Clinical characteristics associated with the severity of Clostridium [Clostridioides] difficile infection in a tertiary teaching hospital from Mexico

Lessa, 2015, Burden of Clostridium difficile infection in the United States, N Engl J Med, 372, 825, 10.1056/NEJMoa1408913 Sun, 2015, The roles of host and pathogen factors and the innate immune response in the pathogenesis of Clostridium difficile infection, Mol Immunol, 63, 193, 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.09.005 Cohen, 2010, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 31, 431, 10.1086/651706 Balassiano, 2012, Clostridium difficile: a problem of concern in developed countries and still a mystery in Latin America, J Med Microbiol, 61, 169, 10.1099/jmm.0.037077-0 Marcon, 2006, Nosocomial diarrhea in the intensive care unit, Braz J Infect Dis, 10, 384, 10.1590/S1413-86702006000600005 Legaria, 2003, Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea from a general hospital in Argentina, Anaerobe, 9, 113, 10.1016/S1075-9964(03)00088-X Fernandez Canigia, 2001, Clostridium difficile diarrhea: frequency of detection in a medical center in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Rev Argent Microbiol, 33, 101 Herrera, 2003, High incidence and complications of Clostridium difficile diarrhea among patients with renal diseases, Rev Med Chil, 131, 397 Garcia, 2007, Clostridium difficile and cytomegalovirus involved in a case of pseudomembranous colitis, Rev Gastroenterol Peru, 27, 408 Surawicz, 2013, Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Clostridium difficile infections, Am J Gastroenterol, 108, 478, 10.1038/ajg.2013.4 Kyne, 2001, Clostridium difficile, Gastroenterol Clin N Am, 30, 753, 10.1016/S0889-8553(05)70209-0 Pepin, 2005, Emergence of fluoroquinolones as the predominant risk factor for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: a cohort study during an epidemic in Quebec, Clin Infect Dis, 41, 1254, 10.1086/496986 Sailhamer, 2009, Fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis: patterns of care and predictors of mortality, Arch Surg, 144, 433, 10.1001/archsurg.2009.51 Linsky, 2010, Proton pump inhibitors and risk for recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, Arch Intern Med, 170, 772, 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.73 Welfare, 2011, Co-morbidities as predictors of mortality in Clostridium difficile infection and derivation of the ARC predictive score, J Hosp Infect, 79, 359, 10.1016/j.jhin.2011.08.015 Reacher, 2016, Excess mortality attributable to Clostridium difficile and risk factors for infection in an historic cohort of hospitalised patients followed up in the United Kingdom death register, PloS One, 11, 10.1371/journal.pone.0149983 Camacho-Ortiz, 2015, First report of Clostridium difficile NAP1/027 in a Mexican hospital, PloS One, 10 Morfin-Otero, 2016, Hospital Civil de Guadalajara FAACdT. Clostridium difficile outbreak caused by NAP1/BI/027 strain and non-027 strains in a Mexican hospital, Braz J Infect Dis, 20, 8, 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.09.008 Abou Chakra, 2014, Risk factors for recurrence, complications and mortality in Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review, PloS One, 9, 10.1371/journal.pone.0098400 Pepin, 2004, Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a region of Quebec from 1991 to 2003: a changing pattern of disease severity, CMAJ, 171, 466, 10.1503/cmaj.1041104 Lessa, 2015, Emerging infections program CdST. Burden of Clostridium difficile infection in the United States, N Engl J Med, 372, 2369, 10.1056/NEJMoa1408913 Camacho-Ortiz, 2009, Factors associated with Clostridium difficile disease in a tertiary-care medical institution in Mexico: a case-control study, Rev Invest Clin, 61, 371 Lopez-Urena, 2014, Spread of epidemic Clostridium difficile NAP1/027 in Latin America: case reports in Panama, J Med Microbiol, 63, 322, 10.1099/jmm.0.066399-0 Michalopoulos, 2005, Colistin treatment in patients with ICU-acquired infections caused by multiresistant Gram-negative bacteria: the renaissance of an old antibiotic, Clin Microbiol Infect, 11, 115, 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2004.01043.x Paul, 2010, Effectiveness and safety of colistin: prospective comparative cohort study, J Antimicrob Chemother, 65, 1019, 10.1093/jac/dkq069 Garnacho-Montero, 2003, Treatment of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneu-monia (VAP) with intravenous colistin: a comparison with mipenem-susceptible VAP, Clin Infect Dis, 36, 1111, 10.1086/374337 van Werkhoven, 2015, Identification of patients at high risk for Clostridium difficile infection: development and validation of a risk prediction model in hospitalized patients treated with antibiotics, Clin Microbiol Infect, 21, 786, 10.1016/j.cmi.2015.04.005 Pancholi, 2012, Detection of toxigenic Clostridium difficile: comparison of the cell culture neutralization, Xpert C. difficile, Xpert C. difficile/Epi, and Illumigene C. difficile assays, J Clin Microbiol, 50, 1331, 10.1128/JCM.06597-11