Communities of ground-living spiders in deciduous forests: Does tree species diversity matter?
Tóm tắt
The relationships between species diversity and ecosystem functions are in the focus of recent ecological research. However, until now the influence of species diversity on ecosystem processes such as decomposition or mineral cycling is not well understood. In deciduous forests, spiders are an integral part of the forest floor food web. In the present study, patterns of spider diversity and community structure are related to diversity of deciduous forest stands in the Hainich National Park (Thuringia). In 2005, pitfall trapping and quantitative forest floor sampling were conducted in nine plots of forest stands with one (Diversity Level 1), three (DL 2) and five (DL 3) major deciduous tree species. Species richness, measured with both methods, as well as spider abundance in forest floor samples were highest in stands with medium diversity (DL 2) and lowest in pure beech stands (DL 1). The Shannon-Wiener index and spider numbers in pitfall traps decreased from DL 1 to DL 3, while the Shannon-Wiener index in forest floor samples increased in the opposite direction. Spider community composition differed more strongly between single plots than between diversity levels. Altogether, no general relationship between increasing tree species diversity and patterns of diversity and abundance in spider communities was found. It appears that there is a strong influence of single tree species dominating a forest stand and modifying structural habitat characteristics such as litter depth and herb cover which are important for ground-living spiders.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abraham BJ (1983) Spatial and temporal patterns in a sagebrush steppe spider community (Arachnida, Araneae). J Arachnol 11:31–50
Adis J (1979) Problems of interpreting arthropod sampling with pitfall traps. Zool Anz 202:177–184
Ahrns C, Hofmann G (1998) Vegetationsdynamik und Florenwandel im ehemaligen mitteldeutschen Waldschutzgebiet „Hainich” im Intervall 1963–1995. Hercynia 31:33–64
Albert R (1976) Struktur und Dynamik der Spinnenpopulationen in Buchenwäldern des Solling. Verh Ges Ökol 1976:83–91
Bauchhenss E, Dehler W, Scholl G (1987) Bodenspinnen aus dem Raum Veldensteiner Forst (Naturpark „Fränkische Schweiz/Veldensteiner Forst”). Ber Naturwiss Ges Bayreuth 19:7–44
Beyer R (1972) Zur Fauna der Laubstreu einiger Waldstandorte im Naturschutzgebiet „Prinzenschneise” bei Weimar. Arch Natursch Landschaftsforsch 12:203–229
Bird S, Coulson RN, Crossley DA (2000) Impacts of silvicultural practices on soil and litter arthropod diversity in a Texas pine plantation. Forest Ecol Manage 131:65–80
Bultman TL, Uetz GW (1982) Abundance and community structure of forest floor spiders following litter manipulation. Oecologia 55:34–41
Cesarz S, Fahrenholz N, Migge-Kleian S, Platner C, Schaefer M (2007) Earthworm communities in relation to tree diversity in a deciduous forest. Eur J Soil Biol (2007). doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2007.08.003
Chen B, Wise DH (1999) Bottom-up limitation of predaceous arthropods in a detritus-based terrestrial food web. Ecology 80:761–772
Churchill TB, Arthur JM (1999) Measuring spider richness: effects of different sampling methods and spatial and temporal scales. J Insect Conserv 3:287–295
De Bakker D, Maelfait JP, Baert L, Hendrickx F (2001) Spider diversity and community structure in the forest of Ename (Eastern Flanders, Belgium). Bull Inst Roy Sci Nat Bel Entomol 71:45–54
De Ruiter PC, Griffiths B, Moore JC (2002) Biodiversity and stability in soil ecosystems: patterns, processes and the effects of disturbance. In: Loreau M, Naeem S, Inchausti P (eds) Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Synthesis and perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 102–113
Docherty M, Leather SR (1997) Structure and abundance of arachnid communities in Scots and lodgepole pine plantations. Forest Ecol Manage 95:197–207
Dumpert K, Platen R (1985) Zur Biologie eines Buchenwaldbodens, 4. Die Spinnenfauna. Carolinea 42:75–106
Dunger W (1983) Tiere im Boden, 3rd edn. A. Ziemsen, Wittenberg
Finke DL, Denno RF (2005) Predator diversity and the functioning of ecosystems: the role of intraguild predation in dampening trophic cascades. Ecol Lett 8:1299–1306
Fitter AH, Gilligan CA, Hollingworth K, Kleczkowski A, Twyman RM, Pitchford JW, The members of the NERC Soil Biodiversity Programme (2005) Biodiversity and ecosystem function in soil. Funct Ecol 19:369–377
Gartner TB, Cardon ZG (2004) Decomposition dynamics in mixed-species leaf litter. Oikos 104:230–246
Gurdebeke S, De Bakker D, Vanlanduyt N, Maelfait JP (2003) Plans for a large regional forest in eastern Flanders (Belgium): assessment of spider diversity and community structure in the current forest remnants. Biodivers Conserv 12:1883–1900
Hänggi A, Stöckli E, Nentwig W (1995) Habitats of Central European spiders. Misc Faun Helv 4:1–459
Hatley CL, MacMahon JA (1980) Spider community organization: seasonal variation in the role of vegetation architecture. Environ Entomol 9:632–639
Heimer S, Hiebsch H (1982) Beitrag zur Spinnenfauna der Naturschutzgebiete Großer und Kleiner Hakel unter Einbeziehung angrenzender Waldgebiete. Hercynia 19:74–84
Heublein D (1983) Räumliche Verteilung, Biotoppräferenzen und kleinräumige Wanderungen der epigäischen Spinnenfauna eines Wald-Wiesen-Ökotons; ein Beitrag zum Thema „Randeffekt”. Zool Jb Syst 110:473–519
Höfer H (1989) Beiträge zur Wirbellosenfauna der Ulmer Region: 1. Spinnen (Arachnida: Araneae). Mitt d Ver f Naturwiss u Math Ulm (Donau) 35:157–176
Hofmann I (1986) Die Webspinnenfauna (Araneae) unterschiedlicher Waldstandorte im Nordhessischen Bergland. Berliner Geogr Abh 41:183–200
Hooper DU, Chapin FS, Ewel JJ, Hector A, Inchaustl P, Lavorel S, Lawton JH, Lodge DM, Loreau M, Naeem S, Schmid B, Setälä H, Symstad AJ, Vandermeer J, Wardle DA (2005) Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning: a consensus of current knowledge. Ecol Monogr 75:3–35
Hunter MD, Adl S, Pringle CM, Coleman DC (2003) Relative effects of macroinvertebrates and habitat on the chemistry of litter during decomposition. Pedobiologia 47:101–115
Hutha V (1965) Ecology of spiders in the soil and litter of Finnish forests. Ann Zool Fenn 2:260–308
Hutha V (1971) Succession in the spider communities of the forest floor after clear-cutting and prescribed burning. Ann Zool Fenn 8:483–542
Irmler U (2005) Long-term fluctuations on the spider populations (Araneida) in a northern German woodland. Faun-ökol Mitt 8:337–352
Irmler U, Heydemann B (1988) Die Spinnenfauna des Bodens schleswig-holsteinischer Waldökosysteme. Faun-ökol Mitt 6:61–85
Jocque R (1973) The spider fauna of adjacent woodland areas with different humus types. Biol Jaarb Dodonaea 41:153–178
Kajak A (1995) The role of soil predators in decomposition processes. Eur J Entomol 92:573–580
Kempson D, Lloyd M, Ghelardi R (1963) A new extractor for woodland litter. Pedobiologia 3:1–21
Lawrence KL, Wise DH (2004) Unexpected indirect effect of spiders on the rate of litter disappearance in a deciduous forest. Pedobiologia 48:149–157
Lensing JR, Todd S, Wise DH (2005) The impact of altered precipitation on spatial stratification and activity-densities of springtails (Collembola) and spiders (Araneae). Ecol Entomol 30:194–200
Luczak J (1963) Differences in the structure of communities of web spiders in one type of environment (young pine forest). Ekol Pol A 6:159–219
Macfadyen A (1961) Improved funnel-type extractors for soil arthropods. J Anim Ecol 30:171–184
Magurran AE (2004) Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell Science, Malden, MA
Mikola J, Bardgett RD, Hedlund K (2002) Biodiversity, ecosystem functioning and soil decomposer food webs. In: Loreau M, Naeem S, Inchausti P (eds) Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Synthesis and perspectives. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 169–180
Mölder A, Bernhardt-Römermann M, Schmidt W (2006) Forest ecosystem research in Hainich National Park (Thuringia): First results on flora and vegetation in stands with contrasting tree species diversity. Waldoekologie online 3:83–99
Mönninghoff W (1998) Nationalpark Hainich. VEBU, Berlin
Niemelä J, Haila Y, Punttila P (1996) The importance of small-scale heterogeneity in boreal forests: variation in diversity in the forest-floor invertebrates across the succession gradient. Ecography 19:352–368
Oxbrough AG, Gittings T, O’Halloran J, Giller PS, Smith GF (2005) Structural indicators of spider communities across the forest plantation cycle. For Ecol Manage 212:171–183
Platen R (1989) Struktur der Spinnen- und Laufkäferfauna (Arach.: Araneida, Col.: Carabidae) anthropogen beeinflusster Moorstandorte in Berlin (West). Taxonomische, räumliche und zeitliche Aspekte. Dissertation, Technical University of Berlin
Platen R, Rademacher J (2002) Charakterisierung von Kiefernwäldern und – forsten durch Spinnen in den Bundesländern Berlin und Brandenburg. Natursch Landschaftspfl Bbg 11:243–251
Riechert SE, Lawrence K (1997) Test for predation effects of single versus multiple species of generalist predators: spiders and their insect prey. Entomol Exp Appl 84:147–155
Roß-Nickoll M (2000) Biozönologische Gradientenanalyse von Wald-, Hecken- und Parkstandorten der Stadt Aachen. Verteilungsmuster von Phyto-, Carabido- und Araneozönosen. Publikationsreihe des interdisziplinären Umwelt-Forums der RWTH Aachen 11:1–148
Schaefer M (1991) The animal community: diversity and resources. In: Röhrig E, Ulrich W (eds) Ecosystems of the world 7. Temperate deciduous forests. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 51–120
Schauermann J (1982) Verbesserte Extraktion der terrestrischen Bodenfauna im Vielfachgerät modifiziert nach Kempson und Macfadyen. Mitt SFB 135:47–50
Scheiner SM, Gurevitch J (eds) (1993) Design and analysis of ecological experiments. Chapman & Hall, New York
Scherer-Lorenzen M, Körner Ch, Schulze E-D (2005) Forest diversity and function. Temperate and boreal systems. Ecological Studies 176. Springer, Berlin
Seidel G (eds) (1995) Geologie von Thüringen. Schweizerbart, Stuttgart
Setälä H (2005) Does biological complexity relate to functional attributes of soil food webs? In: De Ruiter P, Wolters V, Moore JC (eds) Dynamic food webs: multispecies assemblages, ecosystem development, and environmental change. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 308–320
Standen V (2000) The adequacy of collecting techniques for estimating species richness of grassland invertebrates. J Appl Ecol 37:884–893
Stevenson BG, Dindal DL (1982) Effect of leaf shape on forest litter spiders: community organization and microhabitat selection of immature Enoplognatha ovata (Clerck)(Theridiidae). J Arachol 10:165–178
Stippich G (1986) Die Spinnenfauna (Arachnida: Araneida) eines Kalkbuchenwaldes: Bedeutung von Habitatstruktur und Nahrung. Dissertation, University of Göttingen
Stippich G (1989) Die Bedeutung von natürlichen und künstlichen Strukturelementen für die Besiedlung des Waldbodens durch Spinnen (Zur Funktion der Fauna in einem Mullbuchenwald 14). Verh Ges Ökol 17:293–298
Sührig A (1997) Die Spinnenfauna des Göttinger Waldes (Arachnida: Araneida). Göttinger Naturkdl Schr 4:117–135
Swift MJ, Heal OW, Anderson JM (1979) Decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems. Blackwell, Oxford
Ter Braak CJF, Šmilauer P (2002) CANOCO Reference Manual and CanoDraw for Windows User’s Guide: software for canonical community ordination (version 4.5). Microcomputer Power, Ithaca
Uetz GW (1975) Temporal and spatial variation in species diversity of wandering spiders (Araneae) in deciduous forest litter. Environ Entomol 4:719–724
Uetz GW (1976) Gradient analysis of spider communities in a streamside forest. Oecologia 22:373–385
Uetz GW (1979) The influence of variation in litter habitats on spider communities. Oecologia 40:29–42
Uetz GW (1990) Habitat structure and spider foraging. In: Bell SS, McCoy ED, Mushinsky HR (eds) Habitat structure. The physical arrangement of objects in space. Chapman & Hall, London, pp 325–348
Unsicker SB, Baer N, Kahmen A, Wagner M, Buchmann N, Weisser WW (2006) Invertebrate herbivory along a gradient of plant species diversity in extensively managed grasslands. Oecologia 150:233–246
Wagner JD, Toft S, Wise DH (2003) Spatial stratification in litter depth by forest-floor spiders. J Arachnol 31:28–39
Wardle DA (2006) The influence of biotic interactions on soil biodiversity. Ecol Lett 9:870–886
Weidemann G (1976) Struktur der Zoozönose im Buchenwald-Ökosystem des Solling. Verh Ges Ökol 1976:59–74
Whitehouse MEA, Shochat E, Shachak M, Lubin Y (2002) The influence of scale and patchiness on spider diversity in a semi-arid environment. Ecography 25:395–404
Willett TR (2001) Spiders and other arthropods as indicators in old-growth versus logged redwood stands. Restor Ecol 9:410–420
Wise DH (2004) Wandering spiders limit densities of a major microbi-detritivore in the forest-floor food web. Pedobiologia 48:181–188
Wise DH, Chen B (1999) Impact of intraguild predators on survival of a forest-floor wolf spider. Oecologia 121:129–137
Wise DH, Snyder WE, Tuntibunpakul P, Halaj J (1999) Spiders in decomposition food webs of agroecosystems: theory and evidence. J Arachnol 27:363–370