrical Boundary Conditions on Heat Transfer With Turbulent Flow Between Parallel Plates, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 6, 903, 10.1016/0017-9310(63)90081-4

Kays, Convective Heat and Mass Transfer

White, Fluid Mechanics

Barrow, An Analytical and Experimental Study of Turbulent Gas Flow Between Two Smooth Parallel Walls With Unequal Heat Fluxes, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 5, 469, 10.1016/0017-9310(62)90158-8

Andraos, On the Propagation of Statistical Errors for a Function of Several Variables, J. Chem. Educ., 73, 150, 10.1021/ed073p150

Taylor, An Introduction to Error Analysis

Mcquiston, Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning

White, Viscous Fluid Flow