Continuum or zonation? Altitudinal gradients in the forest vegetation of Mt. Kilimanjaro
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Barkman J.J. (1973). Synusial approaches to classification. In: Whittaker R.H. (ed) Ordination and classification of communities. Handbook of vegetation science V. Junk, The Hague, pp. 437–491
Beentje H.J. (1994). Kenya Trees, Shrubs and Lianas. National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi
Boughey A.S. 1955a. The vegetation of the mountains of Biafra. In: Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. Session 165, 1952–1953. Pt. 2, pp. 144–150.
Boughey A.S. (1955b). The nomenclature of the vegetation zones on the mountains of tropical Africa. Webbia 11: 413–423
Bray J.R. and Curtis J.T. (1957). An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecol. Monographs 27: 325–349
Bruijnzeel L.A. and Veeneklaas E.J. (1998). Climatic conditions and tropical montane forest productivity: The fog has not lifted yet. Ecology 79: 3–9
Clutton-Brock T.H. and Gillett J.B. (1979). A survey of forest composition in the Gombe National Park, Tanzania. Afr. J. Ecol. 17: 131–158
Colwell R.K. and Hurtt G.C. (1994). Nonbiological gradients in species richness and a spurious Rapoport effect. Am. Nat. 144: 570–595
Curtis J.T. (1959). The vegetation of Wisconsin. An ordination of plant communities. Univ. of Wisconsin Press, Madison
Frahm J.-P. (1994). Scientific results of the BRYOTROP Expedition to Zaire and Rwanda. 2. The altitudinal zonation of the bryophytes on Mt. Kahuzi, Zaire. Tropical Bryology 9: 153–167
Friis I. and Lawesson J.E. (1993). Altitudinal zonation in the forest tree flora of Northeast tropical Africa. Opera Botanica 121: 125–127
Friis I. (1992). Forest and forest trees of northeast tropical Africa – their natural habitats and distribution patterns in Ethiopia, Djibouti and Somalia. Kew Bulletin Additional Series XV. Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, London
*FTEA (1952). Flora of Tropical East Africa. Royal Botanic Garden, Kew
Gentry A.H. and Dodson C.H. (1987a). Contribution of nontrees to species richness of a tropical rain forest. Biotropica 19: 149–156
Gentry A.H. 1995. Patterns of diversity and floristic composition in neotropical montane forests. In: Churchill S.P., Balslev H., Forero E. and Lurteyn J.L. (eds), Biodiversity and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Forests. Proceedings of the Neotropical Montane Forest Biodiversity and Conservation Symposium. The New York Botanical Garden, pp. 103–126.
Grubb P.J. and Whitmore T.C. (1966). A comparison of montane and lowland rain forest in Ecuador. II. The climate and its effects on the distribution and physiognomy of the forests. J. Ecol. 54: 303–333
Grubb P.J. (1971). Interpretation of the ‘Massenerhebung’ effect on tropical Mountains. Nature 229: 44–45
Grubb P.J. (1977). Control of forest growth and distribution on wet tropical mountains: with special reference to mineral nutrition. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 8: 83–107
Hall J.B. and Swaine M.D. (1976). Classification and ecology of closed-canopy forest in Ghana. J. Ecol. 64: 913–951
Hamilton A.C. (1975). A quantitative analysis of altitudinal zonation in Uganda forests. Vegetatio 30: 99–106
Hamilton A.C. and Perrott R.A. (1981). A study of altitudinal zonation in the montane forest belt of Mt. Elgon, Kenya/Uganda. Vegetatio 45: 107–125
Hamilton A.C., Ruffo C.K., Mwasha I.V., Mmari C. and Lovett J.C. 1989. A survey of forest types on the East Usambaras using the variable – area tree plot method. In: Hamilton A.C. and Bensted-Smith R. (eds), Forest Conservation in the East Usambara Mountains Tanzania. The IUCN Tropical Forest Programme, pp. 213–225.
Hastenrath S.L. (1967). Rainfall Distribution and Regime in Central America. Archiv für Meteorologie, Geophysik und Bioklimatologie, Ser. B: Allgemeine und biologische Klimatologie 15(3): 201–241
Hastenrath S. (1973). Observations on the periglacial morphology of Mts. Kenya and Kilimanjaro, East Africa. Z. Geomorph. N. F. 16: 161–179
Hedberg O. (1951). Vegetation belts of the East African mountains. Svensk Bot. Tidskrift. 45: 140–202
Hemp A. and Beck E. (2001). Erica excelsa as a component of Mt. Kilimanjaro’s forests. Phytocoenologia 31: 449–475
Hemp A. (2001a). Ecology of the pteridophytes on the southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro. Part II: Habitat selection. Plant Biology 3: 493–523
Hemp A. 2001b. Life form and strategies of forest ferns on Mt. Kilimanjaro. In: Gottsberger G. and Liede S. (eds), Life Forms and Dynamics in Tropical Forests. Disserationes Botanicae 346, pp. 95–130.
Hemp A. (2002a) Ecology of the pteridophytes on the southern slopes of Mt. Kilimanjaro. Part I: Altitudinal distribution. Plant Ecology 159: 211–239
Hemp A. 2002b. Fränkische Steppenheide, tropische Bergregenwälder – zwei gegensätzliche Florenregionen, eine gemeinsame Klassifikationsmethode? Habilitationsschrift, Universität Bayreuth.
Hemp A. 2005a. The banana forests of Kilimanjaro: biodiversity and conservation of the Chagga home gardens. Biodiv. Conserv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-004-8230-8.
Hemp A. (2005b). Climate change-driven forest fires marginalize the impact of ice cap wasting on Kilimanjaro. Global Change Biology 11: 1013–1023
Hemp A. (2005c) The impact of fire on diversity, structure and composition of Mt Kilimanjaro’s vegetation. In: Spehn E., Liberman M., Körner C. (eds) Land use changes and mountain biodiversity. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton FL, USA (in press)
Hemp A. (a). Altitudinal zonation and diversity patterns of the forests of Mt. Kilimanjaro. In: Bruijnzeel S. and Juvik J. (eds), Mountains in the Mist: Science for Conserving and Managing Tropical Montane Cloud Forests (In press).
Hemp A. (b). Ecology and altitudinal zonation of pteridophytes on Mt. Kilimanjaro. Proceedings of the XVIIth AETFAT Congress 21–26 September 2003 (In press).
Hemp A. (c). Kilimanjaro and its missing bamboo zone. Mountain Research and Development. (In press)
Hemp C. (2001). Aerotegmina, a new genus of African Listroscelidinae (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae, Listroscelidinae, Hexacentrini). Journal of Orthoptera Research 10: 125–132
Hemp C. (2005). The Chagga home gardens – relict areas for endemic Saltatoria species (Insecta: Orthoptera) on Mt. Kilimanjaro. Biological Conservation 125: 203–210
Holdridge L.R. (1967). Life Zone Ecology. Tropical Science Center San José, Costa Rica
Jacobsen W.B.G. and Jacobsen N.H.G. (1989). Comparision of the pteridophyte floras of Southern and Eastern Africa, with special reference to high-altitude species. Bull. Jard. Bot. Nat. Belg. 59: 261–317
Kessler M. and Bach K. (1999). Using indicator families for vegetation classification in species-rich Neotropical forests. Phytocoenologia 29: 485–502
Kitayama K. (1992). An altitudinal transect study of the vegetation on Mt. Kinabalu, Borneo. Vegetatio 102: 149–171
Kitayama K. and Mueller-Dombois D. (1992). Vegetation of the wet windward slope of Haleakala, Maui, Hawaii. Pacific Science 46: 197–220
Kress W.J. (1986). The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes: an update. Selbyana 9: 2–22
Kürschner H. (1990). Höhengliederung von epiphytischen Laub- und Lebermoosen in Nord-Borneo (Mt. Kinabalu). Nova Hedwigia 51: 77–86
Lambrechts C., Woodley B., Hemp A., Hemp C. and Nnyiti P. (2002). Aerial survey of the threats to Mt. Kilimanjaro forests. UNDP, Dar es Salaam
Lauer W. 1976. Klimatische Grundzüge der Höhenstufung tropischer Gebirge. Tagungsber. wiss. Abh. 40. dt. Geographentag Innsbruck, Wiesbaden, pp. 76–90.
Lauer W., Rafiqpoor M.D. and Frankenberg P. (1996). Die Klimate der Erde. Eine Klassifikation auf ökophysiologischer Grundlage der realen Vegetation. Erdkunde 50: 275–300
Legendre P. and Legendre L. (1998). Numerical Ecology. 2 nd English Edition. Developments in Environmental Modelling 20. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Legendre P. and Vaudor A. 1991. The R Package: Multidimensional Analysis, Spatial Analysis. Département de sciences biologiques, Université de Montréal.
Legendre P., Dallot S. and Legendre L. (1985). Succession of species within a community: Chronological clustering, with applications to marine and freshwater zooplankton. Am. Nat. 125: 257–288
Lieberman D., Lieberman M., Peralta R. and Hartshorn G.S. (1996). Tropical forest structure and composition on a large-scale altitudinal gradient in Costa Rica. J. Ecol. 84: 137–152
Lind E.M. and Morrison M.E.S. (1974). East African Vegetation. Longman, London
Lovett J.C. (1996). Elevational and latitudinal changes in tree associations and diversity in the Eastern Arc mountains of Tanzania. J. Trop. Ecol. 12: 629–650
Lovett J.C. (1998). Continuous change in Tanzanian moist forest tree communities with elevation. J. Trop. Ecol. 14: 719–722
Moravec J. (1989). Influences of the individualistic concept of vegetation on syntaxonomy. Vegetatio 81: 29–39
Moreau R.E. (1935). A synecological study of Usambara, Tanganyika Territory, with particular reference to birds. J. Ecol. 23: 1–43
Mueller-Dombois D. and Ellenberg H. (1974). Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. Wiley and Sons, New York
Müller M.J. (1983). Handbuch ausgewählter Klimastationen der Erde. Forschungsstelle Bodenerosion der Universität Trier Mertesdorf (Ruwertal), Trier
Pócs T. (1976) Bioclimatic studies in the Uluguru Mountains (Tanzania, East Africa). II. Correlations between orography, climate and vegetation. Acta Bot. Acad. Scient. Hungaricae 22(1/2): 163–183
Pócs T. 1994. The altitudinal distribution of Kilimanjaro bryophytes. In: Seyani J.H. and Chikuni A.C. (eds), Proceedings of XIII Plenary Meeting AETFAT. Malawi, pp. 797–812.
Richards P.W. (1996). The tropical rain forest. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge
Richter M. (1996). Klimatologische und pflanzenmorphologische Vertikalgradienten in Hochgebirgen. Erdkunde 50: 205–237
Thompson L.G., Mosley-Thompson E., Davis M.E., Henderson K.A., Brecher H.H., Zagorodnov V.S., Mashiotta T.A., Lin P.-N., Mikhalenko V.N., Hardy D.R. and Beer J. (2002). Kilimanjaro ice core records: Evidence of holocene climate change in tropical Africa. Science 298: 589–593
Tuomisto H. and Ruokolainen K. (1993). Distribution of Pteridophyta and Melastomataceae along an edaphic gradient in an Amazonian rain forest. J. Veg. Sci. 4: 25–34
Tuomisto H., Ruokolainen K., Kalliola R. Linna A., Danjoy W. and Rodriguez Z. (1995). Dissecting Amazonian Biodiversity. Science 269: 63–66
Tuomisto H., Ruokolainen K., Aguilar M. and Sarmiento A. (2003). Floristic patterns along a 43-km long transect in an Amazonian rain forest. J. Ecol. 91: 743–756
Van Steenis C.G.G.J. (1984). Floristic altitudinal zones in Malaysia. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 89: 289–292
Vázquez G.J.A. and Givnish T.J. (1998). Altitudinal gradients in tropical forest composition, structure, and diversity in the Sierra de Manantlán. J. Ecol. 86: 999–1020
Walter H., Harnickell E. and Mueller-Dombois D. (1975). Climate-diagram maps of the individual continents and the ecological climatic regions of the earth. Springer, Berlin
Walter H. and Lieth H. 1967. Klimadiagramm–Weltatlas. Jena.