Comparative assessment of chemical and biochemical approaches for the activation of lignocellulosic materials and emerging opportunities for expansin-related proteins

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 31 - Trang 147-168 - 2023
Salla Hiltunen1, Janak Sapkota1, Eleni Ioannou2, Majid Haddad Momeni2, Emma Master2,3, Matti Ristolainen1
1NE Research Center, UPM Pulp Research and Innovations, Lappeenranta, Finland
2Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
3Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

Tóm tắt

Cellulose activation is a necessary step in many industrial processes including production of cellulose derivatives, regenerated cellulose, biofuels and biochemicals. Expansins and expansin-related proteins have been shown to disrupt the fibrillar aggregation and loosen the structure of lignocellulosic materials but typically lack lytic activity. Therefore, they offer a new but rather unexploited possibility for biomass to obtain better accessibility and reactivity. From an applied perspective, expansin-related proteins have been investigated for their potential to promote enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic substrates for the purpose of producing biofuels. The aim of this review is to compare conventional and emerging technologies relevant to cellulose activation, and critically evaluate the potential of expansin-related proteins for this purpose. As part of this assessment, methods to evaluate the action of expansin-related proteins on cellulosic substrates are summarized, and reported impacts are discussed in relation to source of the cellulosic substrate and treatment conditions. An outlook on prospective applications of expansin-related proteins is presented.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Aftab MN, Iqbal I, Riaz F, Karadag A, Tabatabaei M (2019) Different pretreatment methods of lignocellulosic biomass for use in biofuel production. Biomass Bioenergy Recent Trends Future Chall 1–24 Andberg M, Penttilä M, Saloheimo M (2015) Swollenin from Trichoderma reesei exhibits hydrolytic activity against cellulosic substrates with features of both endoglucanases and cellobiohydrolases. Biores Technol 181:105–113 Arantes V, Saddler JN (2010) Access to cellulose limits the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis: the role of amorphogenesis. Biotechnol Biofuels 3(1):1–11 Baccelli I (2015) Cerato-platanin family proteins: one function for multiple biological roles? Front Plant Sci 5:769 Bajpai P, Anand A, Sharma N, Mishra SP, Bajpai PK, Lachenal D (2006) Enzymes improve ECF bleaching of pulp. BioResources 1(1):34–44 Bajpai P (2018a) Brief description of the pulp and papermaking process. Biotechnology for pulp and paper processing 9–26 Bajpai P (2018b) Refining and pulp characterization. Biermann’s Handbook of Pulp and Paper 1–34 Baker JO, King MR, Adney WS et al. (2000) Investigation of the cell-wall loosening protein expansin as a possible additive in the enzymatic saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 84:217–223. https://doi.org/10.1385/ABAB:84-86:1-9:217 Balan V, Chiaramonti D, Kumar S (2013) Review of US and EU initiatives toward development, demonstration, and commercialization of lignocellulosic biofuels. Biofuels, Bioprod Biorefin 7(6):732–759 Bioenergy ETIP (2023) Flagship (first-of-a-kind commercial) and demonstration cellulosic ethanol facilities, European technology and innovation platform. https://www.etipbioenergy.eu/value-chains/conversion-technologies/advanced-technologies/sugar-to-alcohols/flagship-first-of-a-kind-commercial-and-demonstration-cellulosic-ethanol-facilities?highlight=WyJlbnp5bWVzIl0=. Accessed 05 August 2023. Boraston AB, Bolam DN, Gilbert HJ, Davies GJ (2004) Carbohydrate-binding modules: fine-tuning polysaccharide recognition. Biochem J 382(3):769–781 Budtova T, Navard P (2016) Cellulose in NaOH–water based solvents: a review. Cellulose 23(1):5–55 Bunterngsook B, Eurwilaichitr L, Thamchaipenet A, Champreda V (2015) Binding characteristics and synergistic effects of bacterial expansins on cellulosic and hemicellulosic substrates. Biores Technol 176:129–135 Bušić A, Marđetko N, Kundas S, Morzak G, Belskaya H, Ivančić Šantek M, Komes D, Novak S, Šantek B (2018) Bioethanol production from renewable raw materials and its separation and purification: a review. Food Technol Biotechnol 56(3):289–311 Chen X-a, Ishida N, Todaka N, Nakamura R, Maruyama J-i, Takahashi H, Kitamoto K (2010) Promotion of efficient saccharification of crystalline cellulose by Aspergillus fumigatus Swo1. Appl Environ Microbiol 76(8):2556–2561 Colombi BL, Valle RDCSC, Valle JAB, Andreaus J (2021) Advances in sustainable enzymatic scouring of cotton textiles: evaluation of different post-treatments to improve fabric wettability. Clean Eng Technol 4:100160 Cosgrove DJ (1989) Characterization of long-term extension of isolated cell walls from growing cucumber hypocotyls. Planta 177:121–130 Cosgrove DJ (1999) Enzymes and other agents that enhance cell wall extensibility. Annu Rev Plant Biol 50(1):391–417 Cosgrove DJ (2000) Loosening of plant cell walls by expansins. Nature 407(6802):321–326 Cosgrove DJ (2001) Enhancement of accessibility of cellulose by expansins. US Patent 6:326 Cosgrove DJ (2015) Plant expansins: diversity and interactions with plant cell walls. Curr Opin Plant Biol 25:162–172 Cosgrove DJ (2017) Microbial expansins. Annu Rev Microbiol 71:479–497 Cosgrove DJ, Hepler NK, Wagner ER, Durachko DM (2017) Measuring the biomechanical loosening action of bacterial expansins on paper and plant cell walls. Protein Carbohydr Interact Methods Protoc 157–165 Duan C, Li J, Ma X, Chen C, Liu Y, Stavik J, Ni Y (2015) Comparison of acid sulfite (AS)-and prehydrolysis kraft (PHK)-based dissolving pulps. Cellulose 22:4017–4026 Duan Y, Ma Y, Zhao X, Huang R, Su R, Qi W, He Z (2018) Real-time adsorption and action of expansin on cellulose. Biotechnol Biofuels 11(1):1–13 Duque A, Manzanares P, Ballesteros I, Ballesteros M (2016) Steam explosion as lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment. In: Mussatto S (ed) Biomass fractionation technologies for a lignocellulosic feedstock based biorefinery. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 349–368 Eibinger M, Sigl K, Sattelkow J, Ganner T, Ramoni J, Seiboth B, Plank H, Nidetzky B (2016) Functional characterization of the native swollenin from trichoderma reesei: study of its possible role as C1 factor of enzymatic lignocellulose conversion. Biotechnol Biofuels 9(1):1–19 Endres H-J (2019) Bioplastics. In: Wagemann K, Tippkötter N (eds) Biorefineries. Springer Cham, Switzerland, pp 427–468 Fechter C, Brelid H, Fischer S (2020) Possibilities for optimization of Industrial alkaline steeping of wood-based cellulose fibers. Molecules 25(24):5834 Ferreira JC, Evtuguin DV, Prates A (2020) Effect of cellulose structure on reactivity of eucalyptus acid sulphite dissolving pulp. Cellulose 27(8):4763–4772 Ge W, Shuai J, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Wang X (2022) Progress on chemical modification of cellulose in “green” solvents. Polym Chem 13(3):359–372 Gehmayr V, Schild G, Sixta H (2011) A precise study on the feasibility of enzyme treatments of a kraft pulp for viscose application. Cellulose 18:479–491 Georgelis N, Tabuchi A, Nikolaidis N, Cosgrove DJ (2011) Structure-function analysis of the bacterial expansin EXLX1. J Biol Chem 286(19):16814–16823 Georgelis N, Nikolaidis N, Cosgrove DJ (2014) Biochemical analysis of expansin-like proteins from microbes. Carbohyd Polym 100:17–23 Georgelis N, Nikolaidis N, Cosgrove DJ (2015) Bacterial expansins and related proteins from the world of microbes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 99:3807–3823 Gourlay K, Arantes V, Saddler JN (2012) Use of substructure-specific carbohydrate binding modules to track changes in cellulose accessibility and surface morphology during the amorphogenesis step of enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotechnol Biofuels 5:1–14 Gourlay K, Hu J, Arantes V, Andberg M, Saloheimo M, Penttilä M, Saddler J (2013) Swollenin aids in the amorphogenesis step during the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated biomass. Biores Technol 142:498–503 Gourlay K, Hu J, Arantes V, Penttilä M, Saddler JN (2015) The use of carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs) to monitor changes in fragmentation and cellulose fiber surface morphology during cellulase-and swollenin-induced deconstruction of lignocellulosic substrates. J Biol Chem 290(5):2938–2945 Grönqvist S, Hakala T, Kamppuri T, Vehviläinen M, Hänninen T, Liitiä T, Maloney T, Suurnäkki A (2014) Fibre porosity development of dissolving pulp during mechanical and enzymatic processing. Cellulose 21:3667–3676 Han W, Zhao C, Elder T, Chen K, Yang R, Kim D, Pu Y, Hsieh J, Ragauskas AJ (2012) Study on the modification of bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp using birch xylan. Carbohyd Polym 88(2):719–725 Haque MA, Cho KM, Barman DN, Kim MK, Yun HD (2015) A potential cellulose microfibril swelling enzyme isolated from bacillus sp. AY8 enhances cellulose hydrolysis. Process Biochem 50(5):807–815 Heinze T, El Seoud OA, Koschella A, Heinze T, El Seoud OA, Koschella A (2018) Cellulose activation and dissolution. Cellul Deriv Synth Struct Prop 173–257 Henriksson G, Christiernin M, Agnemo R (2005) Monocomponent endoglucanase treatment increases the reactivity of softwood sulphite dissolving pulp. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 32(5):211–214 Henriksson M, Henriksson G, Berglund L, Lindström T (2007) An environmentally friendly method for enzyme-assisted preparation of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) nanofibers. Eur Polymer J 43(8):3434–3441 Hu F, Ragauskas A (2012) Pretreatment and lignocellulosic chemistry. Bioenergy Res 5:1043–1066 Huang L, Wu Q, Wang Q, Wolcott M (2019) Mechanical activation and characterization of micronized cellulose particles from pulp fiber. Ind Crops Prod 141:111750 Ibarra D, Köpcke V, Ek M (2010) Behavior of different monocomponent endoglucanases on the accessibility and reactivity of dissolving-grade pulps for viscose process. Enzyme Microb Technol 47(7):355–362 Jäger G, Girfoglio M, Dollo F, Rinaldi R, Bongard H, Commandeur U, Fischer R, Spiess AC, Büchs J (2011) How recombinant swollenin from Kluyveromyces lactis affects cellulosicsubstrates and accelerates their hydrolysis. Biotechnol Biofuels 4:1–16 Jedvert K, Saltberg A, Lindström ME, Theliander H (2012) Mild steam explosion and chemical pre-treatment of Norway spruce. BioResources 7(2):2051–2074 Jørgensen H, Pinelo M (2017) Enzyme recycling in lignocellulosic biorefineries. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 11(1):150–167 Kang K, Wang S, Lai G, Liu G, Xing M (2013) Characterization of a novel swollenin from penicillium oxalicum in facilitating enzymatic saccharification of cellulose. BMC Biotechnol 13:1–9 Kareem HM (2020) Oxidoreductases: Significance for humans and microorganism. In: Mansour M-A (ed) Oxidoreductase. IntechOpen, Croatia, pp 123–130 Kende H, Bradford K, Brummell DA, Cho H-T, Cosgrove DJ, Fleming AJ, Gehring C, Lee Y, McQueen-Mason S, Rose JK (2004) Nomenclature for members of the expansin superfamily of genes and proteins. Plant Mol Biol 55:311–314 Kerff F, Amoroso A, Herman R, Sauvage E, Petrella S, Filée P, Charlier P, Joris B, Tabuchi A, Nikolaidis N (2008) Crystal structure and activity of bacillus subtilis YoaJ (EXLX1), a bacterial expansin that promotes root colonization. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105(44):16876–16881 Kihlman M, Wallberg O, Stigsson L, Germgård U (2011) Dissolution of dissolving pulp in alkaline solvents after steam explosion pretreatments: 11th EWLP, Hamburg, Germany, August 16–19, 2010. Kim ES, Lee HJ, Bang WG, Choi IG, Kim KH (2009) Functional characterization of a bacterial expansin from Bacillus subtilis for enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Biotechnol Bioeng 102(5):1342–1353 Kim IJ, Ko H-J, Kim T-W, Nam KH, Choi I-G, Kim KH (2013a) Binding characteristics of a bacterial expansin (Bs EXLX1) for various types of pretreated lignocellulose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97:5381–5388 Kim IJ, Ko HJ, Kim TW, Choi IG, Kim KH (2013b) Characteristics of the binding of a bacterial expansin (BsEXLX1) to microcrystalline cellulose. Biotechnol Bioeng 110(2):401–407 Kim IJ, Lee HJ, Choi I-G, Kim KH (2014) Synergistic proteins for the enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose by cellulase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98:8469–8480 Kokta BV, Ahmed A (1993) Explosion pulping of eucalyptus: a comparison with CTMP and CMP. Wood Sci Technol 27(4):271–279. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00195303 Kostag M, Gericke M, Heinze T, El Seoud OA (2019) Twenty-five years of cellulose chemistry: innovations in the dissolution of the biopolymer and its transformation into esters and ethers. Cellulose 26:139–184 Kumar A (2021) Dissolving pulp production: Cellulases and xylanases for the enhancement of cellulose accessibility and reactivity. Phys Sci Rev 6(5):111–129 Kumar D, Bhardwaj R, Jassal S, Goyal T, Khullar A, Gupta N (2021) Application of enzymes for an eco-friendly approach to textile processing. Environ Sci Pollut Res 1–11 Lavoine N, Desloges I, Dufresne A, Bras J (2012) Microfibrillated cellulose—its barrier properties and applications in cellulosic materials: a review. Carbohyd Polym 90(2):735–764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.05.026 Lee HJ, Lee S, Ko H-j, Kim KH, Choi I-G (2010) An expansin-like protein from Hahella chejuensis binds cellulose and enhances cellulase activity. Mol Cells 29:379–385 Lee HJ, Kim IJ, Kim JF, Choi I-G, Kim KH (2013) An expansin from the marine bacterium Hahella chejuensis acts synergistically with xylanase and enhances xylan hydrolysis. Biores Technol 149:516–519 Lee C, Dazen K, Kafle K, Moore A, Johnson DK, Park S, Kim SH (2016) Correlations of apparent cellulose crystallinity determined by XRD, NMR, IR, Raman, and SFG methods. Cellul Chem Prop Fibers Nanocelluloses Adv Mater 115–131 Li L-C, Bedinger PA, Volk C, Jones AD, Cosgrove DJ (2003) Purification and characterization of four β-expansins (Zea m 1 isoforms) from maize pollen. Plant Physiol 132(4):2073–2085 Lin H, Shen Q, Zhan J-M, Wang Q, Zhao Y-H (2013) Evaluation of bacterial expansin EXLX1 as a cellulase synergist for the saccharification of lignocellulosic agro-industrial wastes. PLoS ONE 8(9):e75022 Liu X, Liu C, Ma Y, Hong J, Zhang M (2014) Heterologous expression and functional characterization of a novel cellulose-disruptive protein LeEXP2 from Lycopersicum esculentum. J Biotechnol 186:148–155 Liu X, Ma Y, Zhang M (2015) Research advances in expansins and expansion-like proteins involved in lignocellulose degradation. Biotech Lett 37:1541–1551 Lohoff C, Buchholz PC, Le Roes-Hill M, Pleiss J (2021) Expansin engineering database: a navigation and classification tool for expansins and homologues. Proteins Struct Funct Bioinf 89(2):149–162 Lumiainen J (1998) Refining of chemical pulp. In: Paulapuro H (ed) papermaking part 1: stock preparation and wet End, vol 1. (2nd edn.), pp 86–122 Martino DC, Colodette JL, Chandra R, Saddler J (2017) Steam explosion pretreatment used to remove hemicellulose to enhance the production of a eucalyptus organosolv dissolving pulp. Wood Sci Technol 51:557–569 Martin-Sampedro R, Eugenio ME, Moreno JA, Revilla E, Villar JC (2014) Integration of a kraft pulping mill into a forest biorefinery: pre-extraction of hemicellulose by steam explosion versus steam treatment. Biores Technol 153:236–244 McQueen-Mason S, Cosgrove DJ (1994) Disruption of hydrogen bonding between plant cell wall polymers by proteins that induce wall extension. Proc Natl Acad Sci 91(14):6574–6578 McQueen-Mason SJ, Cosgrove DJ (1995) Expansin mode of action on cell walls (analysis of wall hydrolysis, stress relaxation, and binding). Plant Physiol 107(1):87–100 Meng X, Ragauskas AJ (2014) Recent advances in understanding the role of cellulose accessibility in enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic substrates. Curr Opin Biotechnol 27:150–158 Merino ST, Cherry J (2007) Progress and challenges in enzyme development for biomass utilization. Biofuels 95–120 Miao Q, Tian C, Chen L, Huang L, Zheng L, Ni Y (2015) Combined mechanical and enzymatic treatments for improving the fock reactivity of hardwood kraft-based dissolving pulp. Cellulose 22:803–809 Missoum K, Belgacem MN, Bras J (2013) Nanofibrillated cellulose surface modification: a review. Materials 6(5):1745–1766 Mojsov K (2011) Application of enzymes in the textile industry: a review. Molenveld K, Slaghek TM (2022) Recent developments in biodegradable cellulose‐based plastics. Biodegrad Polym Circ Plast Econ 273–298 Monschein M, Ioannou E, Koitto T, Al Amin LA, Varis JJ, Wagner ER, Mikkonen KS, Cosgrove DJ, Master ER (2023) Loosenin-like proteins from phanerochaete carnosa impact both cellulose and chitin fiber networks. Appl Environ Microbiol 89(1):e01863-e11822 Ogiwara Y, Arai K (1968) Swelling degree of cellulose materials and hydrolysis rate with cellulase. Text Res J 38(9):885–891 Okano T, Sarko A (1985) Mercerization of cellulose. II. Alkali—cellulose intermediates and a possible mercerization mechanism. J Appl Polym Sci 30(1):325–332 Olarte-Lozano M, Mendoza-Nunez MA, Pastor N, Segovia L, Folch-Mallol J, Martinez-Anaya C (2014) PcExl1 a novel acid expansin-like protein from the plant pathogen pectobacterium carotovorum, binds cell walls differently to BsEXLX1. PLoS ONE 9(4):e95638 Østby H, Hansen LD, Horn SJ, Eijsink VG, Várnai A (2020) Enzymatic processing of lignocellulosic biomass: principles, recent advances and perspectives. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol Off J Soc Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 47(9–10):623–657 Ott E, Spurlin HM, Grafflin MW (eds) (1954) Cellulose and cellulose derivatives, 2nd edn. Interscience, New York, p 556 Pääkkö M, Ankerfors M, Kosonen H, Nykänen A, Ahola S, Österberg M, Ruokolainen J, Laine J, Larsson PT, Ikkala O (2007) Enzymatic hydrolysis combined with mechanical shearing and high-pressure homogenization for nanoscale cellulose fibrils and strong gels. Biomacromol 8(6):1934–1941 Palme A, Theliander H, Brelid H (2016) Acid hydrolysis of cellulosic fibres: comparison of bleached kraft pulp, dissolving pulps and cotton textile cellulose. Carbohyd Polym 136:1281–1287 Park S, Baker JO, Himmel ME, Parilla PA, Johnson DK (2010) Cellulose crystallinity index: measurement techniques and their impact on interpreting cellulase performance. Biotechnol Biofuels 3:1–10 Pere J, Tammelin T, Niemi P, Lille M, Virtanen T, Penttila PA, Ahvenainen P, Gronqvist S (2020) Production of high solid nanocellulose by enzyme-aided fibrillation coupled with mild mechanical treatment. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 8(51):18853–18863 Quiroz-Castañeda RE, Martínez-Anaya C, Cuervo-Soto LI, Segovia L, Folch-Mallol JL (2011) Loosenin, a novel protein with cellulose-disrupting activity from Bjerkandera adusta. Microb Cell Fact 10:1–9 Rahikainen J, Ceccherini S, Molinier M, Holopainen-Mantila U, Reza M, Väisänen S, Puranen T, Kruus K, Vuorinen T, Maloney T (2019) Effect of cellulase family and structure on modification of wood fibres at high consistency. Cellulose 26:5085–5103 Romão S, Bettencourt A, Ribeiro IA (2022) Novel features of cellulose-based films as sustainable alternatives for food packaging. Polymers 14(22):4968 Salmela J, Widmaier T, Kuosmanen P, Kiviluoma P, Liukkonen J, Koskinen H, Stark T, Isomaa T, Lehto J (2016) Method and apparatus for producing fibre yarn (Patent No. US 20160160400 A1). Available at: http://patft1uspto gov/netacgi/nph-Parser Saloheimo M, Paloheimo M, Hakola S, Pere J, Swanson B, Nyyssönen E, Bhatia A, Ward M, Penttilä M (2002) Swollenin, a trichoderma reesei protein with sequence similarity to the plant expansins, exhibits disruption activity on cellulosic materials. Eur J Biochem 269(17):4202–4211 Seki Y, Kikuchi Y, Yoshimoto R, Aburai K, Kanai Y, Ruike T, Iwabata K, Goitsuka R, Sugawara F, Abe M (2015) Promotion of crystalline cellulose degradation by expansins from Oryza sativa. Planta 241:83–93 Senthilkumar V, Gunasekaran P (2005) Bioethanol production from cellulosic substrates: Engineered bacteria and process integration challenges Strunk P, Eliasson B, Hägglund C, Agnemo R (2011) Chemical pulping: the influence of properties in cellulose pulps on the reactivity in viscose manufacturing. Nord Pulp Pap Res J 26(1):81–89 Tian C, Zheng L, Miao Q, Cao C, Ni Y (2014) Improving the reactivity of kraft-based dissolving pulp for viscose rayon production by mechanical treatments. Cellulose 21:3647–3654 Tomasec M, Kokta B (1991) Steam explosion pulping: effects of temperature and pressure on paper properties at constant pulp yield and ionic content. Tappi J 74(12):119–125 Tong X, He Z, Zheng L, Pande H, Ni Y (2023) Enzymatic treatment processes for the production of cellulose nanomaterials: a review. Carbohydr Polym 299:120199 Tovar-Herrera OE, Batista-García RA, Sánchez-Carbente MdR, Iracheta-Cárdenas MM, Arévalo-Niño K, Folch-Mallol JL (2015) A novel expansin protein from the white-rot fungus schizophyllum commune. PLoS ONE 10(3):e0122296 Trache D, Tarchoun AF, Derradji M, Hamidon TS, Masruchin N, Brosse N, Hussin MH (2020) Nanocellulose: from fundamentals to advanced applications. Front Chem 8:392 Vanhatalo KM, Dahl OP (2014) Effect of mild acid hydrolysis parameters on properties of microcrystalline cellulose. BioResources 9(3):4729–4740 Várnai A, Siika-Aho M, Viikari L (2013) Carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) revisited: reduced amount of water counterbalances the need for CBMs. Biotechnol Biofuels 6(1):1–12 Vehviläinen M, Määttänen M, Grönqvist S, Harlin A, Steiner M, Kunkel R (2020) Sustainable continuous process for cellulosic regenerated fibers. Chem Fibers Int 70:128–130 Viikari L, Kantelinen A, Sundquist J, Linko M (1994) Xylanases in bleaching: from an idea to the industry. FEMS Microbiol Rev 13(2–3):335–350 Wang Y, Tang R, Tao J, Gao G, Wang X, Mu Y, Feng Y (2011) Quantitative investigation of non-hydrolytic disruptive activity on crystalline cellulose and application to recombinant swollenin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 91:1353–1363 Wang W, Liu C, Ma Y, Liu X, Zhang K, Zhang M (2014) Improved production of two expansin-like proteins in Pichia pastoris and investigation of their functional properties. Biochem Eng J 84:16–27 Wang Q, Liu S, Yang G, Chen J, Ni Y (2015b) High consistency cellulase treatment of hardwood prehydrolysis kraft based dissolving pulp. Biores Technol 189:413–416 Wang K, Chen J, Sun S-N, Sun R-C (2015a) Steam explosion. In: Pretreatment of biomass. Elsevier, pp 75–104 Yennawar NH, Li L-C, Dudzinski DM, Tabuchi A, Cosgrove DJ (2006) Crystal structure and activities of EXPB1 (Zea m 1), a β-expansin and group-1 pollen allergen from maize. Proc Natl Acad Sci 103(40):14664–14671 You X, Chen F, Ma Y, Roselli A, Enqvist E, Hassi H (2021) Single fiber swelling behavior for natural and man-made cellulose fibers under alkaline treatment. Cellulose 28(18):11287–11298 Zhou Q, Lv X, Zhang X, Meng X, Chen G, Liu W (2011) Evaluation of swollenin from Trichoderma pseudokoningii as a potential synergistic factor in the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose with low cellulase loadings. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 27:1905–1910 Zhou Z, Liu D, Zhao X (2021) Conversion of lignocellulose to biofuels and chemicals via sugar platform: an updated review on chemistry and mechanisms of acid hydrolysis of lignocellulose. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 146:111169