Zhang Y, Baicker K, Newhouse JP. Geographic variation in the quality of prescribing. N Engl J Med. 2010;363(21):1985–8.
Mittler JN, Landon BE, Fisher ES, Cleary PD, Zaslavsky AM. Market variations in intensity of Medicare service use and beneficiary experiences with care. Health Serv Res. 2010;45(3):647–69.
Bourgeois FT, Murthy S, Pinto C, Olson KL, Ioannidis JP, Mandl KD. Pediatric versus adult drug trials for conditions with high pediatric disease burden. Pediatrics. 2012;130(2):285–92.
Cohen E, Goldman RD, Ragone A, et al. Child vs adult randomized controlled trials in specialist journals: a citation analysis of trends, 1985–2005. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010;164(3):283–8.
Cohen E, Uleryk E, Jasuja M, Parkin PC. An absence of pediatric randomized controlled trials in general medical journals, 1985–2004. J Clin Epidemiol. 2007;60(2):118–23.
Hamm MP, Hartling L, Milne A, et al. A descriptive analysis of a representative sample of pediatric randomized controlled trials published in 2007. BMC Pediatr. 2010;10:96.
Martinez-Castaldi C, Silverstein M, Bauchner H. Child versus adult research: the gap in high-quality study design. Pediatrics. 2008;122(1):52–7.
ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA. 2002;288(23):2981–97.
Cipriani A, Furukawa TA, Salanti G, et al. Comparative efficacy and acceptability of 12 new-generation antidepressants: a multiple-treatments meta-analysis. Lancet. 2009;373(9665):746–58.
Tsai AC, Rosenlicht NZ, Jureidini JN, Parry PI, Spielmans GI, Healy D. Aripiprazole in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder: a critical review of the evidence and its dissemination into the scientific literature. PLoS Med. 2011;8(5):e1000434.
Chokshi DA, Avorn J, Kesselheim AS. Designing comparative effectiveness research on prescription drugs: lessons from the clinical trial literature. Health Aff (Millwood). 2010;29(10):1842–8.
Stafford RS, Wagner TH, Lavori PW. New, but not improved? Incorporating comparative-effectiveness information into FDA labeling. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(13):1230–3.
O’Connor AB. Building comparative efficacy and tolerability into the FDA approval process. JAMA. 2010;303(10):979–80.
Hollingworth SA, Eadie MJ. Antiepileptic drugs in Australia: 2002–2007. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2010;19(1):82–9.
Weijenberg A, Offringa M, Brouwer OF, Callenbach PM. RCTs with new antiepileptic drugs in children: a systematic review of monotherapy studies and their methodology. Epilepsy Res. 2010;91(1):1–9.
Hansen RA, Dusetzina SB, Dominik RC, Gaynes BN. Prescription refill records as a screening tool to identify antidepressant non-adherence. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2010;19(1):33–7.
Norris SL, Atkins D, Bruening W, et al. Observational studies in systemic reviews of comparative effectiveness: AHRQ and the Effective Health Care Program. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011;64(11):1178–86.
Shcherbakova N, Rascati K, Brown C, et al. Factors associated with seizure recurrence in epilepsy patients treated with antiepileptic monotherapy: a retrospective observational cohort study using US administrative insurance claims. CNS Drugs. 2014;28(11):1047–58.
Cerner Multum Drug Products. http://www.multum.com/lexicon.html. Accessed 31 Oct 2011.
Pellock JM, Bourgeois BFD, Dodson WE, editors. Pediatric epilepsy: diagnosis and therapy. 3rd ed. New York: Demos Medical Publishing; 2008.
Andrade SE, Kahler KH, Frech F, Chan KA. Methods for evaluation of medication adherence and persistence using automated databases. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2006;15(8):565–74 (discussion 575–567).
Vink NM, Klungel OH, Stolk RP, Denig P. Comparison of various measures for assessing medication refill adherence using prescription data. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2009;18(2):159–65.
Hudson M, Rahme E, Richard H, Pilote L. Comparison of measures of medication persistency using a prescription drug database. Am Heart J. 2007;153(1):59–65.
SAS Institute Inc. SAS/STAT 9.3 user’s guide. 2011. http://support.sas.com/documentation/cdl/en/statug/63962/PDF/default/statug.pdf. Accessed 21 Oct 2014.
Guerreiro MM, Vigonius U, Pohlmann H, et al. A double-blind controlled clinical trial of oxcarbazepine versus phenytoin in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 1997;27(3):205–13.
Nieto-Barrera M, Brozmanova M, Capovilla G, et al. A comparison of monotherapy with lamotrigine or carbamazepine in patients with newly diagnosed partial epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2001;46(2):145–55.
Resendiz-Aparicio JC, Rodriguez-Rodriguez E, Contreras-Bernal J, et al. A randomised open trial comparing monotherapy with topiramate versus carbamazepine in the treatment of paediatric patients with recently diagnosed epilepsy. Rev Neurol. 2004;39(3):201–4.
Wheless JW, Neto W, Wang S. Topiramate, carbamazepine, and valproate monotherapy: double-blind comparison in children with newly diagnosed epilepsy. J Child Neurol. 2004;19(2):135–41.
Thomson D, Hartling L, Cohen E, Vandermeer B, Tjosvold L, Klassen TP. Controlled trials in children: quantity, methodological quality and descriptive characteristics of pediatric controlled trials published 1948–2006. PLoS One. 2010;5(9):e13106.
Demauro SB, Giaccone A, Kirpalani H, Schmidt B. Quality of reporting of neonatal and infant trials in high-impact journals. Pediatrics. 2011;128(3):e639–44.
Lindkvist J, Airaksinen M, Kaukonen AM, Klaukka T, Hoppu K. Evolution of paediatric off-label use after new significant medicines become available for adults: a study on triptans in Finnish children 1994–2007. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;71(6):929–35.
Waller DG. Off-label and unlicensed prescribing for children: have we made any progress? Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;64(1):1–2.
Viner RM, Hsia Y, Tomsic T, Wong IC. Efficacy and safety of anti-obesity drugs in children and adolescents: systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2010;11(8):593–602.
Murray ML, de Vries CS, Wong IC. A drug utilisation study of antidepressants in children and adolescents using the General Practice Research Database. Arch Dis Child. 2004;89(12):1098–102.
Gartlehner G, Hansen RA, Nissman D, Lohr KN, Carey TS. A simple and valid tool distinguished efficacy from effectiveness studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2006;59(10):1040–8.
Sorenson C, Naci H, Cylus J, Mossialos E. Evidence of comparative efficacy should have a formal role in European drug approvals. BMJ. 2011;343:d4849.
Travers J, Marsh S, Williams M, et al. External validity of randomised controlled trials in asthma: to whom do the results of the trials apply? Thorax. 2007;62(3):219–23.
Tunis SR, Stryer DB, Clancy CM. Practical clinical trials: increasing the value of clinical research for decision making in clinical and health policy. JAMA. 2003;290(12):1624–32.
Smith B. Comparative-effectiveness research as it affects clinical pharmacology. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;90(6):751–4.
Dreyer NA, Tunis SR, Berger M, Ollendorf D, Mattox P, Gliklich R. Why observational studies should be among the tools used in comparative effectiveness research. Health Aff (Millwood). 2010;29(10):1818–25.
Concato J, Lawler EV, Lew RA, Gaziano JM, Aslan M, Huang GD. Observational methods in comparative effectiveness research. Am J Med. 2010;123(12 Suppl 1):e16–23.
Schneeweiss S, Gagne JJ, Glynn RJ, Ruhl M, Rassen JA. Assessing the comparative effectiveness of newly marketed medications: methodological challenges and implications for drug development. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011;90(6):777–90.
Chung S, Wang N, Hank N. Comparative retention rates and long-term tolerability of new antiepileptic drugs. Seizure. 2007;16(4):296–304.
Wong IC, Mawer GE, Sander JW, Lhatoo SD. A pharmacoepidemiologic study of factors influencing the outcome of treatment with lamotrigine in chronic epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2001;42(10):1354–8.
Bootsma HP, Ricker L, Diepman L, et al. Long-term effects of levetiracetam and topiramate in clinical practice: a head-to-head comparison. Seizure. 2008;17(1):19–26.
Ben-Menachem E, Sander JW, Privitera M, Gilliam F. Measuring outcomes of treatment with antiepileptic drugs in clinical trials. Epilepsy Behav. 2010;18(1–2):24–30.
Lhatoo SD, Wong IC, Polizzi G, Sander JW. Long-term retention rates of lamotrigine, gabapentin, and topiramate in chronic epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2000;41(12):1592–6.
Sander JW. New antiepileptic drugs in practice—how do they perform in the real world? Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 2005;181:26–9.
Simister RJ, Sander JW, Koepp MJ. Long-term retention rates of new antiepileptic drugs in adults with chronic epilepsy and learning disability. Epilepsy Behav. 2007;10(2):336–9.
Bootsma HP, Ricker L, Hekster YA, et al. The impact of side effects on long-term retention in three new antiepileptic drugs. Seizure. 2009;18(5):327–31.
Bourgeois FT, Murthy S, Mandl KD. Comparative effectiveness research: an empirical study of trials registered in ClinicalTrials.gov. PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e28820.
Dunn AG, Bourgeois FT, Murthy S, Mandl KD, Day RO, Coiera E. The role and impact of research agendas on the comparative-effectiveness research among antihyperlipidemics. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;91(4):685–91.
van Luijn JC, Stolk P, Gribnau FW, Leufkens HG. Gap in publication of comparative information on new medicines. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008;65(5):716–22.