Colistin versus Colistin Combined with Ampicillin. Sulbactam for Multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii Ventilator. Associated Pneumonia Treatment: An Open. Label Prospective Study

1. American Thoracic Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171:388-416.

2. Tsioutis C, Kritsotakis EI, Karageorgos SA, Stratakou S, Psarologakis C Kokkini S, et al. Clinical epidemiology, treatment and prognostic factors of extensively drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia in critically ill patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2016;16:30202-3.

3. Koulenti D, Tsigou E, Rello J. Nosocomial pneumonia in 27 ICUs in Europe: Perspectives from the EU-VAP/CAP study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2017;36:1999-2006.

4. Kalin G, Alp E, Akin A, Coskun R, Doganay M. Comparison of colistin and colistin/sulbactam for the treatment of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia. Infection 2014;42:37-42.

5. Betrosian AP, Frantzeskaki F, Xanthaki A, Douzinas EE. Efficacy and safety of high-dose ampicillin/sulbactam vs. colistin as monotherapy for the treatment of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Infect 2008;56:432-6.

6. Kallel H, Hergafi L, Bahloul M, Hakim A, Dammak H, Chelly H, et al. Safety and efficacy of colistin compared with imipenem in the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia: A matched case-control study. Intensive Care Med 2007;33:1162-7.

7. Garnacho-Montero J, Ortiz-Leyba C, Jiménez-Jiménez FJ, Barrero-Almodóvar AE, García-Garmendia JL, Bernabeu-WittelI M, et al. Treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) with intravenous colistin: A comparison with imipenem-susceptible VAP. Clin Infect Dis 2003;36:1111-8.

8. Michalopoulos A, Falagas ME. Colistin and polymyxin B in critical care. Crit Care Clin 2008;24:377-91, x.

9. Falagas ME, Kasiakou SK, Michalopoulos A. Treatment of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia. J Cyst Fibros 2005;4:149-50.

10. Reina R, Estenssoro E, Sáenz G, Canales HS, Gonzalvo R, Vidal G, et al. Safety and efficacy of colistin in Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas infections: A prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med 2005;31:1058-65.

11. Falagas ME, Rafailidis PI, Kasiakou SK, Hatzopoulou P, Michalopoulos A. Effectiveness and nephrotoxicity of colistin monotherapy vs. colistin-meropenem combination therapy for multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006;12:1227-30.

12. Chan JD, Graves JA, Dellit TH. Antimicrobial treatment and clinical outcomes of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Intensive Care Med 2010;25:343-8.

13. Falagas ME, Rafailidis PI, Ioannidou E, Alexiou VG, Matthaiou DK, Karageorgopoulos DE, et al. Colistin therapy for microbiologically documented multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections: A retrospective cohort study of 258 patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010;35:194-9.

14. Levin AS, Levy CE, Manrique AE, Medeiros EA, Costa SF. Severe nosocomial infections with imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii treated with ampicillin/sulbactam. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2003;21:58-62.

15. Montero A, Ariza J, Corbella X, Doménech A, Cabellos C, Ayats J, et al. Efficacy of colistin versus beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, and rifampin as monotherapy in a mouse model of pneumonia caused by multiresistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46:1946-52.

16. Knaus WA, Draper EA, Wagner DP, Zimmerman JE. APACHE II: A severity of disease classification system. Crit Care Med 1985;13:818-29.

17. Vincent JL, Moreno R, Takala J, Willatts S, De Mendonça A, Bruining H, et al. The SOFA (Sepsis-related organ failure assessment) score to describe organ dysfunction/failure. On behalf of the working group on sepsis-related problems of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 1996;22:707-10.

18. Levin AS, Barone AA, Penço J, Santos MV, Marinho IS, Arruda EA, et al. Intravenous colistin as therapy for nosocomial infections caused by multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:1008-11.

19. Póvoa P, Coelho L, Almeida E, Fernandes A, Mealha R, Moreira P, et al. C-reactive protein as a marker of ventilator-associated pneumonia resolution: A pilot study. Eur Respir J 2005;25:804-12.

20. Batirel A, Balkan II, Karabay O, Agalar C, Akalin S, Alici O, et al. Comparison of colistin-carbapenem, colistin-sulbactam, and colistin plus other antibacterial agents for the treatment of extremely drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii bloodstream infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014;33:1311-22.

21. Rodríguez-Hernández MJ, Cuberos L, Pichardo C, Caballero FJ, Moreno I, Jiménez-Mejías ME, et al. Sulbactam efficacy in experimental models caused by susceptible and intermediate Acinetobacter baumannii strains. J Antimicrob Chemother 2001;47:479-82.

22. Ko WC, Lee HC, Chiang SR, Yan JJ, Wu JJ, Lu CL, et al.In vitro and in vivo activity of meropenem and sulbactam against a multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strain. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;53:393-5.

23. Kempf M, Djouhri-Bouktab L, Brunel JM, Raoult D, Rolain JM. Synergistic activity of sulbactam combined with colistin against colistin-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012;39:180-1.

24. Li J, Rayner CR, Nation RL, Owen RJ, Spelman D, Tan KE, et al. Heteroresistance to colistin in multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50:2946-50.

25. Yilmaz GR, Guven T, Guner R, Kocak Tufan Z, Izdes S, Tasyaran MA, et al. Colistin alone or combined with sulbactam or carbapenem against A. baumannii in ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Infect Dev Ctries 2015;9:476-85.

26. Kumar A, Safdar N, Kethireddy S, Chateau D. A survival benefit of combination antibiotic therapy for serious infections associated with sepsis and septic shock is contingent only on the risk of death: A meta-analytic/meta-regression study. Crit Care Med 2010;38:1651-64.

27. Durante-Mangoni E, Andini R, Signoriello S, Cavezza G, Murino P, Buono S, et al. Acute kidney injury during colistin therapy: A prospective study in patients with extensively-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 2016;22:984-9.