Comprehensive review on production and utilization of biochar

N. L. Panwar1, Ashish Pawar1, B. L. Salvi2
1Department of Renewable Energy Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan 313001, India
2Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Technology and Engineering, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, 313001, India

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Abioye AM, Ani FN (2015) Recent development in the production of activated carbon electrodes from agricultural waste biomass for super capacitors: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 52:1282–1293

Siddiqui MTH, Nizamuddin S, Mubarak NM, Shirin K, Aijaz M, Hussain M, Baloch HA (2017) Characterization and process optimization of biochar produced using novel biomass, waste pomegranate peel: a response surface methodology approach. Waste Biomass Valorization. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-0091-y

Enweremadu CC, Mbarawa MM (2009) Technical aspects of production and analysis of biodiesel from used cooking oil—a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 13(9):2205–2224

Yaman S (2004) Pyrolysis of biomass to produce fuels and chemical feedstocks. Energy Convers Manag 45:651–671

Smets K, Roukaerts A, Czech J, Reggers G, Schreurs S, Carleer R, Yperman J (2013) Slow catalytic pyrolysis of rapeseed cake: product yield and characterization of the pyrolysis liquid. Biomass Bioenergy 57:180–190

Gurwick NP, Moore LA, Kelly C, Elias P (2013) A systematic review of biochar research, with a focus on its stability in situ and its promise as a climate mitigation strategy. PLoS ONE 8(9):e75932

Savci S (2012) An agricultural pollutant: chemical fertilizer. Int J Environ Sci Dev 3(1):77–80

Harmful effects of chemical fertilizer. http://www.bkpindia.net/Pdf/Effect_of_chemical_fertilizer.pdf. Accessed 16 Nov 2015

Srinivasarao C, Gopinath KA, Venkatesh G, Dubey AK, Wakudkar H, Purakayastha TJ, Pathak H, Jha P, Lakaria BL, Rajkhowa DJ, Mandal S, Jeyaraman S, Venkateswarlu B, Sikka AK (2013) Use of biochar for soil health enhancement and greenhouse gas mitigation in India: potential and constraints. NICRA Bull pp 1–51

Ji C, Cheng K, Nayak D, Pan G (2018) Environmental and economic assessment of crop residue competitive utilization for biochar, briquette fuel and combined heat and power generation. J Clean Prod 192:916–923

Shinogi Y, Yoshida H, Koizumi T, Yamaoka M, Saito T (2003) Basic characteristics of low- temperature carbon products from waste sludge. Adv Environ Res 7(3):661–665

Cheng C-H, Lehmann J, Engelhard MH (2008) Natural oxidation of black carbon in soils: changes in molecular form and surface charge along a climosequence. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 72(6):1598–1610

Liang B, Lehmann J, Solomon D, Sohi S, Thies JE, Skjemstad JO, Luizão FJ, Engelhard MH, Neves EG, Wirick S (2008) Stability of biomass-derived black carbon in soils. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 72(24):6069–6078

Cheng C-H, Lehmann J (2009) Ageing of black carbon along a temperature gradient. Chemosphere 75(8):1021–1027

Cao X, Harris W (2010) Properties of dairy-manure-derived biochar pertinent to its potential use in remediation. Bioresour Technol 101(14):5222–5228

Panwar NL, Kothari R, Tyagi VV (2012) Thermo chemical conversion of biomass—eco friendly energy routes. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 16(4):1801–1816

Nsamba HK, Hale SE, Cornelissen G, Bachmann RT (2015) Sustainable technologies for small-scale biochar production—a review. J Sustain Bioenergy Syst 5:10–31

Bernardino CA, Mahler CF, Veloso MC, Romeiro GA (2017) Preparation of biochar from sugarcane by-product filter mud by slow pyrolysis and its use like adsorbent. Waste Biomass Valorization 8(7):2511–2521

Kambo HS, Dutta A (2015) A comparative review of biochar and hydrochar in terms of production, physico-chemical properties and applications. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 31(45):359–378

Hakala K, Kontturi M, Pahkala K (2009) Field biomass as global energy source. Agric Food Sci 18:347–365

Kumar AN, Baredar P, Shukla A (2015) A review on biomass energy resources, potential, conversion and policy in India. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 45:530–539

Hiloidhari M, Das D, Baruah DC (2014) Bioenergy potential from crop residue biomass in India. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 32:504–512

Panwar NL (2010) Biomass for domestic and agro industrial applications. In: Wood: type, properties and use. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. pp 81–109

Neves EG, Bartone RN, Petersen JB, Heckenberger MJ (2004) The timing of terra preta formation in the central Amazon: new data from three sites in the central Amazon. Springer, Berlin

Klark M, Rule A (1925) The technology of wood distillation. Chapman & Hall Ltd, London

Boroson ML, Howard JB, Longwell JP, Peters WA (1989) Heterogeneous cracking of wood pyrolysis tar over wood char surface. Energy Fuels 3:735–740

Emrich W (1985) Handbook of biochar making. The traditional and industrial methods. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht

Bridgwater AV, Meier D, Radlein D (1999) An overview of fast pyrolysis of biomass. Org Geochem 30:1479–1493

Evans R, Milne TA (1987) Molecular characterization of the pyrolysis of biomass. Energy Fuels 1(2):123–137

Piskorz J, Radlein DS, Scott DS, Czernik S (1989) Pretreatment of wood and cellulose for production of sugars by fast pyrolysis. J Anal Appl Pyrol 16(2):127–142

Scott DS, Piskorz J, Radlein D (1988) The effect of wood species on compstion of products obtained by the Waterloo fast pyrolysis process. In: Canadian chemical engineering conference, Toronto

Bridgwater AV, Peacocke GVC (1994) Engineering development in fast pyrolysis for bio-oils. In: Proceeding of biomass pyrolysis oil properties and combustion meeting. Estes Park. Co., pp 110–127

Yang J, Tanguy PA, Roy C (1995) Heat transfer, mass transfer and kinetic study of the vacuum pyrolysis of a large used tire particle. Chem Eng Sci 50:1909–1922

Roy C, Yang J, Blanchette D, Korving L, De Caumia B (1997) Development of a novel vacuum pyrolysis reactor with improved heat transfer potential. In: Developments in thermochemical biomass conversion. Springer, Netherlands, pp 351–367

Bridgwater AV, Czernik S, Piskorz J (2001) An overview of fast pyrolysis. In: Bridgwater AV (ed) Progress in thermochemical biomass conversion. IEA bioenergy. Blackwell Sciences, Hoboken, pp 977–997

Czernik S, French R, Feik C, Chornet E (2002) Hydrogen by catalytic steam reforming of liquid byproducts from biomass thermoconversion processes. Ind Eng Chem Res 41(17):4209–4215

Bridgwater AV (2005) Fast pyrolysis based bio-refineries. In: Presentation made to the American Chemistry Cociety. Wastington DC

Helle S, Bennett NM, Lau K, Matsui JH, Duff SJ (2007) A kinetic model for production of glucose by hydrolysis of levoglucosan and cellobiosan from pyrolysis oil. Carbohydr Res 342(16):2365–2370

Mahfud FH, Ghijsen F, Heeres HJ (2007) Hydrogenation of fast pyrolyis oil and model compounds in a two-phase aqueous organic system using homogeneous ruthenium catalysts. J Mol Catal A Chem 264(1):227–236

Ellott DC (2007) Historical development in hydro-processing bio-oils. Energy Fuels 21:1792–1815

Jones SB, Valkenburg C, Walton CW, Elliott DC, Holladay JE, Stevens DJ, Kinchin C, Czernik S (2009) Production of gasoline and diesel from biomass via fast pyrolysis, hydrotreating and hydrocracking: a design case. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, pp 1–76

Prins MJ, Ptasinski KJ, Janssen FJJG (2006) Torrefaction of wood: part1. Weightloss kinetics. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 77:28–34

Onay O, Kockar OM (2003) Slow, fast and flash pyrolysis of rapeseed. Renew Energy 28:2417–2433

Gaunt J, Cowie A (2009) Biochar, greenhouse gas accounting and emissions trading. In: Lehmann J, Joseph S (eds) Biochar for environmental management: science and technology. Earthscan, London, pp 317–340

Roberts KG, Gloy BA, Joseph S, Scott NR, Lehmann J (2009) Life cycle assessment of biochar systems: estimating the energetic, economic, and climate change potential. Environ Sci Technol 44:827–833

Smith CR, Buzan EM, Lee JW (2012) Potential impact of biochar water-extractable substances on environmental sustainability. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 1(1):118–126

Steiner C, Teixeira WG, Lehmann J, Nehls T, de Macêdo JLV, Blum WE, Zech W (2007) Long term effects of manure, charcoal and mineral fertilization on crop production and fertility on a highly weathered Central Amazonian upland soil. Plant Soil 291(1–2):275–290

McHenry MP (2009) Agricultural bio-char production, renewable energy generation and farm carbon sequestration in Western Australia: certainty, uncertainty and risk. Agric Ecosyst Environ 129(1):1–7

Lehmann J, Stephen J (2009) Biochar for environmental management: an introduction. Biochar for environmental management-science and technology. Earthscan, London

Marris E (2006) Putting the carbon back: black is the new green. Nature 442(7103):624–626

Lal R (2008) Black and buried carbons impacts on soil quality and ecosystem services. Soil Tillage Res 99(1):1–3

Sohi SP, Krull E, Lopez-Capel E, Bol R (2010) A review of biochar and its use and function in soil. Adv Agron 105:47–82

Barrow CJ (2012) Biochar: potential for countering land degradation and for improving agriculture. Appl Geogr 34:21–28

De Gisi S, Petta L, Wendland C (2014) History and technology of terra preta sanitation. Sustainability 6(3):1328–1345

Woolf D, Amonette JE, Street-Perrott FA, Lehmann J, Joseph S (2010) Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change. Nat Commun 1:56

Xie T, Reddy KR, Wang C, Yargicoglu E, Spokas K (2015) Characteristics and applications of biochar for environmental remediation: a review. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 45(9):939–969

Kung CC, Kong F, Choi Y (2015) Pyrolysis and biochar potential using crop residues and agricultural wastes in China. Ecol Ind 51:139–145

Steiner C, Bellwood-Howard I, Häring V, Tonkudor K, Addai F, Atiah K, Abubakari AH, Kranjac-Berisavljevic G, Marschner B, Buerkert A (2018) Participatory trials of on-farm biochar production and use in Tamale, Ghana. Agron Sustain Dev 38(1):12

Phillips CL, Trippe K, Reardon C, Mellbye B, Griffith SM, Banowetz GM, Gady D (2018) Physical feasibility of biochar production and utilization at a farm-scale: a case-study in non-irrigated seed production. Biomass Bioenergy 108:244–251

Basu P (2013) Biomass gasification, pyrolysis and torrefaction: practical design and theory. Academic Press, Cambridge

Kammen DM, Lew DJ (2005) Review of technologies for the production and use of charcoal. Renewable and appropriate energy laboratory report. http://rael.berkeley.edu/old_drupal/sites/default/files/old-site-files/2005/Kammen-Lew-Charcoal-2005.pdf. Accessed 15 Dec 2017

Duku MH, Gu S, Ben HE (2011) Biochar production potential in Ghana: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 15:3539–3551

Masek O (2017) Biochar production technologies, http://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/sccs/biochar/documents/BiocharLaunch-OMasek.pdf. Accessed 15 Dec 2017

Bailis R (2009) Modeling climate change mitigation from alternative methods of charcoal production in Kenya. Biomass Bioenergy 33(11):1491–1502

Lohri CR, Rajabu HM, Sweeney DJ, Zurbrügg C (2016) Char fuel production in developing countries—a review of urban biowaste carbonization. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 59:1514–1530

FAO (United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization): simple technologies for charcoal making (1983) 41.www.fao.org/docrep/S5328e/x5328e00.htm. Accessed 16 Dec 2017

Kristoferson LA, Bokalders V (2013) Renewable energy technologies: their applications in developing countries. Elsevier, Amsterdam

Deal C, Brewer CE, Brown RC, Okure MA, Amoding A (2012) Comparison of kiln-derived and gasifier-derived biochars as soil amendments in the humid tropics. Biomass Bioenergy 37:161–168

Pennise DM, Smith KR, Kithinji JP, Rezende ME, Raad TJ, Zhang J, Fan C (2001) Emissions of greenhouse gases and other airborne pollutants from charcoal making in Kenya and Brazil. J Geophys Res Atmos 106(D20):24143–24155

Mwampamba TH, Owen M, Pigaht M (2013) Opportunities, challenges and way forward for the charcoal briquette industry in Sub-Saharan Africa. Energy Sustain Dev 17(2):158–170

Peterson SC, Jackson MA (2014) Simplifying pyrolysis: using gasification to produce corn stover and wheat straw biochar for sorptive and horticultural media. Ind Crops Prod 53:228–235

Adam JC (2009) Improved and more environmentally friendly charcoal production system using a low-cost retort–kiln (Eco-charcoal). Renew Energy 34(8):1923–1925

Antal MJ, Grønli M (2003) The art, science, and technology of charcoal production. Ind Eng Chem Res 42(8):1619–1640

Moreira R, dos Reis Orsini R, Vaz JM, Penteado JC, Spinacé EV (2017) Production of biochar, bio-oil and synthesis gas from cashew nut shell by slow pyrolysis. Waste Biomass Valorization 8(1):217–224

Gwenzi W, Chaukura N, Mukome FN, Machado S, Nyamasoka B (2015) Biochar production and applications in sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities, constraints, risks and uncertainties. J Environ Manag 150:250–261

Jelinek H (1989) Pyrolysis system.U.S. Patent No. 4,840,129. 20 Jun. 1989. https://www.google.com/patents/US4840129. Accessed 20 Dec 2017

Collin GE (1980) Pyrolytic recovery of raw materials from special wastes. In: ACS Symp Ser (United States) 130 (CONF-790917-P5). Ruetgerswerke AG, Duisburg-Meiderich, Germany

Becchetti F, Von Christen FE (2011) Integrated process for waste treatment by pyrolysis and related plant. U.S. Patent No. 7,878,131. 1 Feb. 2011.https://patents.google.com/patent/US20090020052A1/en. Accessed 18 Dec 2017

Agirre I, Griessacher T, Rösler G, Antrekowitsch J (2013) Production of charcoal as an alternative reducing agent from agricultural residues using a semi-continuous semi-pilot scale pyrolysis screw reactor. Fuel Process Technol 106:114–121

Maschio G, Koufopanos C, Lucchesi A (1992) Pyrolysis, a promising route for biomass utilization. Bioresour Technol 42(3):219–231

Brown JN, Brown RC (2012) Process optimization of an auger pyrolyzer with heat carrier using response surface methodology. Bioresour Technol 103(1):405–414

Mozammel HM, Masahiro O, Bhattacharya SC (2002) Activated charcoal from coconut shell using ZnCl2 activation. Biomass Bioenergy 22(5):397–400

Ferreira SD, Manera C, Silvestre WP, Pauletti GF, Altafini CR, Godinho M (2008) Use of biochar produced from elephant grass by pyrolysis in a screw reactor as a soil amendment. Waste Biomass Valorization. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0347-1

Ortiz OA, Suárez GI, Nelson A (2005) Dynamic simulation of a pilot rotary kiln for charcoal activation. Comput Chem Eng 29(8):1837–1848

Ogawa M, Okimori Y, Takahashi F (2006) Carbon sequestration by carbonization of biomass and forestation: three case studies. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change 11(2):421–436

Schimmelpfennig S, Glaser B (2012) One step forward toward characterization: some important material properties to distinguish biochars. J Environ Qual 41(4):1001–1013

Evans RJ (2008) The relation of pyrolysis processes to charcoal chemical and physical properties. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, diakses pada 18

Wade SR, Nunoura T, Antal MJ (2006) Studies of the flash carbonization process. 2. Violent ignition behavior of pressurized packed beds of biomass: a factorial study. Ind Eng Chem Res 45(10):3512–3519

Nunoura T, Wade SR, Bourke JP, Antal MJ (2006) Studies of the flash carbonization process. 1. Propagation of the flaming pyrolysis reaction and performance of a catalytic afterburner. Ind Eng Chem Res 45(2):585–599

Nartey OD, Zhao B (2014) Biochar preparation, characterization, and adsorptive capacity and its effect on bioavailability of contaminants: an overview. Adv Mater Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/715398

Cheng X, Tang Y, Wang B, Jiang J (2018) Improvement of charcoal yield and quality by two-step pyrolysis on rice husks. Waste Biomass Valorization 9(1):123–130

Rathore NS, Panwar NL, Kurchania AK (2009) Renewable energy: theory and practice. Himanshu Publication, Udaipur

Ronsse F (2013) Report on biochar production techniques. A publication of the Interreg IVB project biochar: climate saving soil. Ghent University

Mohod AG, Panwar NL (2011) Evaluation of traditional half orange type charcoal kiln for carbonisation: a case study. World Rev Sci Technol Sustain Dev 8:196–202

Mohan D, Pittman CU, Steele PH (2006) Pyrolysis of wood/biomass for bio-oil: a critical review. Energy Fuels 20(3):848–889

Brown R (2009) Biochar production technology. Chapter 8. In: Lehmann J, Joseph S (eds) Biochar for environmental management. Earthscan, London

Zanzi R, Bai X, Capdevila P, Bjornbom E (2001) Pyrolysis of biomass in the presence of steam for preparation of activated carbon, liquid and gaseous products. In: 6th World congress of chemical engineering

Bridgwater AV, Peacocke GVC (2000) Fast pyrolysis processes for biomass. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 4:1–73

Yuan W, Meng X, James A (2018) The role of biochar in sustainable agriculture and environment: promising but inconsistent. Adv Biotech Micro 9(4):AIBM.MS.ID.555770

Masek O, Brownsort P, Cross A, Sohi S (2013) Influence of production conditions on the yield and environmental stability of biochar. Fuel 103:151–155

Angın D, Şensoz S (2014) Effect of pyrolysis temperature on chemical and surface properties of biochar of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Int J Phytoremediation 16(7–8):684–693

Tan Z, Yuan S (2017) The Effect of preparing temperature and atmosphere on biochar’s quality for soil improving. Waste Biomass Valorization. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-017-0145-1

Zheng W, Sharma BK, Rajagopalan N (2010) Using biochar as a soil amendment for sustainable agriculture. Submitted to the Sustainable Agriculture Grant Program Illinois Department of Agriculture

Angin D (2013) Effect of pyrolysis temperature and heating rate on biochar obtained from pyrolysis of safflower seed press cake. Bioresour Technol 128:593–597

Al-Wabel MI, Al-Omran A, El-Naggar AH, Nadeem M, Usman A (2013) Pyrolysis temperature induced changes in characteristics and chemical composition of biochar produced from conocarpus wastes. Bioresour Technol 131:374–379

Gai X, Wang H, Liu J, Zhai L, Liu S, Ren T, Liu H (2014) Effects of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature on biochar adsorption of ammonium and nitrate. PLoS ONE 9(12):e113888. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113888

Manya JJ, Roca FX, Perales JF (2013) TGA study examining the effect of pressure and peak temperature on biochar yield during pyrolysis of two-phase olive mill waste. J Anal Appl Pyrol 103:86–95

Manya JJ, Ortigosa MA, Laguarta S, Manso JA (2014) Experimental study on the effect of pyrolysis pressure, peak temperature and particle size on the potential stability of vine shoots-derived biochar. Fuel 133:163–172

Wang K, Peng N, Lu G, Dang Z (2018) Effects of pyrolysis temperature and holding time on physicochemical properties of swine-manure-derived biochar. Waste Biomass Valorization. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-018-0435-2

Daugaard DE, Brown RC (2003) Enthalpy for pyrolysis for several types of biomass. Energy Fuels 17(4):934–939

Laird DA (2008) The charcoal vision: a win–win–win scenario for simultaneously producing bioenergy, permanently sequestering carbon, while improving soil and water quality. Agron J 100(1):178–181

Fing (2016) Biochar versus activated carbon. http://fingerlakesbiochar.com/biochar-vs-activated-carbon/. Accessed 2 Oct 2018

Ro KS, Cantrell KB, Hunt PG (2010) High-temperature pyrolysis of blended animal manures for producing renewable energy and value-added biochar. Ind Eng Chem Res 49(20):10125–10131

Anon (2003) Standardized product definition and product testing guidelines for biochar that is used in soil, IBI-STD-01.1, International Biochar Initiative, Westerville, OH

Anon (2014) Standardized product definition and product testing guidelines for biochar that is used in soil, IBI-STD-2.0, International Biochar Initiative, Westerville, OH

Klasson KT (2017) Biochar characterization and a method for estimating biochar quality from proximate analysis results. Biomass Bioenergy 96:50–58

Spokas KA (2010) Review of the stability of biochar in soil: predictability of O:C molar ratios. Carbon management 1(2):289–303

Baldock JA, Smernik RJ (2002) Chemical composition and bioavailblity of thermally, altered Pinus resinosa (Red Pine) wood. Org Geochem 33(9):1093–1109

Blackwell P, Riethmuller G, Collins M (2009) Biochar application to soil. In: Lehmann J, Joseph S (eds) Biochar for environmental management: science and technology. Earthscan, London, pp 207–226

Stockmann U, Adams MA, Crawford JW (2013) The knowns, known unknowns and unknowns of sequestration of soil organic carbon. Agric Ecosyst Environ 164:80–99

Laird DA (2008) The charcoal vision: a win–win–win scenario for simultaneously producing bioenergy, permanently sequestering carbon, while improving soil and water quality. Agron J 100:178–181

Glaser B, Lehmann J, Zech W (2002) Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal—a review. Biol Fertil Soils 35:219–230

Novak JM, Busscher WJ, Laird DL, Ahmedna M, Watts DW, Niandou MAS (2009) Impact of biochar amendment on fertility of a southeastern coastal plain soil. Soil Sci 174(2):105–112

Muhammad N, Brookes PC, Wu J (2016) Addition impact of biochar from different feedstocks on microbial community and available concentrations of elements in a Psammaquent and a Plinthudult. J Soil Sci Plant Nutr 16(1):137–153

Mogamia A, Tanoa Y, Matsumotoa H, Nishiharaa E (2011) Improvement of sandy- soil water and nutrient use efficiency using palm shell biochar under controlled moisture conditions. In: Asia Pacific biochar conference, APBC Kyoto

Jia J, Li B, Chen Z, Xie Z, Xiong Z (2012) Effects of biochar application on vegetable production and emissions of N2O and CH4. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 58(4):503–509

Chintala R, Schumacher TE, McDonald LM, Clay DE, Malo DD, Papiernik SK, Clay SA, Julson JL (2014) Phosphorus sorption and availability from biochars and soil/biochar mixtures. Clean-Soil Air Water 42(5):626–634

Liu L, Shen G, Sun M, Cao X, Shang G, Chen P (2014) Effect of biochar on nitrous oxide emission and its potential mechanisms. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 64(8):894–902

Ibrahim OM, Bakry AB, El kramany MF, Elewa TA (2015) Evaluating the role of bio-char application under two levels of water requirements on wheat production under sandy soil conditions. Glob J Adv Res 2:411–418

Maraseni TK (2010) Biochar: maximising the benefits. Int J Environ Stud 67(3):319–327

Iswaran V, Jauhri KS, Sen A (1980) Effect of charcoal, coal and peat on the yield of moong, soybean and pea. Soil Biol Biochem 12:191–192

Kishimoto S, Sugiura G (1985) Charcoal as a soil conditioner. Int Achieve Future 5:12–23

Uzoma KC, Inoue M, Andry H, Fujimaki H, Zahoor A, Nishihara E (2011) Effect of cow manure biochar on maize productivity under sandy soil condition. Soil Use Manag 27(2):205–212

Lynch J (1995) Root architecture and plant productivity. Plant Physiol 109(1):7–13

Atkinson CJ, Fitzgerald JD, Hipps NA (2010) Potential mechanisms for achieving agricultural benefits from biochar application to temperate soils: a review. Plant Soil 337:1–18

Bai SH, Blumfield TJ, Xu Z, Chen C, Wild C (2012) Soil organic matter dynamics and nitrogen availability in response to site preparation and management during revegetation in tropical Central Queensland, Australia. J Soils Sediments 12:386–395

Reverchon F, Flicker RC, Yang H, Yan G, Xu Z, Chen C, Bai SH, Zhang D (2014) Changes in δ15N in a soil–plant system under different biochar feedstocks and application rates. Biol Fertil Soils 50:275–283

Bai SH, Dempsey R, Reverchon F, Blumfield TJ, Ryan S, Cernusak LA (2017) Effects of forest thinning on soil-plant carbon and nitrogen dynamics. Plant Soil 411:437–449

Nguyen TTN, Xu CY, Tahmasbian I, Che R, Xu Z, Zhou X, Wallace HM, Bai SH (2017) Effects of biochar on soil available inorganic nitrogen: a review and meta-analysis. Geoderma 288:79–96

Shanta N, Schwinghamer T, Backer R, Allaire SE, Teshler I, Vanasse A, Whalen J, Baril B, Lange S, MacKay J, Zhou X, Smith DL (2016) Biochar and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria effects on switchgrass (Panicum virgatum cv. Cave-in-Rock) for biomass production in southern Quebec depend on soil type and location. Biomass Bioenergy 95:167–173

Shaheen SM, Niazi NK, Hassan NE, Bibi I, Wang H, Tsang DC, Ok YS, Bolan N, Rinklebe J (2018) Wood-based biochar for the removal of potentially toxic elements in water and wastewater: a critical review. Int Mater Rev. https://doi.org/10.1080/09506608.2018.1473096

Werner S, Kätzl K, Wichern M, Marschner B (2018) Biochar in waste water treatment to produce safe irrigation water, recover nutrients and reduce environmental impacts of waste water irrigation. In: EGU general assembly conference Abstracts 20, 15820

Gwenzi W, Chaukura N, Noubactep C, Mukome FN (2017) Biochar-based water treatment systems as a potential low-cost and sustainable technology for clean water provision. J Environ Manag 197:732–749

Lee DJ, Cheng YL, Wong RJ, Wang XD (2018) Adsorption removal of natural organic matters in waters using biochar. Biores Technol 260:413–416

Qambrani NA, Rahman MM, Won S, Shim S, Ra C (2017) Biochar properties and eco-friendly applications for climate change mitigation, waste management, and wastewater treatment: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 79:255–273

Gurwick NP, Kelly C, Elias P (2012) The Scientific basis for biochar as a climate change mitigation strategy: Does it Measure Up? Union of concerned scientist. Citizens and Scientists for Environment Solutions

Bruckman VJ, Terada T, Uzun BB, Apaydın-Varol E, Liu J (2015) Biochar for climate change mitigation: tracing the in situ priming effect on a forest site. Energy Procedia 76:381–387

Ernsting A, Smolker R (2009) Biochar for climate change mitigation: fact or fiction. Agrofuels and the Myth of the Marginal Lands 1–10

Waters D, Van Zwieten L, Singh BP, Downie A, Cowie AL, Lehmann J (2011) Biochar in soil for climate change mitigation and adaptation. In: Singh B, Cowie A, Chan K (eds) Soil health and climate change. Soil biology. Springer, Berlin, p 29

Tan Z, Lin CS, Ji X, Rainey TJ (2017) Returning biochar to fields: a review. Appl Soil Ecol 116:1–11

Lehmann J, Gaunt J, Rondon M (2006) Bio-char sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems—a review. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Change 11(2):395–419

Smith P, Martino D, Cai Z, Gwary D, Janzen H, Kumar P, McCarl B, Ogle S, O’Mara F, Rice C, Scholes B, Sirotenko O. Chapter 8: agriculture. In: Metz B, Davidson OR, Bosch PR, Dave R, Meyer LA (2007) Climate change 2007: mitigation. In: Contribution of Working Group III to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge, New York

Chatterjee A, Lal R (2009) On farm assessment of tillage impact on soil carbon and associated soil quality parameters. Soil Tillage Res 104:270–277

Kristiansen SMHEM, Jensen LS, Christensen BT (2005) Natural 13C abundance and carbon storage in Danish soils under continuous silage maize. Eur J Agron 22:107–117

Boddey RM, Jantalia CP, Conceicao PC, Zanatta JA, Bayer C, Mielniczuk J, Dieckow J, Dos Santos HP, Denardin JE, Aita C, Giacomini SJ, Alves BJR, Urquiaga S (2010) Carbon accumulation at depth in Ferrasols under zero-till subtropical agriculture. Global Change Biol 16(2):784–795

Forster P, Ramaswamy V, Artaxo P, Berntsen T, Betts R, Fahey DW, Haywood J, Lean J, Lowe DC, Myhre G, Nganga J, Prinn R, Raga G, Schulz M, Van Dorland R (2007) Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. In: Solomon S, Qin D, Manning M, Chen Z, Marquis M, Averyt KB, Tignor M, Miller HL (eds) Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK

Lindsey R (2017) Climate change: atmospheric carbon dioxide. https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide. Retrieve 14 Dec 2017

Lal RA (2005) World crop residues production and implications of its use as a biofuel. Environ Int 31(4):575–584

Gupta PK, Sahai S, Singh N, Dixit CK, Singh DP, Sharma C (2004) Residue burning in rice–wheat cropping system: causes and implications. Curr Sci 87(12):1713–1715

Gadde B, Bonnet S, Menke C, Garivait S (2009) Air pollutant emissions from rice straw open field burning in India, Thailand and the Philippines. Environ Pollut 157:1554–1558

Pacala S, Socolow R (2004) Stabilization wedges: solving climate problem for the next 50 years with current technologies. Science 305:968–972

Goldemberg J (2007) Ethanol for a sustainable energy future. Science 315:808–810

Cowie AL, Cowie AJ, Solutions RC (2013) Life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas mitigation benefits of biochar. Report IEA Bioenergy Task 38:136–145

Zhang Y, Lin F, Wang X, Zou J, Liu S (2016) Annual accounting of net greenhouse gas balance response to biochar addition in a coastal saline bioenergy cropping system in China. Soil Tillage Res 158:39–48

Sigmund G, Huber D, Bucheli TD, Baumann M, Borth N, Guebitz GM, Hofmann T (2017) Cytotoxicity of biochar: A workplace safety concern? Environ Sci Technol Lett 4(9):362–366