Conservation biological control and enemy diversity on a landscape scale

Biological Control - Tập 43 Số 3 - Trang 294-309 - 2007
Teja Tscharntke1, Riccardo Bommarco2, Yann Clough1, Thomas O. Crist3, David Kleijn4, Tatyana A. Rand5, Jason M. Tylianakis6, Saskya van Nouhuys7,8, Stefan Vidal9
1Agrocecology, University of Göttingen, Waldweg 26, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
2Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7044, SE‐750 07, Uppsala, Sweden
3Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 USA
4Alterra, Centre for Ecosystem Studies, Droevendaalsesteeg 3, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
5School of Biological Sciences University of Nebraska Lincoln NE 68588‐0118 USA
6School of Biological Sciences Univ. of Canterbury Private Bag 4800 Christchurch 8020, New Zealand
7Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, 00014-FIN, Finland
8Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, E145 Corson Hall Ithaca, NY 14853-2701, USA
9Agricultural Entomology, University of Göttingen, Grisebachstrasse 6, 37077 Göttingen, Germany

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Altieri, 1986, The dynamics of colonizing arthropod communities at the interface of abandoned, organic and commercial apple orchards and adjacent woodland habitat, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 16, 29, 10.1016/0167-8809(86)90073-3

Arponen, 2005, The value of biodiversity in reserve selection: representation, species weighting, and benefit functions, Conserv. Biol., 19, 2009, 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00218.x

Azcón-Aguilar, 1997, Arbuscular mycorrhizas and biological control of soil-borne plant pathogens—an overview of the mechanisms involved, Mycorrhiza, 6, 457, 10.1007/s005720050147

Baldissera, 2004, Web spider community response along an edge between pasture and Araucaria forest, Biol. Conserv., 118, 403, 10.1016/j.biocon.2003.09.017

Barbosa, 2003

Baverstock, 2005, Influence of the aphid pathogen Pandora neoaphidis on the foraging behaviour of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi, Ecol. Entomol., 30, 665, 10.1111/j.0307-6946.2005.00744.x

Bengtsson, 2005, The effects of organic agriculture on biodiversity and abundance: a meta-analysis, J. Appl. Ecol., 42, 261, 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01005.x

Bengtsson, 2003, Reserves, resilience and dynamic landscapes, Ambio, 32, 389, 10.1579/0044-7447-32.6.389

Bengtsson, 2002, Slippin’ and slidin’ between the scales: the scaling components of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relations, 209

Bianchi, 2006, Sustainable pest regulation in agricultural landscapes: a review on landscape composition, biodiversity and natural pest control, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 273, 1715

Biere, 2002, A plant pathogen reduces the enemy-free space of an insect herbivore on a shared host plant, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 269, 2197, 10.1098/rspb.2002.2147

Bommarco, R., Wetterlind, S., Sigvald, R., in press. Habitat specific density dependence for host alternating cereal aphid populations. J. Appl. Ecol.

Bond, 2002, Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning at local and regional spatial scales, Ecol. Lett., 5, 467, 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2002.00350.x

Borowicz, 1997, A fungal root symbiont modifies plant resistance to an insect herbivore, Oecologia, 112, 534, 10.1007/s004420050342

Brobyn, 1988, The effect of fungus infection of Metopolophium dirhodum (Hom.: Aphididae) on the oviposition behaviour of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Hym.: Aphidiidae), Entomophaga, 33, 333, 10.1007/BF02372623

Burdon, 1989, Pattern and patchiness in plant-pathogen interactions—causes and consequences, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 20, 119, 10.1146/annurev.es.20.110189.001003

Cabeza, 2001, Design of reserve networks and the persistence of biodiversity, Trends Ecol. Evol., 16, 242, 10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02125-5

Cantrell, 2001, How predator incursions affect critical patch size: the role of the functional response, Am. Nat., 158, 368, 10.1086/321989

Cardinale, 2006, Effects of biodiversity on the functioning of trophic groups and ecosystems, Nature, 443, 989, 10.1038/nature05202

Cardoza, 2003, Fungus-induced changes in peanut plants and their effect on development of beet armyworm, biochemical Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae, Environ. Entomol., 32, 220, 10.1603/0046-225X-32.1.220

Cardoza, 2003, Effect of peanut plant fungal infection on oviposition preference by Spodoptera exigua and on host-searching behavior by Cotesia marginiventris, Environ. Entomol., 32, 970, 10.1603/0046-225X-32.5.970

Chang, 1996, Comparison of single versus multiple species of generalist predators for biological control, Environ. Entomol., 25, 207, 10.1093/ee/25.1.207

Clough, 2005, Spider diversity in cereal fields: comparing factors at local, landscape and regional scales, J. Biog., 32, 2007, 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01367.x

Corbett, 1996, Impact of natural enemy overwintering refuge and its interaction with the surrounding landscape, Ecol. Entomol., 21, 155, 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1996.tb01182.x

Crist, 2006, Additive partitioning of rarefaction curves and species-area relationships: unifying alpha, beta, and gamma diversity with sample size and habitat area, Ecol. Lett., 9, 923, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00941.x

Crist, 2003, Partitioning species diversity across landscapes and regions: a hierarchical analysis of alpha, beta, and gamma diversity, Am. Nat., 162, 734, 10.1086/378901

Cronin, 2004, Host-parasitoid extinction and colonization in a fragmented prairie landscape, Oecologia, 139, 503, 10.1007/s00442-004-1549-8

Cronin, 2005, Host-parasitoid spatial ecology. a plea for a landscape-level synthesis, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 272, 2225

Daily, 2001, Countryside biogeography: utilization of human-dominated habitats by the avifauna of southern Costa Rica, Ecol. Appl., 11, 1, 10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[0001:CBUOHD]2.0.CO;2

DeMoraes, 1998, Herbivore-infested plants selectively attract parasitoids, Nature, 393, 570, 10.1038/31219

Desender, 1989, Loss of habitats and changes in the composition of ground and tiger beetle fauna in four West European countries since 1950 (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Cicindelidae), Biol. Conserv., 48, 277, 10.1016/0006-3207(89)90103-1

Dicke, 2000, Multitrophic effects of herbivore-induced plant volatiles in an evolutionary context, Entomol. Exp. Appl., 97, 237, 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2000.00736.x

Diekötter, T., Billeter, R., Crist, T.O., in press. Effects of landscape connectivity on the spatial distribution of insect diversity in agricultural mosaic landscapes. Basic Appl. Ecol.

Doak, 1998, The statistical inevitability of stability-diversity relationships in community ecology, Am. Nat., 151, 264, 10.1086/286117

Douds, 1995, Effect of tillage and farming system upon populations and distribution of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 52, 111, 10.1016/0167-8809(94)00550-X

Duelli, 1990, Population movements of arthropods between natural and cultivated areas, Biol. Conserv., 54, 193, 10.1016/0006-3207(90)90051-P

Duelli, 2003, Regional biodiversity in an agricultal landscape: the contribution of seminatural habitat islands, Basic Appl. Ecol., 4, 129, 10.1078/1439-1791-00140

Dyer, 1997, Influence of noncrop habitats on the distribution of Eriborus terebrans (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in corn fields, Environ. Entomol., 26, 924, 10.1093/ee/26.4.924

Ekbom-Sohm, 1985, Polyphagous arthropod predators in cereal crops in central Sweden, Z. ang. Entomol., 99, 433, 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1985.tb02008.x

Ekesi, 2005, Conservation biological control with the fungal pathogen Pandora neoaphidis: implications of aphid species, host plant and predator foraging, Agric. Forest Entomol., 7, 21, 10.1111/j.1461-9555.2005.00239.x

Elliott, 2002, Effect of aphids and the surrounding landscape on the abundance of Coccinellidae in cornfields, Biol. Control, 24, 214, 10.1016/S1049-9644(02)00036-1

Elmqvist, 2003, Response diversity and ecosystem resilience, Front. Ecol. Environ., 1, 488, 10.1890/1540-9295(2003)001[0488:RDECAR]2.0.CO;2

Elzinga, 2007, Distribution and colonization ability of three parasitoids and their herbivorous host in a fragmented landscape, Basic Appl. Ecol., 8, 75, 10.1016/j.baae.2006.04.003

Feng, 2004, Wide dispersal of aphid-pathogenic Entomophthorales among aphids relies upon migratory alates, Environ. Microbiol., 6, 510, 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2004.00594.x

Feng, 2007, Aphid dispersal flight disseminates fungal pathogens and parasitoids as natural control agents of aphids, Ecol. Entomol., 32, 97, 10.1111/j.1365-2311.2006.00849.x

Ferrari, 2006, The maintenance of intraspecific biodiversity: the interplay of selection on resource use and on natural enemy resistance in the pea aphid, Ecol. Res., 21, 9, 10.1007/s11284-005-0136-8

Finke, 2004, Predator diversity dampens trophic cascades, Nature, 429, 407, 10.1038/nature02554

Fransen, 1993, Host selection and survival of the parasitoid Encarsia formosa on greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, in the presence of hosts infected with the fungus Aschersonia aleyrodis, Entomol. Exper. Appl., 69, 239, 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1993.tb01747.x

Fuentes-Contreras, 1998, Influence of plant resistance at the third trophic level: interactions between parasitoids and entomopathogenic fungi of cereal aphids, Oecologia, 117, 426, 10.1007/s004420050677

Gange, 1999, Positive effects of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus on aphid life history traits, Oecologia, 120, 123, 10.1007/s004420050840

Gange, 2003, Multitrophic links between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and insect parasitoids, Ecol. Lett., 6, 1051, 10.1046/j.1461-0248.2003.00540.x

Gange, 1994, Reduction of black vine weevil larval growth by vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection, Entomol. Exp. Appl., 70, 115, 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1994.tb00739.x

Gange, 1997, Performance of the thistle gall fly, Urophora cardui, in relation to h ost plant nitrogen and mycorrhizal colonization, New Phytol., 137, 335, 10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00813.x

Gering, 2003, Additive partitioning of species diversity across multiple spatial scales: implications for regional conservation of biodiversity, Conserv. Biol., 17, 488, 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01465.x

Golden, 1999, Experimental effects of habitat fragmentation on old-field canopy insects: community, guild and species responses, Oecologia, 118, 371, 10.1007/s004420050738

Goverde, 2000, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence life history traits of a lepidopteran herbivore, Oecologia, 125, 362, 10.1007/s004420000465

Hanski, 1994, Spatial scale, patchiness and population dynamics on land, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B, 343, 19, 10.1098/rstb.1994.0003

Hanski, 2000, The metapopulation capacity of a fragmented landscape, Nature, 404, 755, 10.1038/35008063

Harrison, 1999, Habitat fragmentation and large-scale conservation: what do we know for sure?, Ecography, 22, 225, 10.1111/j.1600-0587.1999.tb00496.x

Hawkins, 1999, Is the biological control of insects a natural phenomenon?, Oikos, 86, 493, 10.2307/3546654

Hedlund, 2004, Trophic interactions in changing landscapes: responses of soil food webs, Basic Appl. Ecol., 5, 495, 10.1016/j.baae.2004.09.002

Holland, 2002, Carabid beetles: their ecology, survival and use in agroecosystems, 1

Holland, 2003, The impact of soil cultivation on arthropod (Coleoptera and Araneae) emergence on arable land, Pedobiologia, 47, 181, 10.1078/0031-4056-00181

Holt, 1993, Ecology at the mesoscale: the influence of regional processes on local communities, 77

Holt, 2003, Impacts of temporal variation on apparent competition and coexistence in open ecosystems, Oikos, 101, 49, 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12570.x

Holt, 2001, Indirect interactions, community modules and biological control: a theoretical perspective, 13

2005

Ives, 2004, Food-web interactions govern the resistance of communities after non-random extinctions, Nature, 429, 174, 10.1038/nature02515

Ives, 1997, Metapopulation dynamics and pest control in agricultural systems, Am. Nat., 149, 220, 10.1086/285988

Jensen, 2001, Altered behavior and distribution of pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Homoptera : Aphididae), infected with Pandora neoaphidis (Zygomycetes : Entomophthorales), Biocontrol, 46, 337, 10.1023/A:1011468125451

Kabir, 2005, Tillage or no-tillage: Impact on mycorrhizae, Canad. J. Plant Sci., 85, 23, 10.4141/P03-160

Kareiva, 1995, Connecting landscape patterns to ecosystem and population processes, Nature, 373, 299, 10.1038/373299a0

Kean, 2000, Can host-parasitoid metapopulations explain successful biological control?, Ecology, 81, 2188

Kean, 2001, A spatial model for the successful biological control of Sitona discoideus by Microctonus aethiopoides, J. Appl. Ecol., 38, 162, 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2001.00579.x

Kleijn, 2006, Mixed biodiversity benefits of agri-environment schemes in five European countries, Ecol. Lett., 9, 243, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00869.x

Kleijn, 2001, Agri-environment schemes do not effectively protect biodiversity in Dutch agricultural landscapes, Nature, 413, 723, 10.1038/35099540

Kleijn, 2006, Interacting effects of landscape context and habitat quality on flower visiting insects in agricultural landscapes, Basic Appl. Ecol., 7, 201, 10.1016/j.baae.2005.07.011

Klein, 2002, Predator–prey ratios on cocoa along a land-use gradient in Indonesia, Biodiv. Conserv., 11, 683, 10.1023/A:1015548426672

Kluth, 2002, Insects as vectors of plant pathogens: mutualistic and antagonistic interactions, Oecologia, 133, 193, 10.1007/s00442-002-1016-3

Kremen, 2005, Managing ecosystem services: what do we need to know about their ecology?, Ecol. Lett., 8, 468, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00751.x

Laine, 2004, A powdery mildew infection on a shared host plant affects the dynamics of the Glanville fritillary butterfly populations, Oikos, 107, 329, 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.12990.x

Laine, 2006, Large-scale spatial dynamics of a specialist plant pathogen in a fragmented landscape, J. Ecol., 94, 217, 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2005.01075.x

Landis, 2000, Habitat management to conserve natural enemies of arthropod pests in agriculture, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 45, 175, 10.1146/annurev.ento.45.1.175

Leibold, 2004, The metacommunity concept: a framework for multi-scale community ecology, Ecol. Lett., 7, 601, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00608.x

Levins, 1969, Some demographic and genetic consequences of environmental heterogeneity for biological control, Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am., 15, 237

Loreau, 2002, A new look at the relationship between diversity and stability, 79

Loreau, 2003, Biodiversity as spatial insurance in heterogeneous landscapes, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 100, 12765, 10.1073/pnas.2235465100

Losey, 1998, Positive predator–predator interactions: Enhanced predation rates and synergistic suppression of aphid populations, Ecology, 79, 2143

McGrady-Steed, 1997, Biodiversity regulates ecosystem predictability, Nature, 390, 162, 10.1038/36561

McNaughton, 1977, Diversity and stability of ecological communities: a comment on the role of empiricism in ecology, Am. Nat., 111, 515, 10.1086/283181

McNaughton, 1985, Ecology of grazing ecosystems: The Serengeti, Ecol. Monogr., 55, 259, 10.2307/1942578

Marshall, 2000, A test for a differential colonization and competitive ability in two generalist predators, Ecology, 81, 3341, 10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[3341:ATFADC]2.0.CO;2

May, 1975, Island biogeography and the design of wildlife preserves, Nature, 254, 177, 10.1038/254177a0

Menalled, 2003, Temporal variation in the response of parasitoids to agricultural landscape structure, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 96, 29, 10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00018-5

Moilanen, 2005, Prioritizing multiple-use landscapes for conservation: methods for large multi-species planning problems, Proc Roy. Soc. London B, 272, 1885

Mouquet, 2005, The world is patchy and heterogeneous! Trade-off and source-sink dynamics in competitive metacommunities, 237

Naeem, 1997, Biodiversity enhances ecosystem reliability, Nature, 390, 507, 10.1038/37348

Nanne, 1971, Green peach aphid populations on potatoes enhanced by fungicides, J. Econ. Entomol., 64, 1569, 10.1093/jee/64.6.1569

Nekola, 1999, Distance decay of similarity in biogeography and ecology, J. Biog., 26, 867, 10.1046/j.1365-2699.1999.00305.x

Nicholls, 2000, Reducing the abundance of leafhoppers and thrips in a northern California organic vineyard through maintenance of full season floral diversity with summer cover crops, Agric. Forest Entomol., 2, 107, 10.1046/j.1461-9563.2000.00054.x

Nicholls, 2001, The effects of a vegetational corridor on the abundance and dispersal of insect biodiversity within a northern California organic vineyard, Landscape Ecol., 16, 133, 10.1023/A:1011128222867

Öberg, 2007, Influence of habitat type and surrounding landscape on spider diversity in Swedish agroecosystems, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 122, 211, 10.1016/j.agee.2006.12.034

Omacini, 2001, Symbiotic fungal endophytes control insect host-parasite interaction webs, Nature, 409, 78, 10.1038/35051070

Ovaskainen, 2002, Long-term persistence of species and the SLOSS problem, J. Theoret. Biol., 218, 419, 10.1016/S0022-5193(02)93089-4

Pell, 1997, Interactions between two aphid natural enemies, the entomopathogenic fungus Erynia neoaphidis Remaudiere and Hennebert (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) and the predatory beetle Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), J. Invertebr. Pathol., 69, 261, 10.1006/jipa.1996.4651

Peterson, 1998, Ecological resilience, biodiversity, and scale, Ecosystems, 1, 6, 10.1007/s100219900002

Pfiffner, 2000, Overwintering of arthropods in soils of arable fields and adjacent semi-natural habitats, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 78, 215, 10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00130-9

Pimm, 1977, Number of trophic levels in ecological communities, Nature, 268, 329, 10.1038/268329a0

Poveda, 2005, Effects of decomposers and herbivores on plant performance and aboveground plant-insect interactions, Oikos, 108, 503, 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13664.x

Prasad, 2006, Polyphagy complicates conservation biological control that targets generalist predators, J. Appl. Ecol., 43, 343, 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01129.x

Pulliam, 1988, Sources, sinks, and population regulation, Am. Nat., 132, 652, 10.1086/284880

Qian, 2005, Beta diversity of angiosperms in temperate floras of eastern Asia and eastern North America, Ecol. Lett., 8, 15, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00682.x

Rand, 2007, Contrasting effects of landscape simplification on generalist and specialist aphid enemies, Oikos., 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15871.x

Rand, 2006, Spillover edge effects: the dispersal of agriculturally-subsidized insect natural enemies into adjacent natural habitats, Ecol. Lett., 9, 603, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00911.x

Reeve, 1986, Biological control of the parasitoid Aphytis melinus, and population stability of the California red scale, J. Animal Ecol., 55, 1069, 10.2307/4434

Resetarits, 2005, Habitat selection, species interactions, and processes of community assembly in complex landscapes: a metacommunity perspective, 374

Ricklefs, 1993

Roschewitz, 2005, The effects of landscape complexity on arable weed species diversity in organic and conventional farming, J. Appl. Ecol., 42, 873, 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01072.x

Rosenheim, 1993, Influence of intraguild predation among generalist insect predators on the suppression of a herbivore population, Oecologia, 96, 439, 10.1007/BF00317517

Rostas, 2003, Indirect interactions between a phytopathogenic and an entomopathogenic fungus, Naturwissenschaften, 90, 63, 10.1007/s00114-002-0395-y

Roy, 2002, Effect of Erynia neoaphidis infection and coccinellid foraging on the spatial distribution of aphids on plants, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 81, 127, 10.1016/S0022-2011(02)00145-3

Roy, 1999, Effects of fungal infection on the alarm response of pea aphids, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 74, 69, 10.1006/jipa.1999.4856

Roy, 1998, Implications of predator foraging on aphid pathogen dynamics, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 71, 236, 10.1006/jipa.1997.4736

Roy, 2006, Bizarrre interactions and endgames: Entomopathogenic fungi and their arthropod hosts, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 51, 331, 10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.150941

Schmidt, 2003, Relative importance of predators and parasitoids for cereal aphid control, Proc. Roy. Soc. London B, 270, 1905, 10.1098/rspb.2003.2469

Schmidt, 2005, Differential effects of landscape and management on diversity and density of ground-dwelling farmland spiders, J. Appl. Ecol., 42, 281, 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01014.x

Schmidt, M.H., Thies, C., Nentwig, W., Tscharntke, T., in press. Contrasting responses of arable spiders to the landscape matrix at different spatial scales. J. Biog.

Schmidt, 2005, Landscape context of sheetweb spider (Araneae: Linyphiidae) abundance in cereal fields, J. Biog., 32, 467, 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2004.01244.x

Schmidt, 2005, The role of perennial habitats for Central European farmland spiders, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 105, 235, 10.1016/j.agee.2004.03.009

Shaw, 1994, Parasitoid host ranges, 111

Shaw, 2006, Habitat considerations for parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera), J. Insect Conserv., 10, 117, 10.1007/s10841-006-6288-1

Simberloff, 1976, Island biogeography theory and conservation practice, Science, 191, 285, 10.1126/science.191.4224.285

Snyder, 2003, Interactions between specialist and generalist natural enemies: parasitoids, predators, and pea aphid biocontrol, Ecology, 84, 91, 10.1890/0012-9658(2003)084[0091:IBSAGN]2.0.CO;2

Snyder, 2006, Predator biodiversity strengthens herbivore suppression, Ecol. Lett., 9, 789, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2006.00922.x

Snyder, 2001, Contrasting trophic cascades generated by a community of generalist predators, Ecology, 82, 1571, 10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[1571:CTCGBA]2.0.CO;2

Srivastava, 2005, Biodiversity-ecosystem function research: is it relevant to conservation?, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 36, 267, 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152636

Steinkraus, 2006, Factors affecting transmission of fungal pathogens of aphids, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 92, 125, 10.1016/j.jip.2006.03.009

Stout, 2006, Plant-mediated interactions between pathogenic microorganisms and herbivorous arthropods, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 51, 663, 10.1146/annurev.ento.51.110104.151117

Straub, 2006, Species identity dominates the relationship between predator biodiversity and herbivore suppression, Ecology, 87, 277, 10.1890/05-0599

Summerville, 2003, Spatial variation in species diversity and composition of forest Lepidoptera: patterns and implications for conservation, Conserv. Biol., 17, 1045, 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.02059.x

Thies, 2005, The landscape context of cereal aphid-parasitoid interactions, Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. B, 272, 203

Thies, 1999, Landscape structure and biological control of agroecosystems, Science, 285, 893, 10.1126/science.285.5429.893

Thomas, 1999, Different aerial dispersal of linyphiid spiders from a grass and a cereal field, J. Arachnol., 27, 294

Thorbek, 2004, Numbers of generalist arthropod predators after crop management, J. Appl. Ecol., 41, 526, 10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00913.x

Thrall, 2003, Influence of spatial structure on pathogen colonization and extinction: a test using an experimental metapopulation, Plant Pathol., 52, 350, 10.1046/j.1365-3059.2003.00863.x

Tilman, 1999, The ecological consequences of changes in biodiversity: a search for general principles, Ecology, 80, 1455

Tscharntke, 1992, Coexistence, tritrophic interactions and density dependence in a species-rich parasitoid community, J. Anim. Ecol., 61, 59, 10.2307/5509

Tscharntke, 2004, Plant–insect interactions in fragmented landscapes, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 49, 405, 10.1146/annurev.ento.49.061802.123339

Tscharntke, 1998, Bioindication using trap-nesting bees and wasps and their natural enemies: community structure and interactions, J. Appl. Ecol., 35, 708, 10.1046/j.1365-2664.1998.355343.x

Tscharntke, 1999, Habitat fragmentation and biological control, 190

Tscharntke, 2005, The landscape context of trophic interactions: insect spillover across the crop–noncrop interface, Ann. Zool. Fenn., 42, 421

Tscharntke, 2002, Contribution of small habitat fragments to conservation of insect communities of grassland-cropland landscapes, Ecol. Appl., 12, 354

Tscharntke, 2005, Landscape perspectives on agricultural intensification and biodiversity—ecosystem service management, Ecol. Lett., 8, 857, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00782.x

Tylianakis, 2004, Improved fitness of aphid parasitoids receiving resource subsidies, Ecology, 85, 658, 10.1890/03-0222

Tylianakis, 2005, Spatiotemporal variation in the effects of a tropical habitat gradient on Hymenoptera diversity, Ecology, 86, 3296, 10.1890/05-0371

Tylianakis, 2006, Spatial scale of observation affects α, β and γ diversity of cavity-nesting bees and wasps across a tropical land-use gradient, J. Biog., 33, 1295, 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01493.x

Tylianakis, 2006, Diversity, ecosystem function and stability of parasitoid-host interactions across a tropical habitat gradient, Ecology, 87, 3047, 10.1890/0012-9658(2006)87[3047:DEFASO]2.0.CO;2

Tylianakis, 2007, Habitat modification alters the structure of tropical host-parasitoid food webs, Nature, 445, 202, 10.1038/nature05429

Ulrich, 2006, Decomposing the process of species accumulation into area dependent and time dependent parts, Ecol. Res., 21, 578, 10.1007/s11284-006-0150-5

Vandermeer, 2001, Metapopulation dynamics and the quality of the matrix, Am. Nat., 158, 211, 10.1086/321318

van Nouhuys, 2005, Effects of habitat fragmentation at different trophic levels in insect communities, Ann. Zool. Fenn., 42, 433

van Nouhuys, 2002, Multitrophic interactions in space: metacommunity dynamics in fragmented landscapes, 124

Van Teeffelen, 2006, Connectivity, probabilities and persistence: comparing reserve selection strategies, Biodiv. Conserv., 15, 899, 10.1007/s10531-004-2933-8

Vega, 2006, An insect parasitoid carrying an ochratoxin producing fungus, Naturwissenschaften, 93, 297, 10.1007/s00114-006-0101-6

Vialatte, 2005, Limited genetic exchanges between populations of an insect pest living on uncultivated and related cultivated host plants, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B, 272, 1075

Vialatte, 2006, Tracing individual movements of aphids reveals preferential routes of population transfers in agroecosystems, Ecol. Appl., 16, 839, 10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[0839:TIMOAR]2.0.CO;2

Vicari, 2002, Combined effect of foliar and mycorrhizal endophytes on an insect herbivore, Ecology, 83, 2452, 10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[2452:CEOFAM]2.0.CO;2

Wagner, 2000, Additive partitioning of plant species diversity in an agricultural mosaic landscape, Landscape Ecol., 15, 219, 10.1023/A:1008114117913

Wardle, 2002, Biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and above-ground-below-ground linkages, 157

Wilby, 2005, Functional benefits of predator species diversity depend on prey identity, Ecol. Entomol., 30, 497, 10.1111/j.0307-6946.2005.00717.x

Wissinger, 1997, Cyclic colonization in predictably ephemeral habitats: a template for biological control in annual crop systems, Biol. Control, 10, 4, 10.1006/bcon.1997.0543

Yachi, 1999, Biodiversity and ecosystem productivity in a fluctuating environment: the insurance hypothesis, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 1463, 10.1073/pnas.96.4.1463