Scopacasa F, Horowitz M, Wishart JM, Need AG, Morris HA, Wittert G, Nordin BE (1998) Calcium supplementation suppresses bone resorption in early postmenopausal women. Calcif Tissue Int 62:8–12
Dawson-Hughes B, Dallal GE, Krall EA, Sadowski L, Sahoyoun N, Tannebaum S (1990) A controlled trial of the effect of calcium supplementation on bone density in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 323:878–883
Dawson Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallai GE (1997) Effect of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone density in men and women 65 years of age or older. N Engl J Med 1337:670–676
Chapuy MC, Arlot ME, Duboeuf F, Brun J, Crouzet B, Arnaud S, Delmas PD, Meunier PJ (1992) Vitamin D3 and calcium to prevent hip fractures in the elderly women. N Engl J Med 327:1637–1642
Recker RR (1985) Calcium absorption and achlorhydria. N Engl J Med 313:70–33
Prestwood KM, Thompson DL, Kenny AM, Seibel MJ, Pilbeam CC, Raisz LG (1999) Low dose estrogen and calcium have an additive effect on bone resorption in older women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:179–183
Prestwood KM, Pannullo AM, Kenny AM, Pilbeam CC, Raisz LG (1996) The effect of a short course of calcium and vitamin D on bone turnover in older women. Osteoporos Int 6:314–319
Prestwood KM, Kenny AM, Unson C, Kulldorff M (2000) The effect of low dose micronized 17ss-estradiol on bone turnover, sex hormone levels, and side effects in older women: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:4462–4469
Reid IR, Ames RW, Evans MC, Gamble GD, Sharpe SJ (1993) Effect of calcium supplementation on bone loss in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 328:460–464
Riggs BL, O’Fallon WM, Muhs J, O’Connor MK, Kumar R, Melton LJ 3rd (1998) Long-term effects of calcium supplementation on serum parathyroid hormone level, bone turnover, and bone loss in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res 13:168–174
Peacock M, Liu G, Carey M et al. (2000) Effect of calcium or 25OH vitamin D3 dietary supplementation on bone loss at the hip in men and women over the age of 60. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:3011–3019
Martini L, Wood RJ (2002) Relative bioavailability of calcium-rich dietary sources in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 76:1345–1350
Bell NH, Bilezikian JP, Bone HG 3rd, Kaur A, Maragoto A, Santora AC and the MK-063 Study Group (2002) Alendronate increases bone mass and reduces bone markers in postmenopausal African-American women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2792–2797
Delmas PD, Ensrud KE, Adachi JD, Harper KD, Sarkar S, Gennari C, Reginster JY, Pols HA, Recker RR, Harris ST, Wu W, Genant HK, Black DM, Eastell R (2002) Outcomes of raloxifene evaluation investigators. Efficacy of raloxifene on fracture risk reduction in women with osteoporosis: four-year results from a clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:3609–3617
Johnell O, Scheele WH, Lu Y, Reginster JY, Need AG, Seeman E (2002) Additive effects of raloxifene and alendronate on bone density and biochemical markers of bone remodeling in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:985–992
Heaney RP, Dowell SD, Bierman J, Hale CA, Bendich A (2002) Absorbability and cost effectiveness in calcium supplementation. J Am Coll Nutr 20:239–246
Bo-Linn GW, Davis GR, Buddrus DJ, Morawaski SG, Santa Ana C, Fordtran JS (1984) An evaluation of the importance of gastric acid secretion in the absorption of dietary calcium. J Clin Invest 73:640–647
Nicar MJ, Pak CYC (1985) Calcium bioavailability from calcium carbonate and calcium citrate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61:391–393
Harvey JA, Zobitz MM, Pak CYC (1988) Dose dependency of calcium absorption: a comparison of calcium carbonate and calcium citrate. J Bone Miner Res 3:253–258
Heller HJ, Greer LG, Sharon BA, Haynes SD, Poindexter JR, Pak CYC (2000) Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic comparison of two calcium supplements in postmenopausal women. J Clin Pharmacol 40:1237–1244
Heller HJ, Greer LG, Haynes SD, Pointdexter JR, Pak CYC (2000) Pharmaacokinetics and pharmacodynamic comparison of two calcium supplements in postmenopausal women. J Clin Pharmacol 40:1237–1244
Heaney, RP, Dowell MS, Barger-Lux MJ (1999) Absorption of calcium as the carbonate and citrate salts, with some observations on method. Osteoporos Int 9:19–23
Hurwitz A, Brady DA, Schaal SE, Samloff IM, Dedon J, Ruhl CE (1997) Gastric acidity in older adults. JAMA 278:659–662
Fall PM, Kennedy D, Smith A, Seibel MJ, Raisz LG (2000) Comparison of serum and urine assays for biochemical markers of bone resorption in postmenopausal women with and without hormone replacement therapy and in men. Osteoporos Int 11:481–485
Favus MJ, Pak C (2001) Evidence for absorption of ionic calcium and soluble calcium complexes by the duodenum and cecum in the rat. Am J Ther 8:425–431
Brown EM (2000) Calcium receptor and regulation of parathyroid hormone secretion. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 1:307–315
Recker RR, Hinders S, Davies KM, Heaney RP, Stegman MR, Lappe JM, Kimmel DB (1996) Correcting calcium nutritional deficiency prevents spine fractures in elderly women. J Bone Miner Res 11:1961–1966
Cumming RG, Nevitt MC (1997) Calcium for prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 12:1321–1329
Ruml LA, Sakhaee K, Peterson R, Adams-Huet B, Pak CY (1999) The effect of calcium citrate on bone density in the early and mid-postmenopausal period: a randomized placebo-controlled study. Am J Ther 6:303–311