Colorectal carcinoma in black and white race

Jemal A, Thomas A, Murray T, Thun MJ: Cancer statistics, 2002. CA-A Cancer Journal For Clinicians 52: 23-47, 2002

SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973-1998

Easton D: Breast cancer-not just whether but when? Nat Genet 26: 390-391, 2000

Peto J: Cancer epidemiology in the last century and the next decade. Nature 411: 390-395, 2001

Chu KC, Tarone RE, Chow WH, Hankey BF, Ries LA: Temporal patterns in colorectal cancer incidence, survival, and mortality from 1950 through 1990. J Natl Cancer Inst 86: 997-1006, 1994

Ries LA, Wingo PA, Miller DS, Howe HL, Weir HK, Rosenberg HM, Vernon SW, Cronin K, Edwards BK: The annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1973-1997, with a special section on colorectal cancer. Cancer 88: 2398-2424, 2000

Wu XC, Chen VW, Steele B, Ruiz B, Fulton J, Liu L, Carozza SE, Greenlee R: Subsite-specific incidence rate and stage of disease in colorectal cancer by race, gender, and age group in the United States, 1992-1997. Cancer 92: 2547-2554, 2001

Chu KC, Tarone RE, Chow WH, Alexander GA: Colorectal cancer trends by race and anatomic subsites, 1975-1991. Arch Fam Med 4: 849-856, 1995

Troisi RJ, Freedman AN, Devesa SS: Incidence of colorectal carcinoma in the US: An update of trends by gender, race, age, subsite, and stage, 1975-1994. Cancer 85: 1670-1676, 1999

Cordice JW Jr., Johnson H Jr.: Anatomic distribution of colonic cancers in middle-class black Americans. J Natl Med Assoc 83: 730-732, 1991

Devesa SS, Chow WH: Variation in colorectal cancer incidence in the United States by subsite of origin. Cancer 71: 3819-3826, 1993

Demers RY, Severson RK, Schottenfeld D, Lazar L: Incidence of colorectal adenocarcinoma by anatomic subsite. An epidemiologic study of time trends and racial differences in the Detroit, Michigan area. Cancer 79: 441-447, 1997

Johnson H Jr., Carstens R: Anatomical distribution of colonic carcinomas. Interracial differences in a community hospital population. Cancer 58: 997-1000, 1986

Thomas CR Jr., Jarosz R, Evans N: Racial differences in the anatomical distribution of colon cancer. Arch Surg 127: 1241-1245, 1992

Henschke UK, Leffall LD, Mason CH, Reinhold AW, Schneider RL, White JE: Alarming increase of the cancer mortality in the US black population (1950-1967). Cancer 31: 763-768, 1973

Freeman HP: The meaning of race in cancer of the breast. Cancer J Sci Am 3: 76-77, 1997

Day DW: The adenoma-carcinoma sequence. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 104: 99-107, 1984

Bertram JS: The molecular biology of cancer. Mol Aspects Med 21: 167-223, 2000

Renan MJ: How many mutations are required for tumorigenesis? Implications from human cancer data. Mol Carcinog 7: 139-146, 1993

Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B: Genetic instabilities in human cancers. Nature 396: 643-649, 1998

Winawer SJ: A quarter century of colorectal cancer screening: Progress and prospects. J Clin Oncol 19: 6S-12S, 2001

Lindblom A: Different mechanisms in the tumorigenesis of proximal and distal colon cancers. Curr Opin Oncol 13: 63-69, 2001

Liu B, Nicolaides NC, Markowitz S, Willson JK, Parsons RE, Jen J, Papadopolous N, Peltomaki P, de la Chapelle A, Hamilton SR, Kinzler K, Vogelstein B: Mismatch repair gene defects in sporadic colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability. Nat Genet 9: 48-55, 1995

Weber TK, Chin HM, Rodriguez-Bigas M, Keitz B, Gilligan R, O'Malley L, Urf E, Diba N, Pazik J, Petrelli NJ: Novel hMLH1 and hMSH2 germline mutations in African Americans with colorectal cancer. Jama281: 2316-2320, 1999

Purtilo DT, Geelhoed GW, Li FP, Yang JP, Thurber WA, Darrah J, Cassel C: Mucinous colon carcinoma in a black family. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 24: 11-5, 1987

Carethers JM: Racial and ethnic factors in the genetic pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. J Assoc Acad Minor Phys 10: 59-67, 1999

Stolte M, Bethke B: Colorectal mini-de novo carcinoma: A reality in Germany too. Endoscopy 27: 286-290, 1995

Hawkins NJ, Ward RL: Sporadic colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability and their possible origin in hyperplastic polyps and serrated adenomas. J Natl Cancer Inst 93: 1307-1313, 2001

Kinzler KW, Nilbert MC, Su LK, Vogelstein B, Bryan TM, Levy DB, Smith KJ, Preisinger AC, Hedge P, McKechnie D, et al.: Identification of FAP locus genes from chromosome 5q21. Science 253: 661-665, 1991

Boland CR: In: The Genetic Basis of Human Cancer. Kinzler KW (ed) McGraw-Hill, New York, 1998, pp 333-346

Vogelstein B, Fearon ER, Hamilton SR, Kern SE, Preisinger AC, Leppert M, Nakamura Y, White R, Smits AM, Bos JL: Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development. New England Journal of Medicine 319: 525-532, 1988

Fearon ER, Vogelstein B: A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 61: 759-767, 1990

Carethers JM: The cellular and molecular pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 25: 737-754, 1996

Knudson AG Jr.: Mutation and cancer: Statistical study of retinoblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 68: 820-823, 1971

Cavenee WK: Loss of heterozygosity in stages of malignancy. Clin Chem 35: B48-B52, 1989

Aaltonen LA, Peltomaki P, Leach FS, Sistonen P, Pylkkanen L, Mecklin JP, Jarvinen H, Powell SM, Jen J, Hamilton SR, et al.: Clues to the pathogenesis of familial colorectal cancer. Science 260: 812-816, 1993

Kane MF, Loda M, Gaida GM, Lipman J, Mishra R, Goldman H, Jessup JM, Kolodner R: Methylation of the hMLH1 promoter correlates with lack of expression of hMLH1 in sporadic colon tumors and mismatch repairdefective human tumor cell lines. Cancer Res 57: 808-811, 1997

Marra G, Boland CR: DNA repair and colorectal cancer. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 25: 755-772, 1996

Umar A, Kunkel TA: DNA-replication fidelity, mismatch repair and genome instability in cancer cells. Eur J Biochem 238: 297-307, 1996

Boland CR, Thibodeau SN, Hamilton SR, Sidransky D, Eshleman JR, Burt RW, Meltzer SJ, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Fodde R, Ranzani GN, Srivastava S: A national cancer institute workshop on microsatellite instability for cancer detection and familial predisposition: Development of international criteria for the determination of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 58: 5248-5257, 1998

Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Boland CR, Hamilton SR, Henson DE, Jass JR, Khan PM, Lynch H, Perucho M, Smyrk T, Sobin L, Srivastava S: A national cancer institute workshop on hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer syndrome: Meeting highlights and Bethesda guidelines. J Natl Cancer Inst 89: 1758-1762, 1997

Muller A, Fishel R: Mismatch repair and the hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer syndrome (HNPCC). Cancer Invest 20: 102-109, 2002

Hamilton SR: Origin of colorectal cancers in hyperplastic polyps and serrated adenomas: Another truism bites the dust. J Natl Cancer Inst 93: 1282-1283, 2001

Marra G, Boland CR: Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: The syndrome, the genes, and historical perspectives. J Natl Cancer Inst 87: 1114-1125, 1995

Wijnen JT, Vasen HF, Khan PM, Zwinderman AH, van der Klift H, Mulder A, Tops C, Moller P, Fodde R: Clinical findings with implications for genetic testing in families with clustering of colorectal cancer. N Engl JMed 339: 511-518, 1998

Liu B, Parsons R, Papadopoulos N, Nicolaides NC, Lynch HT, Watson P, Jass JR, Dunlop M, Wyllie A, Peltomaki P, de la Chapelle A, Hamilton SR, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW: Analysis of mismatch repair genes in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer patients. Nat Med 2: 169-174, 1996

Ionov Y, Peinado MA, Malkhosyan S, Shibata D, Perucho M: Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonic carcinogenesis. Nature 363: 558-561, 1993

Peltomaki P, Lothe RA, Aaltonen LA, Pylkkanen L, Nystrom-Lahti M, Seruca R, David L, Holm R, Ryberg D, Haugen A, et al.: Microsatellite instability is associated with tumors that characterize the hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma syndrome. Cancer Res 53: 5853-5855, 1993

Aarnio M, Sankila R, Pukkala E, Salovaara R, Aaltonen LA, de la Chapelle A, Peltomaki P, Mecklin JP, Jarvinen HJ: Cancer risk in mutation carriers of DNA-mismatchrepair genes. Int J Cancer 81: 214-218, 1999

Lynch HT, Smyrk T, Watson P, Lanspa SJ, Boman BM, Lynch PM, Lynch JF, Cavalieri J: Hereditary colorectal cancer. Semin Oncol 18: 337-366, 1991

Jaskiewicz K, Lancaster E, Banach L, Karmolinski A: Proliferative activity of normal and neoplastic colonic mucosa in population groups with high and low risk for colorectal carcinoma. Anticancer Res 18: 4641-4644, 1998

Adebamowo CA, Adeyi O, Pyatt R, Prior TW, Chadwick RB, de la Chapelle A: Case report on hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) in Nigeria. Afr J Med Med Sci 29: 71-73, 2000

Skalsky JA: Colorectal cancer in young black patients. Trop Doct 19: 185, 1989

Degiannis E, Sliwa K, Levy R, Hale MJ, Saadia R: Clinicopathological trends in colorectal carcinoma in a Black South African population. Trop Gastroenterol 16: 55-61, 1995

Lockhart-Mummery JP, Dukes C: The precancerous changes in the rectum and colon. Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics XLVI: 591-596, 1928

Morson BC: Evolution of cancer of the colon and rectum. Cancer 34: suppl: 845-849, 1974

Morson B: President's address. The polyp-cancer sequence in the large bowel. Proc R Soc Med 67: 451-457, 1974

Wolfe WI, Shinya H: Polypectomy via the fiberoptic colonoscopy removal of neoplasms beyond reach of the sigmoidoscope. N Engl J Med 288: 329-332, 1973

Wolfe WI, Shinya H: Endoscopic polypectomy. Therapeutic and clinicopathologic aspects. Cancer 36: 683-690, 1975

Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Ho MN, O'Brien MJ, Gottlieb LS, Sternberg SS, Waye JD, Schapiro M, Bond JH, Panish JF, et al.: Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy. The national polyp study workgroup. N Engl J Med 329: 1977-1981, 1993

Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, O'Brien MJ, Gottlieb LS, Sternberg SS, Stewart ET, Bond JH, Schapiro M, Panish JF, Waye JD, et al.: The national polyp study. Design, methods, and characteristics of patients with newly diagnosed polyps. The national polyp study workgroup. Cancer 70: 1236-1245, 1992

Sporn MB: Approaches to prevention of epithelial cancer during the preneoplastic period. Cancer Res 36: 2699-2702, 1976

Atkin WS, Morson BC, Cuzick J: Long-term risk of colorectal cancer after excision of rectosigmoid adenomas. N Engl J Med 326: 658-662, 1992

Rex DK, Cummings OW, Helper DJ, Nowak TV, McGill JM, Chiao GZ, Kwo PY, Gottlieb KT, Ikenberry SO, Gress FG, Lehman GA, Born LJ: 5-year incidence of adenomas after negative colonoscopy in asymptomatic Colorectal carcinoma in black and white race 79 average-risk persons [see comment]. Gastroenterology 111: 1178-1181, 1996

Stryker SJ, Wolff BG, Culp CE, Libbe SD, Ilstrup DM, MacCarty RL: Natural history of untreated colonic polyps. Gastroenterology 93: 1009-1013, 1987

Villavicencio RT, Rex DK: Colonic adenomas: prevalence and incidence rates, growth rates, and miss rates at colonoscopy. Semin Gastrointest Dis 11: 185-193, 2000

Bremner CG, Ackerman LV: Polyps and carcinoma of the large bowel in the South African bantu. Cancer 26: 991-999, 1970

Segal I: Rarity of colorectal adenomas in the African black population. Eur J Cancer Prev7: 387-391, 1998

Jackson L, Ally R, Segal I: A comparative study of colonoscopic findings at the Johannesburg and Baragwanath Hospitals. S Afr J Surg 83: 793a, 1993

Williams AO, Prince DL: Intestinal polyps in the Nigerian African. J Clin Pathol 28: 367-371, 1975

Williams AO, Chung EB, Agbata A, Jackson MA: Intestinal polyps in American negroes and Nigerian Africans. Br J Cancer 31: 485-491, 1975

Correa P, Strong JP, Reif A, Johnson WD: The epidemiology of colorectal polyps: prevalence in New Orleans and international comparisons. Cancer 39: 2258-2264, 1977

Rex DK, Khan AM, Shah P, Newton J, Cummings OW: Screening colonoscopy in asymptomatic average-risk African Americans. Gastrointest Endosc 51: 524-527, 2000

Ozick LA, Jacob L, Donelson SS, Agarwal SK, Freeman HP: Distribution of adenomatous polyps in African-Americans. Am J Gastroenterol 90: 758-760, 1995

Offerhaus GJ, Giardiello FM, Tersmette KW, Mulder JW, Tersmette AC, Moore GW, Hamilton SR: Ethnic differences in the anatomical location of colorectal adenomatous polyps. Int J Cancer 49: 641-644, 1991

Johnson H Jr, Margolis I, Wise L: Site-specific distribution of large-bowel adenomatous polyps. Emphasis on ethnic differences. Dis Colon Rectum 31: 258-260, 1988

Armitage P, Doll R: A two-stage theory of carcinogenesis in relation to the age distribution of human cancer. British Journal of Cancer 11: 161-169, 1957

Armitage P, Doll R: The age distribution of cancer and a multi-stage theory of carcinogenesis. British Journal of Cancer 8: 1-12, 1954

Ishibe N, Freedman AN: Understanding the interaction between environmental exposures and molecular events in colorectal carcinogenesis. Cancer Invest 19: 524-539, 2001

Peto J, Houlston RS: Genetics and the common cancers. Eur J Cancer 37Suppl 8: 88-96, 2001

Mucci LA, Wedren S, Tamimi RM, Trichopoulos D, Adami HO: The role of gene-environment interaction in the aetiology of human cancer: Examples from cancers of the large bowel, lung and breast. J Intern Med 249: 477-493, 2001

Perera FP, Weinstein IB: Molecular epidemiology: Recent advances and future directions. Carcinogenesis 21: 517-524, 2000

Houlston RS, Tomlinson IP: Polymorphisms and colorectal tumor risk. Gastroenterology 121: 282-301, 2001

Hirvonen A: Chapter 20. Polymorphic NATs and cancer predisposition. IARC Sci Publ 251-270, 1999

Pistorius S, Schackert HK, Saeger HD: [In Process Citation]. Kongressbd Dtsch Ges Chir Kongr 118: 820-824, 2001

Bechtel YC, Bechtel PR, Lelouet H, Choisy H, Dy NR: The acetylator polymorphism in a Khmer population: clinical consequences. Therapie 56: 409-413, 2001

Zaridze DG: Environmental etiology of large-bowel cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 70: 389-400, 1983

Giovannucci E, Goldin B: The role of fat, fatty acids, and total energy intake in the etiology of human colon cancer. Am J Clin Nutr 66: 1564S-1571S, 1997

Potter JD: Colorectal cancer: Molecules and populations. J Natl Cancer Inst 91: 916-932, 1999

Anti M, Marra G, Armelao F, Percesepe A, Gentiloni N: Modulating effect of omega-3 fatty acids on the proliferative pattern of human colorectal mucosa. Adv Exp Med Biol 400B: 605-610, 1997

Sinha R, Rothman N, Brown ED, Salmon CP, Knize MG, Swanson CA, Rossi SC, Mark SD, Levander OA, Felton JS: High concentrations of the carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo-[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) occur in chicken but are dependent on the cooking method. Cancer Res 55: 4516-4519, 1995

Ohgaki H, Takayama S, Sugimura T: Carcinogenicities of heterocyclic amines in cooked food. Mutat Res 259: 399-410, 1991

Chen J, Stampfer MJ, Hough HL, Garcia-Closas M, Willett WC, Hennekens CH, Kelsey KT, Hunter DJ: A prospective study of N-acetyltransferase genotype, red meat intake, and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 58: 3307-3311, 1998

Dickel H, Taylor JS, Evey P, Merk HF: Comparison of patch test results with a standard series among white and black racial groups. Am J Contact Dermat 12: 77-82, 2001

Probst-Hensch NM, Haile RW, Ingles SA, Longnecker MP, Han CY, Lin BK, Lee DB, Sakamoto GT, Frankl HD, Lee ER, et al.: Acetylation polymorphism and prevalence of colorectal adenomas. Cancer Res 55: 2017-2020, 1995

Scordo MG, Aklillu E, Yasar U, Dahl ML, Spina E, Ingelman-Sundberg M: Genetic polymorphism of cytochrome P450 2C9 in a Caucasian and a black African population. Br J Clin Pharmacol 52: 447-450, 2001

Rushmore TH, Pickett CB: Glutathione S-transferases, structure, regulation, and therapeutic implications. J Biol Chem 268: 11475-11478, 1993

McWilliams JE, Sanderson BJ, Harris EL, Richert-Boe KE, Henner WD: Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) deficiency and lung cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev4: 589-594, 1995

Abdel-Rahman SZ, Anwar WA, Abdel-Aal WE, Mostafa HM, Au WW: GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes are potential 80 Anderson, Umar and Brawley risk modifiers for bladder cancer. Cancer Detect Prev22: 129-138, 1998

Burkitt DP: Epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum. Cancer 28: 3-13, 1971

Sengupta S, Tjandra JJ, Gibson PR: Dietary fiber and colorectal neoplasia. Dis Colon Rectum 44: 1016-1033, 2001

Block G, Patterson B, Subar A: Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention: A review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutr Cancer 18: 1-29, 1992

Gridley G, McLaughlin JK, Block G, Blot WJ, Gluch M, Fraumeni JF Jr.: Vitamin supplement use and reduced risk of oral and pharyngeal cancer. Am J Epidemiol 135: 1083-1092, 1992

Steinmetz KA, Potter JD: Vegetables, fruit, and cancer prevention: A review. J Am Diet Assoc 96: 1027-1039, 1996

Slaga TJ, Klein-Szanto AJ, Triplett LL, Yotti LP, Trosko KE: Skin tumor-promoting activity of benzoyl peroxide, a widely used free radical-generating compound. Science 213: 1023-1025, 1981

Klein-Szanto AJ, Slaga TJ: Effects of peroxides on rodent skin: Epidermal hyperplasia and tumor promotion. J Invest Dermatol 79: 30-34, 1982

Nakamura Y, Colburn NH, Gindhart TD: Role of reactive oxygen in tumor promotion: implication of superoxide anion in promotion of neoplastic transformation in JB-6 cells by TPA. Carcinogenesis 6: 229-235, 1985

Freudenheim JL, Graham S, Marshall JR, Haughey BP, Cholewinski S, Wilkinson G: Folate intake and carcinogenesis of the colon and rectum. Int J Epidemiol 20: 368-374, 1991

Giovannucci E, Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC: Alcohol, low-methionine-lowfolate diets, and risk of colon cancer in men. J Natl Cancer Inst 87: 265-273, 1995

Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Rimm EB, Trichopoulos D, Rosner BA, Speizer FE, Willett WC: Folate, methionine, and alcohol intake and risk of colorectal adenoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 85: 875-884, 1993

Estrada DA, Billett HH: Racial variation in fasting and random homocysteine levels. Am J Hematol 66: 252-256, 2001

Botto LD, Yang Q: 5,10-Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene variants and congenital anomalies: A HuGE review. Am J Epidemiol 151: 862-877, 2000

Ueland PM, Hustad S, Schneede J, Refsum H, Vollset SE: Biological and clinical implications of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism. Trends Pharmacol Sci 22: 195-201, 2001

Peng F, Labelle LA, Rainey BJ, Tsongalis GJ: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene are common in US Caucasian and Hispanic American populations. Int J Mol Med 8: 509-511, 2001

Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Fuchs C, Rosner BA, Speizer FE, Willett WC: Multivitamin use, folate, and colon cancer in women in the nurses' health study. Ann Intern Med 129: 517-524, 1998

Engbersen AM, Franken DG, Boers GH, Stevens EM, Trijbels FJ, Blom HJ: Thermolabile 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase as a cause of mild hyperhomocysteinemia. Am J Hum Genet 56: 142-150, 1995

Levine AJ, Siegmund KD, Ervin CM, Diep A, Lee ER, Frankl HD, Haile RW: The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase 677C->T polymorphism and distal colorectal adenoma risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev9: 657-663, 2000

Chen J, Giovannucci E, Kelsey K, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Spiegelman D, Willett WC, Hunter DJ: A methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism and the risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 56: 4862-4864, 1996

Ma J, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, Artigas C, Hunter DJ, Fuchs C, Willett WC, Selhub J, Hennekens CH, Rozen R: Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism, dietary interactions, and risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 57: 1098-1102, 1997

Chen J, Giovannucci E, Hankinson SE, Ma J, Willett WC, Spiegelman D, Kelsey KT, Hunter DJ: A prospective study of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase and methionine synthase gene polymorphisms, and risk of colorectal adenoma. Carcinogenesis 19: 2129-2132, 1998

Ponder BA: Cancer genetics. Nature 411: 336-341, 2001

Gerstenberger PD, Plumeri PA: Malpractice claims in gastrointestinal endoscopy: Analysis of an insurance industry data base. Gastrointest Endosc 39: 132-138, 1993

Smith RA, Mettlin CJ, Davis KJ, Eyre H: American Cancer Society guidelines for the early detection of cancer: Update of early detection guidelines for prostate, colorectal, and endometerial cancers. CA Cancer J Clin 51: 38-75, 2001

Rex DK, Johnson DA, Lieberman DA, Burt RW, Sonnenberg A: Colorectal cancer prevention 2000: Screening recommendations of the American College of Gastroenterology. American College of Gastroenterology. Am J Gastroenterol 95: 868-877, 2000

Winawer SJ, Fletcher RH, Miller L, Godlee F, Stolar MH, Mulrow CD, Woolf SH, Glick SN, Ganiats TG, Bond JH, Rosen L, Zapka JG, Olsen SJ, Giardiello FM, Sisk JE, Van Antwerp R, Brown-Davis C, Marciniak DA, Mayer RJ: Colorectal cancer screening: Clinical guidelines and rationale. Gastroenterology 112: 594-642, 1997

Towler B, Irwig L, Glasziou P, Kewenter J, Weller D, Silagy C: A systematic review of the effects of screening for colorectal cancer using the faecal occult blood test, hemoccult. BMJ 317: 559-565, 1998

Muller AD, Sonnenberg A: Protection by endoscopy against death from colorectal cancer. A case-control study among veterans. Arch Intern Med 155: 1741-1748, 1995

Muller AD, Sonnenberg A: Prevention of colorectal cancer by flexible endoscopy and polypectomy. A casecontrol study of 32,702 veterans. Ann Intern Med 123: 904-910, 1995

Newcomb PA, Norfleet RG, Storer BE, Surawicz TS, Marcus PM: Screening sigmoidoscopy and colorectal cancer mortality. J Natl Cancer Inst 84: 1572-1575, 1992

Selby JV, Friedman GD, Quesenberry CP Jr., Weiss NS: A case-control study of screening sigmoidoscopy and mortality from colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 326: 653-657, 1992

Imperiale TF, Wagner DR, Lin CY, Larkin GN, Rogge JD, Ransohoff DF: Risk of advanced proximal neoplasms in asymptomatic adults according to the distal colorectal findings. N Engl J Med 343: 169-174, 2000

Lieberman DA, Weiss DG, Bond JH, Ahnen DJ, Garewal H, Chejfec G: Use of colonoscopy to screen asymptomatic adults for colorectal cancer. Veterans affairs cooperative study group 380. N Engl J Med 343: 162-168, 2000

Lieberman DA, Weiss DG: One-time screening for colorectal cancer with combined fecal occult-blood testing and examination of the distal colon. N Engl J Med 345: 555-560, 2001

Mandel JS, Bond JH, Church TR, Snover DC, Bradley GM, Schuman LM, Ederer F: Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. Minnesota colon cancer control study. N Engl J Med 328: 1365-1371, 1993

Vernon SW: Participation in colorectal cancer screening: A review. J Natl Cancer Inst 89: 1406-1422, 1997

Woolf SH: The best screening test for colorectal cancer-a personal choice. N Engl J Med 343: 1641-1643, 2000

Trends in Screening for Colorectal Cancer-United States, 1997 and 1999. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 50: 162, 2001

Breen N, Wagener DK, Brown ML, Davis WW, Ballard-Barbash R: Progress in cancer screening over a decade: results of cancer screening from the 1987, 1992, and 1998 national health interview surveys. J Natl Cancer Inst 93: 1704-1713, 2001

Lin HJ, Probst-Hensch NM, Hughes NC, Sakamoto GT, Louie AD, Kau IH, Lin BK, Lee DB, Lin J, Frankl HD, Lee ER, Hardy S, Grant DM, Haile RW: Variants of Nacetyltransferase NAT1 and a case-control study of colorectal adenomas. Pharmacogenetics 8: 269-281, 1998

Bell DA, Taylor JA, Butler MA, Stephens EA, Wiest J, Brubaker LH, Kadlubar FF, Lucier GW: Genotype/ phenotype discordance for human arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT2) reveals a new slow-acetylator allele common in African-Americans. Carcinogenesis 14: 1689-1692, 1993

Lin HJ, Han CY, Lin BK, Hardy S: Slow acetylator mutations in the human polymorphic N-acetyltransferase gene in 786 Asians, blacks, Hispanics, and whites: Application to metabolic epidemiology. Am J Hum Genet 52: 827-834, 1993

Cascorbi I, Brockmoller J, Roots I: A C4887A polymorphism in exon 7 of human CYP 1A1: Population frequency, mutation linkages, and impact on lung cancer susceptibility. Cancer Res 56: 4965-4969, 1996

Garte S, Gaspari L, Alexandrie AK, Ambrosone C, Autrup H, Autrup JL, Baranova H, Bathum L, Benhamou S, Boffetta P, Bouchardy C, Breskvar K, Brockmoller J, Cascorbi I, Clapper ML, Coutelle C, Daly A, Dell'Omo M, Dolzan V, Dresler CM, Fryer A, Haugen A, Hein DW, Hildesheim A, Hirvonen A, Hsieh LL, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Kalina I, Kang D, Kihara M, Kiyohara C, Kremers P, Lazarus P, Le Marchand L, Lechner MC, van Lieshout EM, London S, Manni JJ, Maugard CM, Morita S, Nazar-Stewart V, Noda K, Oda Y, Parl FF, Pastorelli R, Persson I, Peters WH, Rannug A, Rebbeck T, Risch A, Roelandt L, Romkes M, Ryberg D, Salagovic J, Schoket B, Seidegard J, Shields PG, Sim E, Sinnet D, Strange RC, Stucker I, Sugimura H, To-Figueras J, Vineis P, Yu MC, Taioli E: Metabolic gene polymorphism frequencies in control populations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev10: 1239-1248, 2001

Ford JG, Li Y, O'sullivan MM, Demopoulos R, Garte S, Taioli E, Brandt-Rauf PW: Glutathione S-transferase M1 polymorphism and lung cancer risk in African-Americans. Carcinogenesis 21: 1971-1975, 2000