Congestion Pricing with Heterogeneous Travelers: A General-Equilibrium Welfare Analysis
Tóm tắt
Traffic congestion pricing is studied using a general-equilibrium framework that incorporates public goods expenditures, an income tax, a government budget constraint, and preferences for equity. Individuals differ with respect to wages, values of travel time, and the congestion characteristics of their vehicles. Formulae for optimal tolls are derived and decomposed to reveal the separate influences of individual and vehicle heterogeneity, road network effects, fiscal effects and equity concerns. Using an example various tolling regimes are considered, defined by how much of the network is tolled, by whether and how tolls are differentiated by route, and by vehicle and individual characteristics.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Alesina, A., R. Di Tella, and R. Macculloch. (2001). “Inequality and Happiness: Are Europeans and Americans Different?” http://post.economics.harvard.edu/hier/2001papers/2001 list.html
Altig, D., A.J. Auerbach, L.J. Kotlikoff, K.A. Smetters, and J. Walliser. (2001). “Simulating Fundamental Tax Reform in the United States.” American Economic Review 91(3), 574–595.
Arnott, R. and M. Kraus. (1998). “When are Anonymous Congestion Charges Consistent with Marginal Cost Pricing?” Journal of Public Economics 67, 45–64.
Arnott, R., A. de Palma, and R. Lindsey. (1992). “Route Choice with Heterogeneous Drivers and Group-Specific Congestion Costs.” Regional Science and Urban Economics 22, 71–102.
Arnott, R., A. de Palma, and R. Lindsey. (1994). “The Welfare Effects of Congestion Tolls with Heterogeneous Commuters.” Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 28(2), 139–161.
Arnott, R., A. de Palma, and R. Lindsey. (1998). “Recent Developments in the Bottleneck Model.” In K.J. Button and E.T. Verhoef (eds.), Road Pricing, Traffic Congestion and the Environment: Issues of Efficiency and Social Feasibility. Aldershot: Edward Elgar, pp, 79-110.
Beckmann, M., C.B. McGuire, and C.B. Winsten. (1956). Studies in the Economics of Transportation. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Berglas, E., D. Fresko and D. Pines. (1982). “Right of Way and Congestion Toll.” Foerder Institute for Economic Research, working paper 44-82, Tel-Aviv, Israel: Foerder Institute for Economic Research, Tel-Aviv University.
Button, K.J. and E.T. Verhoef (eds.) (1998). Road Pricing, Traffic Congestion and the Environment: Issues of Efficiency and Social Feasibility. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
Calthrop, E. (2001). “On Subsidising Auto-Commuting.” CESifo working paper No. 566.
Carey, M. and A. Srinivasan. (1993). “Externalities,Average and Marginal Costs, and Tolls on Congested Networks with Time-Varying Flows.” Operations Research 41(1), 217–231.
Cohen, Y. (1987). “Commuter Welfare Under Peak-Period Congestion Tolls: Who Gains and Who Loses?” International Journal of Transport Economics 14(3), 238–266.
Dafermos, S.C. (1973). “Toll Patterns for Multiclass-User Transportation Networks.” Transportation Science, 211–223.
Daniel, J. I. (2001). “Distributional Consequences of Airport Congestion Pricing.” Journal of Urban Economics 50, 230–258.
Daniel, J.I. and K. Bekka. (2000). “The Environmental Impact of Highway Congestion Pricing.” Journal of Urban Economics 46, 180–215.
De Borger, B. (2001). “Discrete Choice Models and Optimal Two-Part Tariffs in the Presence of Externalities: Optimal Taxation of Cars.” Regional Science and Urban Economics 31, 471–504.
De Palma, A. and F. Marchal. (1999). “Analysis of Travel Cost Components Using Large-Scale, Dynamic Traffic Models.” Transportation Research Record 1676, 177–183.
De Palma, A. and F. Marchal. (2001). “Evaluation of Road Pricing with Dynamic Network Models.” Paper presented at the 81st annual meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, D.C.
Evans, A.W. (1992). “Road Congestion Pricing: When is it a Good Policy?” Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 213–244.
Feldstein, M.S. (1972). “Equity and Efficiency in Public Sector Pricing: The Optimal Two-Part Tariff.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 86, 175–187.
Glazer, A. (1981). “Congestion Tolls and Consumer Welfare.” Public Finance 36(1), 77–83.
Glazer, A. and E. Niskanen. (2000). “Which Consumers Benefit from Congestion Tolls?” Journal of Transport Economics and Policy 34(1), 43–54.
Henderson, J.V. (1974). “Road Congestion: A Reconsideration of Pricing Theory.” Journal of Urban Economics 1, 346–355.
Knight, F. (1924). “Some Fallacies in the Interpretation of Social Costs.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 38(4), 582–606.
Kockelman, K.M. and R.A. Shabih. (1999). “Effect of Vehicle Type on the Capacity of Signalized Intersections: The Case of Light-Duty Trucks.” Working paper, University of Texas at Austin.
Kohlhase, J.E. (1986). “Labor Supply and Housing Demand for One-and Two-Earner Households.” Review of Economics and Statistics 68, 48–56.
Layard, R. (1977). “The Distributional Effects of Congestion Taxes.” Economica 44, 297–304.
Mayeres, I. (2001). “Equity and Transport Policy Reform.” Center for Economic Studies, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Working paper 2001-14.
Mayeres, I. and S. Proost. (2001). “Marginal Tax Reform, Externalities and Income Distribution.” Journal of Public Economics 79, 343–363.
Netter, M. (1972). “Affectations de trafic et tarification au coût marginal social: critique de quelques idées admises.” Transportation Research 6, 411–429.
Newell, G.F. (1980). Traffic Flow on Transportation Networks. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Niskanen, E. (1987). “Congestion Tolls and Consumer Welfare.” Transportation Research B 21B(2), 171–174.
Nowlan, D.M. (1993). “Optimal Pricing of Urban Trips with Budget Restrictions and Distributional Concerns.” Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 253–276.
Parry, I.W.H. (2000). “A Welfare Comparison of Alternative Policies for Reducing Traffic Congestion.” Resources for the Future, Discussion paper.
Parry, I.W.H. and A. Bento. (2002). “Estimating the Welfare Effect of Congestion Taxes: The Critical Importance of Other Distortions within the Transport System.” Journal of Urban Economics 51, 339–365.
Parry, I.W.H. and A. Bento. (2001). “Revenue Recycling and the Welfare Effects of Road Pricing.” Scandinavian Journal of Economics 103(4), 645–671.
Pigou, A.C. (1920). The Economics of Welfare. London: Macmillan.
Santos, G. and D.M.G. Newbery. (2001). “Urban Congestion Charging: Theory, Practice and Environmental Consequences.” CESifo Working Paper 568.
Small, K.A. (1983). “The Incidence of Congestion Tolls on Urban Highways.” Journal of Urban Economics 13, 90–111.
Small, K.A. (1992). “Urban Transportation Economics.” In J. Lesourne and H. Sonnenschein (eds.), Fundamentals of Pure and Applied Economics. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers.
Van Dender, K. (2001). “Transport Taxes with Multiple Trip Purposes.” Centre for Economic Studies, K.U.Leuven, Forthcoming in Scandinavian Journal of Economics.
Verhoef, E.T. and K.A. Small. (1999). “Product Differentiation on Roads: Second-Best Congestion Pricing with Heterogeneity Under Public and Private Ownership.” U.C. Irvine, Working paper.
Verhoef, E.T., P. Nijkamp and P. Rietveld. (1996). “Second-Best Congestion Pricing: The Case of an Untolled Alternative.” Journal of Urban Economics 40(3), 279–302.
Vickrey, W.S. (1969). “Congestion Theory and Transport Investment.” American Economic Review (Papers and Proceedings) 59, 251–260.
Vickrey, W.S. (1973). “Pricing, Metering, and Efficiently Using Urban Transportation Facilities.” Highway Research Record 476, 36–48.
Walters, A.A. (1961). “The Theory and Measurement of Private and Social Cost of Highway Congestion.” Econometrica 29, 676–699.
Yang, H. and H.-J. Huang. (1998). “Principle of Marginal-Cost Pricing: How Does it Work in a General Road Network?” Transportation Research A 32A(1), 45–54.