Cognitive-behavioral treatment of depression: A three-stage model to guide treatment planning

Alford, 1997 2000 Barnett, 1988, Psychosocial functioning and depression: Distinguishing among antecedents, concomitants, and consequences, Psychological Bulletin, 104, 97, 10.1037/0033-2909.104.1.97 Beach, 1992, Treating depression in the context of marital discord: Outcome and predictors of response of marital therapy versus cognitive therapy, Behavior Therapy, 23, 507, 10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80219-9 Beck, 1983, Cognitive therapy of depression: New perspectives, 265 Beck, 1987, Cognitive models of depression, Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 1, 5 Beck, 1979 Beck, 1992, Self-concept dimensions of clinically depressed and anxious outpatients, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48, 423, 10.1002/1097-4679(199207)48:4<423::AID-JCLP2270480402>3.0.CO;2-G Beck, 1961, An inventory for measuring depression, Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561, 10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004 Beck, 1995 Beutler, 2000 Carney, 1986, The Newcastle Scale, 201 Castonguay, 1996, Predicting the effect of cognitive therapy for depression: A study of unique and common factors, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 497, 10.1037/0022-006X.64.3.497 Chambless, 1998, Defining empirically supported therapies, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 7, 10.1037/0022-006X.66.1.7 Conte, 1986, Combined psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy for depression, Archives of General Psychiatry, 43, 471, 10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800050077009 Craighead, 1980, Away from a unitary model of depression, Behavior Therapy, 11, 122, 10.1016/S0005-7894(80)80041-4 DeVanna, 1990, Recent life events and attempted suicide, Journal of Affective Disorders, 18, 51, 10.1016/0165-0327(90)90116-P D'Zurilla, 1986 D'Zurilla, 1980, A study of the generation-of-alternatives process in social problem solving, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4, 67, 10.1007/BF01173355 Eifert, 1997, Manualized behavior therapy: Merits and challenges, Behavior Therapy, 28, 499, 10.1016/S0005-7894(97)80005-6 Elkin, 1989, National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program: General effectiveness of treatments, Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 971, 10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810110013002 Evans, 1992, Differential relapse following cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy for depression, Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 802, 10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820100046009 Fava, 1994, Cognitive behavioral treatment of residual symptoms in primary major depressive disorder, American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1295, 10.1176/ajp.151.9.1295 Fava, 1981, Life events and depression: A replication, Journal of Affective Disorders, 3, 159, 10.1016/0165-0327(81)90040-9 Giles, 1989, Long-term effects of unipolar depression on cognitions, Comprehensive Psychiatry, 30, 225, 10.1016/0010-440X(89)90042-4 Golin, 1977, Motivational and associative aspects of mild depression in skill and chance tasks, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86, 389, 10.1037/0021-843X.86.4.389 Gortner, 1998, Cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression: Relapse prevention, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66, 377, 10.1037/0022-006X.66.2.377 Gotlib, 1979, Interpersonal and impersonal problem-solving skills in mildly and clinically depressed university students, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 86, 10.1037/0022-006X.47.1.86 Hamilton, 1960, A rating scale for depression, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 23, 56, 10.1136/jnnp.23.1.56 Harpin, 1982, Cognitive-behavior therapy for chronically depressed patients: A controlled pilot study, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 170, 295, 10.1097/00005053-198205000-00007 Heiby, 1986, Social versus self-control skills deficits in four cases of depression, Behavior Therapy, 17, 158, 10.1016/S0005-7894(86)80083-1 Heiby, 1989, Multiple skill deficits in depression, Behavioural Change, 6, 76, 10.1017/S0813483900007610 Henin, 2001, Introducing flexibility in manualized treatments: Application of recommended strategies to the cognitive-behavioral treatment of bipolar disorder, Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 8, 317, 10.1016/S1077-7229(01)80004-3 Hersen, 1981, Complex problems require complex solutions, Behavior Therapy, 12, 15, 10.1016/S0005-7894(81)80103-7 Hollon, 1992, Cognitive therapy and the prevention of depression, Applied and Preventive Psychology, 1, 89, 10.1016/S0962-1849(05)80149-0 Ilardi, 1994, The role of nonspecific factors in cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression, Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 1, 138, 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1994.tb00016.x Ingham, 1986, Self-esteem, vulnerability and psychiatric disorder in the community, British Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 375, 10.1192/bjp.148.4.375 Ingram, 1991, Cognition in depression, 187 Jacobson, 1996, A component analysis of cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 295, 10.1037/0022-006X.64.2.295 Keller, 1992, Time to recovery, chronicity, and levels of psychopathology in major depression: A 5-year prospective follow-up of 431 patients, Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 809, 10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820100053010 Kendall, 1998, Breathing life into a manual: Flexibility and creativity with manual-based treatments, Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 5, 177, 10.1016/S1077-7229(98)80004-7 Kovacs, 1981, Rating scales to assess depression in school-aged children, Acta Paedopharmacology, 46, 437 Kupfer, 1989, The advantage of early treatment intervention in recurrent depression, Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 771, 10.1001/archpsyc.1989.01810090013002 Lejuez, 2001, A brief behavioral activation treatment for depression, Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 8, 164, 10.1016/S1077-7229(01)80022-5 Linville, 1987, Self-complexity as a cognitive buffer against stress-related illness and depression, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 663, 10.1037/0022-3514.52.4.663 Ludgate, 1995 Maj, 1992, Pattern of recurrence of illness after recovery from an episode of major depression, American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 795, 10.1176/ajp.149.6.795 McClennan, 1987, Irrational beliefs in relation to self-esteem and depression, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 89, 10.1002/1097-4679(198701)43:1<89::AID-JCLP2270430112>3.0.CO;2-I McGinn, 1996, Schema-focused therapy, 182 Miller, 1985, The Modified Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression: Reliability and validity, Psychiatric Research, 14, 131, 10.1016/0165-1781(85)90057-5 Moorey, 1989, Cognitive therapy of depression: Patient factors associated with outcome, 73 Nelson, 1984, Drug-responsive symptoms in melancholia, Archives of General Psychiatry, 41, 663, 10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790180033004 Nelson-Gray, 1989, Effectiveness of matched, mismatched, and package treatments of depression, Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 20, 281, 10.1016/0005-7916(89)90059-1 Nezu, 1986, Efficacy of a social problem-solving therapy approach for unipolar depression, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 196, 10.1037/0022-006X.54.2.196 Nezu, 1989 Overholser, 1993, Idiographic, quantitative assessment of self-esteem, Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 639, 10.1016/0191-8869(93)90111-F Overholser, 1993, Elements of the Socratic method: I. Systematic questioning, Psychotherapy, 30, 67, 10.1037/0033-3204.30.1.67 Overholser, 1993, Elements of the Socratic method: II. Inductive reasoning, Psychotherapy, 30, 75, 10.1037/0033-3204.30.1.75 Overholser, 1994, Elements of the Socratic method: III. Universal definitions, Psychotherapy, 31, 286, 10.1037/h0090222 Overholser, 1995, Cognitive-behavioral treatment of depression: Part I. Assessment of depression and suicide risk, Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 25, 185, 10.1007/BF02306628 Overholser, 1995, Cognitive-behavioral treatment of depression: Part II. Techniques for improving social functioning, Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 25, 205, 10.1007/BF02306629 Overholser, 1995, Cognitive-behavioral treatment of depression: Part III. Reducing cognitive biases, Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 25, 311, 10.1007/BF02306567 Overholser, 1996, Cognitive-behavioral treatment of depression: Part IV. Improving problem-solving skills, Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 26, 43, 10.1007/BF02307704 Overholser, 1996, Cognitive-behavioral treatment of depression: Part V. Enhancing self-esteem and self-control, Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 26, 163, 10.1007/BF02306955 Overholser, 1996, Cognitive-behavioral treatment of depression: Part VII. Coping with precipitating events, Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 26, 337, 10.1007/BF02312915 Overholser, 1998, Cognitive-behavioral treatment of depression: Part IX: Confronting predisposing factors, Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 28, 289, 10.1023/A:1022934008276 Overholser, 1998, Cognitive-behavioral treatment of depression: Part X: Reducing the risk of relapse, Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 28, 377 Overholser, 1995, Self-esteem deficits and suicidal tendencies among adolescents, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 919, 10.1097/00004583-199507000-00016 Overholser, 1995, Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised: Development of a short form, Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 24, 443, 10.1207/s15374424jccp2404_8 Overholser, 1987, The course of depressive symptoms in suicidal versus nonsuicidal depressed inpatients, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 450, 10.1097/00005053-198708000-00002 Overholser, 1996, Cognitive-behavioral treatment of depression: Part VI. Incorporating psychotropic medications, Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 26, 235, 10.1007/BF02307589 Overholser, 1998, Cognitive-behavioral treatment of depression, Part VIII. Developing and utilizing the therapeutic relationship, Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 28, 199, 10.1023/A:1022967516338 Overholser, 1990, Cognitive-behavioral treatment of suicidal depression, 211 Pava, 1994, Integrating cognitive therapy and pharmacotherapy in the treatment and prophylaxis of depression: A novel approach, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 61, 211, 10.1159/000288892 Perrah, 1987, Cognitive rigidity in suicide attempters, Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 17, 251, 10.1111/j.1943-278X.1987.tb00271.x Persons, 1989 Persons, 1993, The process of change in cognitive therapy: Schema change or acquisition of compensatory skills?, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17, 123, 10.1007/BF01172961 Persons, 1999, Results of randomized controlled trials of cognitive therapy for depression generalize to private practice, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 23, 535, 10.1023/A:1018724505659 Persons, 1992, Cognitive theories of vulnerability to depression: Reconciling negative evidence, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 485, 10.1007/BF01183170 Poznanski, 1979, A depression rating scale for children, Pediatrics, 64, 442, 10.1542/peds.64.4.442 Priester, 1993, The problem-solving diathesis in depression, hopelessness, and suicide ideation: A longitudinal analysis, Journal of Psychopathology & Behavioral Assessment, 15, 239, 10.1007/BF01371381 Radloff, 1977, The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population, Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385, 10.1177/014662167700100306 Rector, 1999, Cognitive change and the therapeutic alliance: The role of technical and nontechnical factors in cognitive therapy, Psychotherapy, 36, 320, 10.1037/h0087739 Rehm, 1982, Self-management in depression, 522 Rich, 1991, Suicide, stressors, and the life cycle, American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 524 Rosenberg, 1965 Rush, 1983, Failures in treating depression by cognitive behavior therapy, 217 Schmidt, 1999, Schematic and interpersonal conceptualizations of depression: An integration, 127 Segal, 1988, Appraisal of the self-schema construct in cognitive models of depression, Psychological Bulletin, 103, 147, 10.1037/0033-2909.103.2.147 Sexton, 1996, The interaction of the alliance and therapy microprocess: A sequential analysis, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 471, 10.1037/0022-006X.64.3.471 Shea, 1992, Course of depressive symptoms over follow-up: Findings from the National Institute of Mental Health Treatment of Depression Collaborative Research Program, Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 782, 10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820100026006 Silverman, 1996, Cookbooks, manuals, and paint-by-numbers: Psychotherapy in the 90's, Psychotherapy, 33, 207, 10.1037/0033-3204.33.2.207 Stern, 1980, Toward a rational pharmacotherapy of depression, American Journal of Psychiatry, 137, 545, 10.1176/ajp.137.5.545 Strupp, 1997, On the limitations of therapy manuals, Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 4, 76, 10.1111/j.1468-2850.1997.tb00101.x Swallow, 1988, Social comparison and negative self-evaluations: An application to depression, Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 55, 10.1016/0272-7358(88)90049-9 Swallow, 1993, Social comparison in dysphoria and nondysphoria: Differences in target similarity and specificity, Cognitive Therapy and Research, 17, 103, 10.1007/BF01172960 Teasdale, 2002, Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: Empirical evidence, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 275, 10.1037/0022-006X.70.2.275 Teasdale, 1995, How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help?, Behavior Research and Therapy, 33, 25, 10.1016/0005-7967(94)E0011-7 Teasdale, 2000, Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 615, 10.1037/0022-006X.68.4.615 Thase, 1991, Severity of depression and response to cognitive behavior therapy, American Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 784, 10.1176/ajp.148.6.784 Thase, 1992, Relapse after cognitive behavioral therapy of depression: Potential implications for longer courses of treatment, American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1046, 10.1176/ajp.149.8.1046 Wright, 1983, Cognitive therapy of depression: Theory and practice, Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 34, 1119 Yesavage, 1983, Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: A preliminary report, Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 37, 10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4 Young, 1993, Depression, 240 Zung, 1965, A self-rating depression scale, Archives of General Psychiatry, 13, 508, 10.1001/archpsyc.1965.01730060026004