Cnidarian chemical neurotransmission, an updated overview

G. Kass-Simon1, Paola Pierobon2
1Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rhode Island, 100 Flagg Road, Kingston, R.I. 02881, USA
2Istituto Cibernetica, CNR, via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, NA, Italy

Tài liệu tham khảo

Agarwal, 1972, The distribution of cardioactive agents among molluscan species and tissues, Comp. Gen. Pharmacol., 3, 249, 10.1016/0010-4035(72)90001-8 Anctil, 1987, Bioactivity of FMRFamide and related peptides on a contractile system in the coelenterate Renilla koellikeri, J. Comp. Physiol. B, 157, 31, 10.1007/BF00702725 Anctil, 1989, Modulation of a rhythmic activity by serotonin via cyclic AMP in the coelenterate Renilla koellikeri, J. Comp. Physiol. B, 159, 491, 10.1007/BF00692421 Anctil, 1989, The antiquity of monoaminergic neurotransmitters: evidence from Cnidaria, 141 Anctil, 2004, Biogenic amine receptors in the sea pansy: activity, molecular structure, and physiological significance, Hydrobiologia, 530/531, 35, 10.1007/s10750-004-2637-9 Anctil, 1994, Glutamate immunoreactivity in non-neuronal cells of the sea anemone Metridium senile, Biol. Bull., 187, 48, 10.2307/1542164 Anctil, 1997, Neuronal and nonneuronal taurine-like immunoreactivity in the sea pansy Renilla koellikeri (Cnidaria, Anthozoa), Cell Tissue Res., 288, 127, 10.1007/s004410050800 Anctil, 1982, Monoaminergic mechanisms associated with control of luminescence and contractile activities in the coelenterate Renilla koellikeri, J. Exp. Zool., 223, 11, 10.1002/jez.1402230103 Anctil, 1984, Catecholamines in the coelenterate Renilla koellikeri. Uptake and radioautographic localization, Cell Tissue Res., 238, 69, 10.1007/BF00215146 Anctil, 1991, Modulation of rhythmic contractions by melatonin via cyclic GMP in the coelenterate Renilla koellikeri, J. Comp. Physiol. B, 161, 569, 10.1007/BF00260746 Anctil, 2002, Tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase immunoreactivities in the cnidarian Renilla koellikeri, Cell Tissue Res., 310, 109, 10.1007/s00441-002-0601-4 Anctil, 2005, Nitric oxide modulates peristaltic muscle activity associated with fluid circulation in the sea pansy Renilla koellikeri, J. Exp. Biol., 208, 2005, 10.1242/jeb.01607 Anderson, 1988, Three-dimensional structure of bidirectional, excitatory chemical synapses in the jellyfish Cyanea capillata, Synapse, 2, 606, 10.1002/syn.890020605 Anderson, 1989, The importance of cnidarian synapses for neurobiology, J. Neurobiol., 20, 435, 10.1002/neu.480200513 Anderson, 2004, Evidence for a common pattern of peptidergic innervation of cnidocytes, Biol. Bull., 207, 141, 10.2307/1543588 Awad, 1993, Identification of β-like adrenoceptors associated with bioluminescence in the sea pansy, Renilla koellikeri, J. Exp. Biol., 177, 181, 10.1242/jeb.177.1.181 Barra, 1997, Control of discharge of acontial nematocytes, 39 Barrnett, 1962, The fine-structural localization of acetylcholinesterase at the myoneural junction, J. Cell Biol., 12, 247, 10.1083/jcb.12.2.247 Barrnett, 1959, Enzymatic activity in the M band, J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol., 6, 163, 10.1083/jcb.6.2.163 Bellis, 1991, Chemoreception in Hydra vulgaris (attenuata): initial characterization of two distinct binding sites for l-glutamic acid, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1061, 89, 10.1016/0005-2736(91)90272-A Bellis, 1992, Partial characterization and detergent solubilization of the putative glutathione chemoreceptor from Hydra, Biochemistry, 31, 9838, 10.1021/bi00155a041 Bouchard, 2000, Molecular cloning of a putative G protein-coupled receptor from the primitive metazoan, Renilla koellikeri, Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 26, 915 Bouchard, 2003, A new G protein-coupled receptor from a primitive metazoan shows homology with vertebrate aminergic receptors and displays constitutive activity in mammalian cells, J. Neurochem., 86, 1149, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01924.x Bouchard, 2004, Identification of a novel aminergic-like G protein-coupled receptor in the cnidarian Renilla koellikeri, Gene, 341, 67, 10.1016/j.gene.2004.07.020 Bullock, 1965, vol. 1 Carlberg, 1983, Evidence of DOPA in the nerves of sea anemones, J. Neural Transm., 57, 75, 10.1007/BF01250049 Carlberg, 1992, Localization of dopamine in the freshwater hydrozoan Hydra attenuata, Cell Tissue Res., 270, 601, 10.1007/BF00645064 Carlberg, 1993, Biogenic amines in coelenterates, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 106C, 1 Carlberg, 1987, Presence of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine and 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine in a coelenterate nervous system: possible tyrosinase-mediated accumulation, Neurochem. Int., 11, 161, 10.1016/0197-0186(87)90005-2 Carlberg, 1985, Biochemical basis for adrenergic neurotransmission in coelenterates, J. Comp. Physiol. B, 155, 251, 10.1007/BF00685220 Carlberg, 1982, 5-OH-DOPA and 5S-cysteinylDOPA: new biogenic amino acids in invertebrates, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 73C, 23 Carlberg, 1984, Enzymatic 5-hydroxylation of l-DOPA by a tyrosinase isolated from the sea anemone Metridium senile, Gen. Pharmacol., 15, 301, 10.1016/0306-3623(84)90005-3 Carlberg, 1989, l-DOPA and FMRFamide immunoreactivity in the tentacular nerve plexus of the sea anemone Metridium senile, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 94C, 435 Carlberg, 1995, Taurine-like immunoreactivity in the motor nerve net of the jellyfish Cyanea capillata, Biol. Bull., 188, 78, 10.2307/1542069 Carlyle, 1969, The occurrence of catecholamines in the sea anemone Actinia equina, Br. J. Pharmacol., 36, 182 Carlyle, 1974, The occurrence in and action of amino acids on isolated supra-oral sphincter preparations of the sea anemone Actinia equina, J. Physiol. (London), 236, 635, 10.1113/jphysiol.1974.sp010457 Castano, 1978, Cytochemical ultrastructural and fluorescence study of the nervous net of Hydra sp., J. Submicrosc. Cytol., 10, 381 Cho, 1996, The anthozoan neuropeptide Antho-RWamide I modulates Ca2+ current in sea anemone myoepithelial cells, Neurosci. Lett., 209, 53, 10.1016/0304-3940(96)12597-0 Cho, 1996, Physiological actions of the neuropeptide Antho-RNamide on antagonistic muscle systems in sea anemones, Neurosci. Lett., 219, 171, 10.1016/S0304-3940(96)13193-1 Chung, 1991, Dopamine as a neuroactive substance in the jellyfish Polyorchis penicillatus, J. Exp. Biol., 156, 433, 10.1242/jeb.156.1.433 Chung, 1991, Dopamine acts through a D2-like receptor on a jellyfish motor neuron, J. Comp. Physiol. A, 169, 599, 10.1007/BF00193549 Chung, 1989, Dopamine in tissues of the hydrozoan jellyfish Polyorchis penicillatus as revealed by HPLC and GC/MS, J. Comp. Physiol. B, 159, 173, 10.1007/BF00691738 Colasanti, 1997, Nitric oxide involvement in Hydra vulgaris' very primitive olfactory-like system, J. Neurosci., 17, 493, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-01-00493.1997 Concas, 1998, Modulation of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and the feeding response by neurosteroids in Hydra vulgaris, Neuroscience, 85, 979, 10.1016/S0306-4522(97)00515-0 Dahl, 1963, An adrenergic nervous system in sea anemones, Q. J. Microsc. Sci., 104, 531 Darmer, 1991, Primary structure of the precursor for the sea anemone neuropeptide Antho-RFamide (<Glu-Gly-Arg-Phe-NH2), Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 88, 2555, 10.1073/pnas.88.6.2555 Darmer, 1998, Three different prohormones yield a variety of Hydra-RFamide (Arg-Phe-NH2) neuropeptides in Hydra magnipapillata, Biochem. J., 332, 403, 10.1042/bj3320403 De Camilli, 1990, Pathways to regulated exocytosis in neurones, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 52, 625, 10.1146/annurev.ph.52.030190.003205 De Petrocellis, 1994, Aquatic invertebrates open up new perspectives in eicosanoid research: biosynthesis and activity, Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids, 51, 215, 10.1016/0952-3278(94)90183-X De Petrocellis, 1993, The possible involvement of protein kinase C and phospholipase A2 in Hydra tentacle regeneration, Experientia, 49, 57, 10.1007/BF01928791 De Petrocellis, 1993, Arachidonic acid, protein kinase C activators and bud formation in Hydra vulgaris, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C, 105, 219, 10.1016/0742-8413(93)90198-T De Petrocellis, 1999, Finding of the endocannabinoid signalling system in Hydra, a very primitive organism: possible role in the feeding response, Neuroscience, 92, 377, 10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00749-0 De Waele, 1987, Biogenic catecholamines in the cnidarian Renilla koellikeri: radioenzymatic and chromatographic detection, Can. J. Zool., 65, 2458, 10.1139/z87-371 Di Marzo, 1993, Biosynthesis, structure and biological activity of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids in Hydra vulgaris, Biochem. J., 295, 23, 10.1042/bj2950023 Dunne, 1985, A subset of cells in the nerve net of Hydra oligactis defined by a monoclonal antibody: its arrangement and development, Dev. Biol., 109, 41, 10.1016/0012-1606(85)90344-6 Eccles, J.C., 1957. The physiology of nerve cells. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore & Oxford University Press, London, p. 212. Elofsson, 1977, Evidence for new catecholamines and related amino acids in some invertebrate sensory neurons, Cell Tissue Res., 182, 525, 10.1007/BF00219834 Flanagan, 1995, Effects of arachidonic acid, diacylglycerol and 5-S-HPETE on hydra behavior, 78 Garthwaite, 1995, Nitric oxide signaling in the central nervous system, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 57, 683, 10.1146/annurev.ph.57.030195.003343 Gillis, 2001, Monoamine release by neurons of a primitive nervous system: an amperometric study, J. Neurochem., 76, 1774, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00172.x Graff, 1988, Isolation of <Glu-Ser-Leu-Arg-Trp-NH2, a novel neuropeptide from sea anemones, Brain Res., 442, 354, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)91525-9 Graff, 1988, Isolation of <Glu-Gly-Leu-Arg-Trp-NH2, (Antho-RWamide II), a novel neuropeptide from sea anemones, FEBS Lett., 239, 137, 10.1016/0014-5793(88)80560-X Greeenberg, 1988, The phylogenetic and biomedical significance of extended neuropeptide families, 85 Greeenberg, 1988, Relationships between FMRFamide-related peptides and peptide families, Peptides, 9, 125, 10.1016/0196-9781(88)90236-7 Grimmelikhuijzen, 1983, FMRFamide immunoreactivity is generally occurring in the nervous systems of coelenterates, Histochemistry, 78, 361, 10.1007/BF00496623 Grimmelikhuijzen, 1984, Peptides in the nervous system of coelenterates, 39 Grimmelikhuijzen, 1985, Antisera to the sequence Arg-Phe-amide visualize neuronal centralization in hydroid polyps, Cell Tissue Res., 241, 171, 10.1007/BF00214639 Grimmelikhuijzen, 1986, FMRFamide-like peptides in the primitive nervous systems of coelenterates and complex nervous systems of higher animals, 103 Grimmelikhuijzen, 1985, Arg-Phe-amide-like peptides in the primitive nervous systems of coelenterates, Peptides, 6, 477, 10.1016/0196-9781(85)90417-6 Grimmelikhuijzen, 1986, Organization of the nervous systems of physonectid siphonophores, Cell Tissue Res., 246, 463, 10.1007/BF00215186 Grimmelikhuijzen, 1984, FMRFamide immunoreactivity in the nervous system of the medusa Polyorchis penicillatus, J. Comp. Neurol., 230, 361, 10.1002/cne.902300305 Grimmelikhuijzen, 1980, Gastrin/CCK-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of coelenterates, Histochemistry, 69, 61, 10.1007/BF00508367 Grimmelikhuijzen, 1981, Substance P-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of hydra, Histochemistry, 71, 325, 10.1007/BF00495879 Grimmelikhuijzen, 1981, Neurotensin-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of hydra, Histochemistry, 72, 199, 10.1007/BF00517133 Grimmelikhuijzen, 1981, Bombesin-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of hydra, Histochemistry, 73, 171, 10.1007/BF00493017 Grimmelikhuijzen, 1982, Oxytocin/vasopressin-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of Hydra, Neuroscience, 7, 3191, 10.1016/0306-4522(82)90241-X Grimmelikhuijzen, 1982, FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in the nervous system of hydra, Histochemistry, 73, 499, 10.1007/BF00493364 Grimmelikhuijzen, 1987, Neuropeptides in invertebrates, 105 Grimmelikhuijzen, 1988, Isolation of Glu-Leu-Leu-Gly-Gly-Arg-Phe-NH2 (Pol-RFamide), a novel neuropeptide from hydromedusae, Brain Res., 475, 198, 10.1016/0006-8993(88)90219-3 Grimmelikhuijzen, 1989, Neurons and their peptide transmitters in coelenterates, 95 Grimmelikhuijzen, 2002, Neuropeptides in cnidarians, Can. J. Zool., 80, 1690, 10.1139/z02-137 Grosvenor, 1992, Chemoreception in hydra: specific binding of glutathione to a membrane fraction, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1117, 120, 10.1016/0304-4165(92)90068-6 Hanai, 1984, Two types of surface amine receptors modulating the feeding response in Hydra japonica: the depressing action of dopamine and related amines, Chem. Senses, 9, 355, 10.1093/chemse/9.4.355 Hansen, 2000, Two-color double-labeling in situ hybridization of whole-mount Hydra using RNA probes for five different Hydra neuropeptide preprohormones: evidence for colocalization, Cell Tissue Res., 301, 245, 10.1007/s004410000240 Hansen, 2002, A new case of neuropeptide coexpression (RGamide and LWamides) in Hydra, found by whole-mount, two-color double-labeling in situ hybridization, Cell Tissue Res., 308, 157, 10.1007/s00441-002-0534-y Hauser, 1997, Molecular cloning of a peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating monooxygenase from sea anemones, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 241, 509, 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7854 Hayakawa, 2005, A novel neuropeptide, Hym-65, evokes relaxation of body column in Hydra, 53 Hoekfelt, 1987, Neuronal communication through multiple coexisting messengers, 179 Hydra EST database. http://mpc.uci.edu/hampson/public_html/blast/jf9/. Holtman, 2001, Mono- and oligo-vesicular synapses and their connectivity in a cnidarian sensory epithelium, J. Comp. Neurol., 432, 537, 10.1002/cne.1118 Horridge, 1962, Naked axons and symmetrical synapses in coelenterates, Q. J. Microsc. Sci., 103, 531 Hufnagel, 1988, Functional anatomy of nematocyte innervation in battery cell complexes of the Hydra tentacle, 519 Hufnagel, 1995, Immunocytochemistry of nerve cells in tentacle/hypostome macerates of Hydra, 93 Hufnagel, 1993, Immunocytochemical localization of glutamate in macerates of Hydra, 43 Hufnagel, 1997, Localization of binding sites for GluR 5,6,7 in macerates and tissue pieces of Hydra, 93 Hufnagel, 1999, Further immunocytochemical evidence for the use of glutamate as a neurotransmitter by Hydra, 91 Jha, 1967, The recognition, distribution and ultrastructure of hydrozoan nerve elements, J. Morphol., 123, 43, 10.1002/jmor.1051230105 Kandel, 2000, Transmitter release, 253 Kass-Simon, 1976, Coordination of juxtaposed muscle layers as seen in Hydra, 705 Kass-Simon, 1978, A neuropharmacological analysis of the pacemakers and conducting tissues of Hydra attenuata, J. Comp. Physiol. A, 128, 71, 10.1007/BF00668375 Kass-Simon, 2002, The behavioral and developmental physiology of nematocysts, Can. J. Zool., 80, 1772, 10.1139/z02-135 Kass-Simon, 2004, Glutamatergic and GABAnergic control in the tentacle effector systems of Hydra vulgaris, Hydrobiologia, 530/531, 67, 10.1007/s10750-004-2647-7 Kass-Simon, 2003, GABA and glutamate receptors are involved in modulating pacemaker activity in hydra, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 136, 329, 10.1016/S1095-6433(03)00168-5 Koizumi, 2002, Developmental neurobiology of hydra, a model animal of cnidarians, Can. J. Zool., 80, 1678, 10.1139/z02-134 Koizumi, 1986, Plasticity in the nervous system of adult Hydra I. The position-dependent expression of FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity, Dev. Biol., 116, 407, 10.1016/0012-1606(86)90142-9 Koizumi, 1991, Plasticity in the nervous system of adult Hydra III. Conversion of neurons to expression of a vasopressin-like immunoreactivity depends on axial location, J. Neurosci., 11, 2011, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.11-07-02011.1991 Koizumi, 1989, Ultrastructural localization of RFamide-like peptides in neuronal dense-cored vesicles in the peduncle of Hydra, J. Exp. Zool., 249, 17, 10.1002/jez.1402490105 Koizumi, 1992, Nerve ring of the hypostome in Hydra. I. Its structure, development and maintenance, J. Comp. Neurol., 326, 7, 10.1002/cne.903260103 Koizumi, 2004, Chemical anatomy of hydra nervous system using antibodies against hydra neuropeptides: a review, Hydrobiologia, 530/531, 41, 10.1007/s10750-004-2636-x Kolberg, 1988, Morphological, cytochemical and neuropharmacological evidence for the presence of catecholamines in hydrozoan planulae, Development, 103, 249, 10.1242/dev.103.2.249 Krieger, 1983, Brain peptides: what, where, and why?, Science, 222, 975, 10.1126/science.6139875 Leitz, 1990, Metamorphosis in Hydractinia: studies with activators and inhibitors aiming at protein kinase C and potassium channels, Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol., 199, 107, 10.1007/BF02029558 Leitz, 1987, Evidence for the involvement of PI-signaling and diacylglycerol second messengers in the initiation of metamorphosis in the hydroid Hydractinia echinata Fleming, Dev. Biol., 121, 82, 10.1016/0012-1606(87)90140-0 Leitz, 1994, Metamorphosin A: a novel peptide controlling development of the lower metazoan Hydractinia echinata (Coelenterata, Hydrozoa), Dev. Biol., 163, 440, 10.1006/dbio.1994.1160 Leitz, 1994, Possible involvement of arachidonic acid and eicosanoids in metamorphic events in Hydractinia echinata (Coelenterata: Hydrozoa), J. Exp. Zool., 269, 422, 10.1002/jez.1402690505 Lenhoff, 1961, Activation of the feeding reflex in Hydra littoralis. I. Role played by reduced glutathione, and quantitative assay of the feeding reflex, J. Gen. Physiol., 45, 331, 10.1085/jgp.45.2.331 Lenhoff, 1981, Biology and physical chemistry of the feeding response in hydra, 475 Lenhoff, 1998, The discovery of the GSH receptor in Hydra and its evolutionary significance, 25 Lenhoff, 1961, 69 Lenique, 1977, Demonstration of biogenic amines and localization of monoamine oxidase in the sea anemone Metridium senile, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 56 C, 31 Lentz, 1966 Lentz, 1968 Lentz, 1961, Enzyme histochemistry of hydra, J. Exp. Zool., 147, 125, 10.1002/jez.1401470204 Lentz, 1962, The effect of enzyme substrates and pharmacological agents on nematocyst discharge, J. Exp. Zool., 149, 33, 10.1002/jez.1401490104 Lentz, 1962, Changes in the distribution of enzyme activity in the regenerating Hydra, J. Exp. Zool., 150, 103, 10.1002/jez.1401500204 Lentz, 1963, The role of the nervous system in regenerating hydra. The effect of neuropharmocological agents, J. Exp. Zool., 154, 305, 10.1002/jez.1401540306 Leviev, 1995, Molecular cloning of a preprohormone from sea anemones containing numerous copies of a metamorphosis-inducing neuropeptide: a likely role for dipeptidyl aminopeptidase in neuropeptide precursor processing, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 92, 11647, 10.1073/pnas.92.25.11647 Loomis, 1955, Glutathione control of the specific feeding reactions of Hydra, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 62, 211, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1955.tb35372.x Mackie, 1968, Epithelial conduction in hydromedusae, J. Gen. Physiol., 52, 600, 10.1085/jgp.52.3.600 Mackie, 1985, Distribution of nerve elements showing FMRFamide-like immunoreactivity in hydromedusae, Acta Zool. (Stockh.), 66, 199, 10.1111/j.1463-6395.1985.tb00840.x Martin, 2002, Photoreceptors of cnidarians, Can. J. Zool., 80, 1703, 10.1139/z02-136 Martin, 2004, Photoreceptors of cubozoan jellyfish, Hydrobiologia, 530/531, 135, 10.1007/s10750-004-2674-4 Martin, 1983, Neurotransmitters in coelenterates, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 74C, 1 Mathias, 1960, The distribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine, tetramethylammonium, homarine and other substances in sea anemones, J. Physiol., 151, 296, 10.1113/jphysiol.1960.sp006439 McFarlane, 1991, Three anthozoan neuropeptides, Antho-RFamide and Antho-RWamides I and II, modulate spontaneous tentacle contractions in sea anemones, J. Exp. Biol., 155, 669, 10.1242/jeb.155.1.669 McFarlane, 1987, Excitatory actions of Antho-RFamide, an anthozoan neuropeptide, on muscles and conducting systems in the sea anemone Calliactis parasitica, J. Exp. Biol., 133, 157, 10.1242/jeb.133.1.157 McFarlane, 1989, Evolution of conducting systems and neurotransmitters in Anthozoa, 111 McFarlane, 1991, Effects of three anthozoan neuropeptides, Antho-RWamide I, Antho-RWamide II, and Antho-RFamide, on slow muscles from sea anemones, J. Exp. Biol., 156, 419, 10.1242/jeb.156.1.419 McFarlane, 1992, Opposite actions of the anthozoan neuropeptide Antho-RNamide on antagonistic muscle groups in sea anemones, J. Exp. Biol., 164, 295, 10.1242/jeb.164.1.295 McFarlane, 1993, The expansion behavior of sea anemones may be coordinated by two inhibitory neuropeptides, Antho-KAamide and Antho-RIamide, Proc. R. Soc. Lond., B, 253, 183, 10.1098/rspb.1993.0100 Mendes, 1984, The responses of isolated preparations of Bunodosoma caissarum (Cora, l964) (Cnidaria, Anthozoa) to drugs, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 79 C, 375 Moosler, 1996, Isolation of four novel neuropeptides, the Hydra-RFamides I–IV, from Hydra magnipapillata, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 229, 596, 10.1006/bbrc.1996.1849 Moosler, 1997, Isolation of three novel neuropeptides, the Cyanea-RFamides I–III, from scyphomedusae, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 236, 743, 10.1006/bbrc.1997.7022 Moroz, 2000, Distribution of NADPH-diaphorase reactivity and effects of nitric oxide on feeding and locomotory circuitry in the pteropod mollusk, Clione limacine, J. Comp. Neurol., 427, 274, 10.1002/1096-9861(20001113)427:2<274::AID-CNE8>3.0.CO;2-# Moroz, 2004, Nitric oxide regulates swimming in the jellyfish Aglantha digitale, J. Comp. Neurol., 471, 26, 10.1002/cne.20023 Mueller, 1993, Arachidonic acid and the control of body pattern in hydra, Roux's Arch. Dev. Biol., D202, 70, 10.1007/BF00636531 Pani, 1994, Quantitative survey of biogenic monoamines, their precursors and metabolites in the coelenterate Renilla koellikeri, Biog. Amines, 10, 161 Pani, 1995, Neuronal localization and evoked release of norepinephrine in the cnidarian Renilla koellikeri, J. Exp. Zool., 272, 1, 10.1002/jez.1402720102 Paton, 1958, Central and synaptic transmission in the nervous system (pharmacological aspects), Annu. Rev. Physiol., 20, 431, 10.1146/annurev.ph.20.030158.002243 Partoens, 1998, Retrieved constituents of large dense-cored vesicles and synaptic vesicles intermix in stimulation-induced early endosomes of noradrenergic neurons, J. Cell Sci., 111, 681, 10.1242/jcs.111.6.681 Pierobon, 1989, Substance P and hydra: an immunohistochemical and physiological study, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 92 C, 217 Pierobon, 1995, Biochemical and functional identification of GABA receptors in Hydra vulgaris, Life Sci., 56, 1485, 10.1016/0024-3205(95)00111-I Pierobon, 1997, Effects of Antho-RFamide on the action of GABA in Hydra vulgaris Pallas, 1766, 385 Pierobon, 1997, Arachidonic acid as an endogenous signal for the glutathione-induced feeding response in Hydra, Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 53, 61, 10.1007/PL00000580 Pierobon, 2001, Putative glycine receptors in Hydra: a biochemical and behavioral study, Eur. J. Neurosci., 14, 1659, 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2001.01792.x Pierobon, 2004, Different roles of GABA and glycine in modulation of chemosensory responses in Hydra vulgaris (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa), Hydrobiologia, 530/531, 59, 10.1007/s10750-004-2690-4 Pierobon, 2004, Putative NMDA receptors in Hydra: a biochemical and functional study, Eur. J. Neurosci., 20, 2598, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03759.x Piomelli, 1993, Arachidonic acid in cell signaling, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 5, 274, 10.1016/0955-0674(93)90116-8 Plickert, 2004, Neuropeptides and photic behavior in Cnidaria, Hydrobiologia, 530/531, 49, 10.1007/s10750-004-2689-x Price, 1977, Structure of a molluscan cardioexcitatory neuropeptide, Science, 197, 670, 10.1126/science.877582 Reinscheid, 1994, Primary structure of the precursor for the anthozoan neuropeptide Antho-RFamide from Renilla koellikeri: evidence for unusual processing enzymes, J. Neurochem., 62, 1214, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.62031214.x Romanes, 1885 Ross, 1946, Facilitation in sea anemones. I. The action of drugs, J. Exp. Biol., 22, 21, 10.1242/jeb.22.1-2.21 Ross, 1960, The effects of ions and drugs on neuromuscular preparations of sea anemones. I. On preparations of the column of Calliactis and Metridium, J. Exp. Biol., 37, 732, 10.1242/jeb.37.4.732 Ross, 1960, The effects of ions and drugs on neuromuscular preparations of sea anemones. II. On sphincter preparations of Calliactis and Metridium, J. Exp. Biol., 37, 753, 10.1242/jeb.37.4.753 Ruggieri, 2004, Pacemaker activity in hydra is modulated by glycine receptor ligands, Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A, 138, 193, 10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.03.015 Salleo, 1996, The discharge mechanism of acontial nemocytes involves the release of nitric oxide, J. Exp. Biol., 199, 1261, 10.1242/jeb.199.6.1261 Scappaticci, 2004, Immunocytochemical evidence for an NMDA1 receptor subunit in dissociated cells of Hydra vulgaris, Cell Tissue Res., 316, 263, 10.1007/s00441-004-0879-5 Scemes, 1989, Rethinking the role of cholinergic neurotransmitters in the Cnidaria, 157 Scemes, 1989, Electrophysiology of the swimming system of hydromedusae and the effects of atropine-induced crumpling, Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res., 22, 189 Scemes, 1984, O efeito de agonistas e antagonistas colinergicos sobre a contractilidade de tiras de parede do corpo da anemona do mar Bunodosoma caissarum, 264 Schaller, 1981, Isolation and amino acid sequence of a morphogenetic peptide in hydra, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 78, 7000, 10.1073/pnas.78.11.7000 Schaller, 1973, Distribution of the head-activating substance in hydra and its localization in membranous particles in nerve cells, J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol., 29, 39 Schmutzler, 1992, Identification of a novel type of processing sites in the precursor for the sea anemone neuropeptide Antho-RFamide (<Glu-Gly-Arg-Phe-NH2) from Anthopleura elegantissima, J. Biol. Chem., 267, 22534, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)41705-X Schmutzler, 1994, The primary structure of the Pol-RFamide neuropeptide precursor protein from the hydromedusa Polyorchis penicillatus indicates a novel processing proteinase activity, Biochem. J., 299, 431, 10.1042/bj2990431 Singer, 1964, The effect of neuropharmacological drugs on the light response of Hydra pirardi, Anat. Rec., 148, 402 Singla, 1991, Immunogold labelling of FMRFamide-like neuropeptide in neurons of Aglantha digitale (Hydromedusae: Trachylina), Can. J. Zool., 69, 800, 10.1139/z91-116 Spencer, 1979, Neurobiology of Polyorchis. II. Structure of effector systems, J. Neurobiol., 10, 95, 10.1002/neu.480100202 Spencer, 1989, Chemical and electrical synaptic transmission in the Cnidaria, 33 Spencer, 1991, Peptides in the Hydrozoa: are they transmitters?, Hydrobiologia, 216/217, 565, 10.1007/BF00026514 Spencer, 1982, The hydromedusae, 73 Taban, 1979, Localization of substance P-like immunoreactivity in Hydra, Experientia, 35, 811, 10.1007/BF01968266 Takahashi, 1997, Systematic isolation of peptide signal molecules regulating development in hydra: LWamide and PWamide families, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 94, 1241, 10.1073/pnas.94.4.1241 Takahashi, 2000, A novel neuropeptide, Hym-355, positively regulates neuron differentiation in Hydra, Development, 127, 997, 10.1242/dev.127.5.997 Takahashi, 2003, Identification of a new member of the GLWamide peptide family: physiological activity and cellular localization in cnidarian polyps, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part B Biochem. Mol. Biol., 135, 309, 10.1016/S1096-4959(03)00088-5 Takahashi, 2005, Hym-301, a novel peptide, regulates the number of tentacles formed in hydra, Development, 132, 2225, 10.1242/dev.01792 Thurm, 2004, Mechanoreception and synaptic transmission of hydrozoan nematocytes, Hydrobiologia, 530/531, 97, 10.1007/s10750-004-2679-z Tino, 2005, Inhibitory ligand-gated channels in the primitive organism Hydra vulgaris, 4 Trembley, 1744 Umbriaco, 1990, Serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the cnidarian Renilla koellikeri, J. Comp. Neurol., 291, 167, 10.1002/cne.902910202 Van Marle, 1977, Contribution to the knowledge of the nervous system in the tentacles of some coelenterates, Bijdr. Dierk., 46, 219, 10.1163/26660644-04602010 Van Marle, 1983, Properties of a catecholaminergic system in some coelenterates. A histochemical and autoradiographic study, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 76 C, 193 Venturini, 1992, Dopaminergic receptors in Hydra. Pharmacological and biochemical observations, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 102 C, 39 Venturini, 1984, Aminergic neurotransmitters and adenylate cyclase in Hydra, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., 78 C, 345 Westfall, 1970, Ultrastructure of synapses in a primitive coelenterate, J. Ultrastruct. Res., 32, 237, 10.1016/S0022-5320(70)80004-1 Westfall, 1970, Synapses in a sea anemone, Metridium (Anthozoa), vol. 3, 717 Westfall, 1973, Ultrastructural evidence for neuromuscular systems in coelenterates, Am. Zool., 13, 237, 10.1093/icb/13.2.237 Westfall, 1973, Ultrastructural evidence for a granule-containing sensory-motor-interneuron in Hydra littoralis, J. Ultrastruct. Res., 42, 268, 10.1016/S0022-5320(73)90055-5 Westfall, 1996, Ultrastructure of synapses in the first-evolved nervous systems, J. Neurocytol., 25, 735, 10.1007/BF02284838 Westfall, 2004, Neural pathways and innervation of cnidocytes in tentacles of sea anemones, Hydrobiologia, 530/531, 117, 10.1007/s10750-004-2678-0 Westfall, 1993, Antho-RFamide immunoreactivity in neuronal synaptic and nonsynaptic vesicles of sea anemones, Biol. Bull., 185, 109, 10.2307/1542134 Westfall, 1971, Ultrastructural evidence of polarized synapses in the nerve net of Hydra, J. Cell Biol., 51, 318, 10.1083/jcb.51.1.318 Westfall, 1995, Ultrastructural localization of Antho-RWamides I and II at neuromuscular synapses in the gastrodermis and oral sphincter muscle of the sea anemone Calliactis parasitica, Biol. Bull., 189, 280, 10.2307/1542145 Westfall, 1999, Ultrastructure of neuro-spirocyte synapses in the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Zoantharia), J. Morph., 241, 165, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(199908)241:2<165::AID-JMOR6>3.0.CO;2-6 Westfall, 2000, Immunocytochemical evidence for biogenic amines and immunogold labeling of serotonergic synapses in tentacles of Aiptasia pallida (Cnidaria, Anthozoa), Invert. Biol., 119, 370, 10.1111/j.1744-7410.2000.tb00105.x Westfall, 2002, Ultrastructural evidence for two-cell and three-cell neural pathways in the tentacle epidermis of the sea anemone Aiptasia pallida, J. Morph., 251, 83, 10.1002/jmor.1075 Williamson, 2000, Genomic organization and splicing variants of the peptidylglycine ά-hydroxylating monooxygenase from sea anemones, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 277, 7, 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3629 Wood, 1963, Identification of and observations on epinephrine and norepinephrine containing cells in the adrenal medulla, Am. J. Anat., 112, 285, 10.1002/aja.1001120302 Wood, 1965, Histochemical demonstration of norepinephrine at a fine structural level, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 12, 197, 10.1177/12.3.197 Wood, 1964, Histochemical localization of amines in Hydra and in the sea anemone, Nature, 201, 88, 10.1038/201088b0 Yum, 1998, The structure and expression of a preprohormone of a neuropeptide, Hym-176 in Hydra magnipapillata, FEBS Lett., 439, 31, 10.1016/S0014-5793(98)01314-3 Yum, 1998, A novel neuropeptide, Hym-176, induces contraction of the ectodermal muscle in Hydra, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 248, 584, 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8831