Consumer-Related Food Waste: Causes and Potential for Action
Tóm tắt
In the past decade, food waste has received increased attention on both academic and societal levels. As a cause of negative economic, environmental and social effects, food waste is considered to be one of the sustainability issues that needs to be addressed. In developed countries, consumers are one of the biggest sources of food waste. To successfully reduce consumer-related food waste, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of the factors influencing food waste-related consumer perceptions and behaviors. The present paper presents the results of a literature review and expert interviews on factors causing consumer-related food waste in households and supply chains. Results show that consumers’ motivation to avoid food waste, their management skills of food provisioning and food handling and their trade-offs between priorities have an extensive influence on their food waste behaviors. We identify actions that governments, societal stakeholders and retailers can undertake to reduce consumer-related food waste, highlighting that synergistic actions between all parties are most promising. Further research should focus on exploring specific food waste contexts and interactions more in-depth. Experiments and interventions in particular can contribute to a shift from analysis to solutions.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002. Available online: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/homepage.html.
Papargyropoulou, 2014, The food waste hierarchy as a framework for the management of food surplus and food waste, J. Clean. Prod., 76, 106, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.04.020
Garnett, 2011, Where are the best opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the food system (including the food chain)?, Food Policy, 36, S23, 10.1016/j.foodpol.2010.10.010
Cordell, 2009, The story of phosphorus: Global food security and food for thought, Glob. Environ. Chang., 19, 292, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.10.009
Grizzetti, 2013, The contribution of food waste to global and European nitrogen pollution, Environ. Sci. Policy, 33, 186, 10.1016/j.envsci.2013.05.013
Godfray, 2010, Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People, Science, 327, 812, 10.1126/science.1185383
Fusions FUSIONS Definitional Framework for Food Waste, Full Report. Available online: http://www.eu-fusions.org/.
Parfitt, 2010, Food waste within food supply chains: Quantification and potential for change to 2050, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B Biol. Sci., 365, 3065, 10.1098/rstb.2010.0126
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Food Wastage Footprint: Impacts on Natural Resources—Summary Report. Available online: http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3347e/i3347e.pdf.
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) (2011). Global Food Losses and Food Waste—Extent, Causes and Prevention, FAO. Study Conducted for the International Congress SAVE FOOD.
Science and Technology Options Assessment (STOA) Technology Options for Feeding 10 Billion People—Recycling Agricultural, Forestry & Food Wastes and Residues for Sustainable Bioenergy and Biomaterials. Available online: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2013/513513/IPOL-JOIN_ET(2013)513513_EN.pdf.
WRAP Household Food and Drink Waste in the United Kingdom 2012, Final Report. Available online: http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/hhfdw-2012-main.pdf.pdf.
Stop Spild af Mad Markedsanalyse om Udviklingen i Madspild. Available online: http://www.stopspildafmad.dk/madspildsrapporter.html.
Stuart, T. (2009). Waste: Uncovering the Global Waste Scandal, Penguin.
LEI Reducing Food Waste by Households and in Retail in the EU: A Prioritisation Using Economic, Land Use and Food Security Impact. Available online: http://edepot.wur.nl/290135.
Aertsens, 2009, Personal determinants of organic food consumption: A review, Br. Food J., 111, 1140, 10.1108/00070700910992961
Williams, 2012, Reasons for household food waste with special attention to packaging, J. Clean. Prod., 24, 141, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.11.044
Grunert, 2005, Food quality and safety: Consumer perception and demand, Eur. Rev. Agric. Econ., 32, 369, 10.1093/eurrag/jbi011
Verbeek, P.P., and Slob, A. (2006). User Behavior and Technology Development: Shaping Sustainable Relations between Consumers and Technologies, Springer.
Gawronski, 2006, Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change, Psychol. Bull., 132, 692, 10.1037/0033-2909.132.5.692
Yue, 2009, Discounting Spotted Apples: Investigating Consumers’ Willingness to Accept Cosmetic Damage in an Organic Product, J. Agric. Appl. Econ., 41, 29, 10.1017/S1074070800002534
Erasmus, 2014, Status consciousness and knowledge as potential impediments of households’ sustainable consumption practices of fresh produce amidst times of climate change, Int. J. Consum. Stud., 38, 419, 10.1111/ijcs.12111
Broekmeulen, 2007, Consumer responses to shelf out-of-stocks of perishable products, Int. J. Phys. Distrib. Logist. Manag., 37, 704, 10.1108/09600030710840822
Tsiros, 2005, The Effect of Expiration Dates and Perceived Risk on Purchasing Behavior in Grocery Store Perishable Categories, J. Mark., 69, 114, 10.1509/jmkg.69.2.114.60762
Wansink, 2006, “Best if Used By …” How Freshness Dating Influences Food Acceptance, J. Food Sci., 71, S354, 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00011.x
Devlieghere, 2014, Understanding and attitude regarding the shelf life labels and dates on pre-packed food products by Belgian consumers, Food Control, 37, 85, 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.08.043
Lombardini, 2013, Forced Choice Restriction in Promoting Sustainable Food Consumption: Intended and Unintended Effects of the Mandatory Vegetarian Day in Helsinki Schools, J. Consum. Policy, 36, 159, 10.1007/s10603-013-9221-5
Hanks, 2012, Students Eat Healthier Lunches but Waste More Fruit when They Preorder, J. Nutr. Educ. Behav., 44, S59, 10.1016/j.jneb.2012.03.135
Thiagarajah, 2013, Impact on Plate Waste of Switching from a Tray to a Trayless Delivery System in a University Dining Hall and Employee Response to the Switch, J. Acad. Nutr. Diet., 113, 141, 10.1016/j.jand.2012.07.004
Kallbekken, 2013, ‘Nudging’ hotel guests to reduce food waste as a win-win environmental measure, Econ. Lett., 119, 325, 10.1016/j.econlet.2013.03.019
Wansink, 2013, Portion Size Me: Plate-Size Induced Consumption Norms and Win-Win Solutions for Reducing Food Intake and Waste, J. Exp. Psychol. Appl., 19, 320, 10.1037/a0035053
Whitehair, 2013, Written Messages Improve Edible Food Waste Behaviors in a University Dining Facility, J. Acad. Nutr. Diet., 113, 63, 10.1016/j.jand.2012.09.015
Wansink, 2000, The mystery of the cabinet castaway: Why we buy products we never use, J. Fam. Consum. Sci., 92, 104
Terpstra, 2005, Food storage and disposal: Consumer practices and knowledge, Br. Food J., 107, 526, 10.1108/00070700510606918
WRAP Consumer Attitudes to Food Waste and Food Packaging, Project Code: CFP104-000. Available online: http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Report%20-%20Consumer%20attitudes%20to%20food%20waste%20and%20packaging_0.pdf.
Rusli, 2013, An application of the theory of planned behaviour to study the influencing factors of participation in source separation of food waste, Waste Manag., 33, 1276, 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.09.019
Refsgaard, 2009, Household behaviour and attitudes with respect to recycling food waste—Experiences from focus groups, J. Environ. Manag., 90, 760, 10.1016/j.jenvman.2008.01.018
Bernstad, 2013, Door-stepping as a strategy for improved food waste recyling behavior—Evaluation of a full-scale experiment, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 73, 94, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.12.012
Bernstad, 2014, Household food waste separation behavior and the importance of convenience, Waste Manag., 34, 1317, 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.03.013
Comber, 2013, Designing beyond habit: Opening space for improved recycling and food waste behaviors through processes of persuasion, social influence and aversive affect, Pers. Ubiquitous Comput., 17, 1197, 10.1007/s00779-012-0587-1
WRAP Household Food and Drink Waste: A Product Focus, Project Code: CFP204. Available online: http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Product-focused%20report%20v5_3.pdf.
Evans, 2012, Beyond the throwaway society: Ordinary domestic practice and a sociological approach to household food waste, Sociology, 46, 41, 10.1177/0038038511416150
Evans, 2011, Blaming the consumer—Once again: The social and material contexts of everyday food waste practices in some English households, Crit. Public Health, 21, 429, 10.1080/09581596.2011.608797
Watson, 2013, Food, waste and safety: Negotiating conflicting social anxieties into the practices of domestic provisioning, Sociol. Rev., 60, 102, 10.1111/1467-954X.12040
Jessop, 2014, Identifying motivations and barriers to minimising household food waste, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 84, 15, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.12.005
Cappellini, 2012, Practising thrift at dinnertime: Mealtime leftovers, sacrifice and family membership, Sociol. Rev., 60, 121, 10.1111/1467-954X.12041
Kriflik, 2005, Food scares and sustainability: A consumer perspective, Health Risk Soc., 7, 11, 10.1080/13698570500042439
Stefan, 2013, Avoiding food waste by Romanian consumers: The importance of planning and shopping routines, Food Qual. Prefer., 28, 375, 10.1016/j.foodqual.2012.11.001
Foth, 2014, Identifying factors that promote consumer behaviours causing expired domestic food waste, J. Consum. Behav., 13, 393, 10.1002/cb.1488
Koivupuro, 2012, Influence of socio-demographical, behavioural and attitudinal factors on the amount of avoidable food waste generated in Finnish households, Int. J. Consum. Stud., 36, 183, 10.1111/j.1470-6431.2011.01080.x
Fonseca, 2013, A Latent Class Model to discover Household Food Waste Patterns in Lisbon City in Support of Food Security, Public Health and Environmental Protection, Int. J. Food Syst. Dyn., 4, 184
Fusions Drivers of current food waste generation, threats of future increase and opportunities for reduction. Available online: http://www.eu-fusions.org/.
EPRS (2014). Tackling Food Waste. The EU’s Contribution to a Global Issue. Available online: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2014/130678/LDM_BRI(2014)130678_REV1_EN.pdf.
EC Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/eussd/pdf/bio_foodwaste_report.pdf.
Quested, 2013, Spaghetti soup: The complex world of food waste behaviours, SI Resour. Behav., 79, 43
Gjerres, 2013, Household food waste in Nordic countries: Estimations and ethical implications, Etik i Praksis (Nord. J. Appl. Ethics), 7, 6, 10.5324/eip.v7i1.1786
Evans, 2013, A brief pre-history of food waste and the social sciences, Sociol. Rev., 60, 5, 10.1111/1467-954X.12035
Milne, 2013, Arbiters of waste: Date labels, the consumer and knowing good, safe food, Sociol. Rev., 60, 84, 10.1111/1467-954X.12039
Newsome, 2014, Applications and perceptions of date labeling of food, Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf., 13, 745, 10.1111/1541-4337.12086
WRAP Helping Consumers Reduce Food Waste—A Retail Survey 2011, Project Code: RHF523-002. Available online: http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/240412%20Retailer%20review%202011.pdf.
Williams, 2014, The influence of packaging attributes on consumer behaviour in food-packaging life cycle assessment studies—A neglected topic, J. Clean. Prod., 73, 100, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.10.042
Garrone, 2014, Opening the black box of food waste reduction, Food Policy, 46, 129, 10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.03.014
Kummu, 2012, Lost food, wasted resources: Global food supply chain losses and their impacts on freshwater, cropland, and fertiliser use, Sci. Total Environ., 438, 477, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.092
Garnett, 2014, Towards eco-efficient agriculture and food systems: Theory, praxis and future challenges, J. Clean. Prod., 73, 1, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.04.017
Labuza, T.P., and Gunders, D. (2013). Food dating and food waste. Food Technol., 67, No. 12.
Brown, 2014, Reducing domestic food waste by freezing at home, Int. J. Refrig., 40, 362, 10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2013.12.009
Silvenius, 2014, The role of household food waste in comparing environmental impacts of packaging alternatives, Packag. Technol. Sci., 27, 277, 10.1002/pts.2032
WRAP Literature Review—Relationship between Household Food Waste Collection and Food Waste Prevention, Project Code: RBC552-011. Available online: http://www.wrap.org.uk/sites/files/wrap/Impact_of_collection_on_prevention_FINAL_v2_17_8_11.33a4f2d0.11159.pdf.
Hoolohan, 2013, Mitigating the greenhouse gas emissions embodied in food through realistic consumer choices, Energy Policy, 63, 1065, 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.046
Dietz, 2009, Household actions can provide a behavioral wedge to rapidly reduce US carbon emissions, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 106, 18452, 10.1073/pnas.0908738106
Shwom, 2012, Changing household consumption to address climate change: Social scientific insights and challenges, WIREs Clim. Chang., 3, 379, 10.1002/wcc.182
Bogner, A., Littig, B., and Menz, W. (2002). Das Experteninterview Theorie, Methode, Anwendung, Leske and Budrich. (In German).