Clinical applications of proton and carbon ion therapy

Delaney, 2005, The role of radiotherapy in cancer treatment, Cancer, 104, 1129, 10.1002/cncr.21324 Baumann, 2016, Radiation oncology in the era of precision medicine, Nat Rev Cancer, 16, 234, 10.1038/nrc.2016.18 Wilson, 1946, Radiological use of fast protons, Radiology, 47, 487, 10.1148/47.5.487 Particle Therapy Co-Operative Group. PTC-OG Website. Available athttp://www.ptcog.ch/. (Particle therapy facilities in clinical operation; last update: March 2019). Suit, 2010, Proton vs carbon ion beams in the definitive radiation treatment of cancer patients, Radiother Oncol, 95, 3, 10.1016/j.radonc.2010.01.015 Durante, 2010, Charged particles in radiation oncology, Nat Rev Clin Oncol, 7, 37, 10.1038/nrclinonc.2009.183 Schulz-Ertner, 2007, Particle radiation therapy using proton and heavier ion beams, J Clin Oncol, 25, 953, 10.1200/JCO.2006.09.7816 Dokic, 2016, Next generation multi-scale biophysical characterization of high precision cancer particle radiotherapy using clinical proton, helium-, carbon- and oxygen ion beams, Oncotarget, 7, 56676, 10.18632/oncotarget.10996 Chiblak, 2016, Radiosensitivity of patient-derived glioma stem cell 3-dimensional cultures to photon, proton, and carbon irradiation, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 95, 112, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.06.015 Peschke, 2011, Relative biological effectiveness of carbon ions for local tumor control of a radioresistant prostate carcinoma in the rat, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 79, 239, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2010.07.1976 Debus, 2014, For the next trick: new discoveries in radiobiology applied to glioblastoma, Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book, e95, 10.14694/EdBook_AM.2014.34.e95 Karger, 2006, Radiation tolerance of the rat spinal cord after 6 and 18 fractions of photons and carbon ions: experimental results and clinical implications, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 66, 1488, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.08.045 Robbins, 1991, The relative biological effectiveness of fractionated doses of fast neutrons (42 MeVd—-Be) for normal tissues in the pig. IV. Effects on renal function, Br J Radiol, 64, 823, 10.1259/0007-1285-64-765-823 Ando, 2005, Biological gain of carbon-ion radiotherapy for the early response of tumor growth delay and against early response of skin reaction in mice, J Radiat Res, 46, 51, 10.1269/jrr.46.51 Denekamp, 1997, Predicting realistic RBE values for clinically relevant radiotherapy schedules, Int J Radiat Biol, 71, 681, 10.1080/095530097143699 Akbaba, 2019, Carbon-ion radiotherapy in accelerated hypofractionated active raster-scanning technique for malignant lacrimal gland tumors: feasibility and safety, Cancer Manag Res, 11, 1155, 10.2147/CMAR.S190051 Zou, 2018, Prognostic factors in skull base chordoma: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis, World Neurosurg, 109, 307, 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.10.010 Takagi, 2018, Treatment outcomes of proton or carbon ion therapy for skull base chordoma: a retrospective study, Radiat Oncol, 13, 232, 10.1186/s13014-018-1173-0 Munzenrider, 1999, Proton therapy for tumors of the skull base, Strahlenther Onkol, 175, 57, 10.1007/BF03038890 Fung, 2018, Proton beam therapy for skull base chordomas in 106 patients: a dose adaptive radiation protocol, Radiother Oncol, 128, 198, 10.1016/j.radonc.2017.12.017 Uhl, 2014, Highly effective treatment of skull base chordoma with carbon ion irradiation using a raster scan technique in 155 patients: first long-term results, J Cancer, 120, 3410, 10.1002/cncr.28877 Nikoghosyan, 2010, Randomised trial of proton vs. carbon ion radiation therapy in patients with chordoma of the skull base, clinical phase III study HIT-1-Study, BMC Cancer, 10, 607, 10.1186/1471-2407-10-607 Chen, 2013, Definitive high-dose photon/proton radiotherapy for unresected mobile spine and sacral chordomas, Spine, 38, E930, 10.1097/BRS.0b013e318296e7d7 Imai, 2016, Working group for bone and soft tissue sarcomas. Carbon ion radiation therapy for unresectable sacral chordoma: an analysis of 188 cases, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 95, 322, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.02.012 Uhl, 2015, Carbon ion beam treatment in patients with primary and recurrent sacrococcygeal chordoma, Strahlenther Onkol, 191, 597, 10.1007/s00066-015-0825-3 Uhl, 2014, Randomized phase II trial of hypofractionated proton versus carbon ion radiation therapy in patients with sacrococcygeal chordoma-the ISAC trial protocol, Radiat Oncol, 9, 100, 10.1186/1748-717X-9-100 Mima, 2014, Particle therapy using carbon ions or protons as a definitive therapy for patients with primary sacral chordoma, Br J Radiol, 87, 10.1259/bjr.20130512 Palm, 2019, The role of dose escalation and proton therapy in perioperative or definitive treatment of chondrosarcoma and chordoma: an analysis of the national cancer data base, Cancer, 125, 642, 10.1002/cncr.31958 Weber, 2016, Long-term outcomes and prognostic factors of skull-base chondrosarcoma patients treated with pencil-beam scanning proton therapy at the Paul Scherrer Institute, Neuro Oncol, 18, 236, 10.1093/neuonc/nov154 Simon, 2018, Surgery and protontherapy in Grade I and II skull base chondrosarcoma: a comparative retrospective study, PLoS One, 13, 10.1371/journal.pone.0208786 Mattke, 2018, High control rates of proton- and carbon-ion-beam treatment with intensity-modulated active raster scanning in 101 patients with skull base chondrosarcoma at the Heidelberg Ion Beam Therapy Center, Cancer, 124, 2036, 10.1002/cncr.31298 Nikoghosyan, 2010, Randomised trial of proton vs. carbon ion radiation therapy in patients with low and intermediate grade chondrosarcoma of the skull base, clinical phase III study, BMC Cancer, 10, 606, 10.1186/1471-2407-10-606 Holtzman, 2019, Proton therapy for skull-base chondrosarcoma, a single-institution outcomes study, J Neurooncol, 10.1007/s11060-019-03129-8 Condra, 1997, Benign meningiomas: primary treatment selection affects survival, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 39, 427, 10.1016/S0360-3016(97)00317-9 Di Maio, 2012, Evolution and future of skull base surgery: the paradigm of skull base meningiomas, World Neurosurg, 78, 260, 10.1016/j.wneu.2011.09.004 Debus, 2001, High efficacy of fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy of large base-of-skull meningiomas: long-term results, J Clin Oncol, 19, 3547, 10.1200/JCO.2001.19.15.3547 Vlachogiannis, 2017, Hypofractionated high-energy proton-beam irradiation is an alternative treatment for WHO grade I meningiomas, Acta Neurochir, 159, 2391, 10.1007/s00701-017-3352-4 Murray, 2017, Long-term clinical outcomes of pencil beam scanning proton therapy for benign and non-benign intracranial meningiomas, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 99, 1190, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.08.005 El Shafie, 2018, Evaluation of particle radiotherapy for the re-irradiation of recurrent intracranial meningioma, Radiat Oncol, 13, 86, 10.1186/s13014-018-1026-x Combs, 2010, Treatment of patients with atypical meningiomas Simpson grade 4 and 5 with a carbon ion boost in combination with postoperative photon radiotherapy: the MARCIE trial, BMC Cancer, 10, 615, 10.1186/1471-2407-10-615 El Shafie, 2018, Clinical outcome after particle therapy for meningiomas of the skull base: toxicity and local control in patients treated with active rasterscanning, Radiat Oncol, 13, 54, 10.1186/s13014-018-1002-5 Marchiò, 2010, Adenoid cystic carcinomas of the breast and salivary glands (or ‘The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ of exocrine gland carcinomas), J Clin Pathol, 63, 220, 10.1136/jcp.2009.073908 Chen, 2006, Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck treated by surgery with or without postoperative radiation therapy: prognostic features of recurrence, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 66, 152, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.04.014 Schulz-Ertner, 2005, Therapy strategies for locally advanced adenoid cystic carcinomas using modern radiation therapy techniques, Cancer, 104, 338, 10.1002/cncr.21158 Jensen, 2015, Combined intensity-modulated radiotherapy plus raster-scanned carbon ion boost for advanced adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck results in superior locoregional control and overall survival, Cancer, 121, 3001, 10.1002/cncr.29443 Koto, 2016, Evaluation of the safety and efficacy of carbon ion radiotherapy for locally advanced adenoid cystic carcinoma of the tongue base, Head Neck, 38, E2122, 10.1002/hed.24397 Jensen, 2016, High-LET radiotherapy for adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck: 15 years’ experience with raster-scanned carbon ion therapy, Radiother Oncol, 118, 272, 10.1016/j.radonc.2015.05.010 Sulaiman, 2018, Multicenter study of carbon-ion radiation therapy for adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck: subanalysis of the Japan carbon-ion radiation oncology study group (J-CROS) study (1402 HN), Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 100, 639, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.11.010 Jensen, 2015, Re-irradiation of adenoid cystic carcinoma: analysis and evaluation of outcome in 52 consecutive patients treated with raster-scanned carbon ion therapy, Radiother Oncol, 114, 182, 10.1016/j.radonc.2015.01.002 Lee, 2007, Salvage re-irradiation for recurrent head and neck cancer, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 68, 731, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2006.12.055 Romesser, 2016, Proton beam reirradiation for recurrent head and neck cancer: multi-institutional report on feasibility and early outcomes, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 95, 386, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.02.036 McDonald, 2016, Reirradiation of recurrent and second primary head and neck cancer with proton therapy, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 96, 808, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.07.037 Gao, 2019, Salvage carbon-ion radiation therapy for locoregionally recurrent head and neck malignancies, Sci Rep, 9, 4259, 10.1038/s41598-019-39241-y Harrabi, 2016, Dosimetric advantages of proton therapy over conventional radiotherapy with photons in young patients and adults with low-grade glioma, Strahlenther Onkol, 192, 759, 10.1007/s00066-016-1005-9 Indelicato, 2019, Outcomes following proton therapy for pediatric low-grade glioma, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 104, 149, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2019.01.078 Yock, 2014, Quality of life outcomes in proton and photon treated pediatric brain tumor survivors, Radiother Oncol, 113, 89, 10.1016/j.radonc.2014.08.017 Sakthivel, 2019, Second malignant neoplasm risk after craniospinal irradiation in X-ray-based techniques compared to proton therapy, Australas Phys Eng Sci Med, 10.1007/s13246-019-00731-y Hamdy, 2016, 10-year outcomes after monitoring, surgery, or radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer, N Engl J Med, 375, 1415, 10.1056/NEJMoa1606220 Zietman, 2010, Randomized trial comparing conventional-dose with high-dose conformal radiation therapy in early-stageadenocarcinoma of the prostate: long-term results from proton radiation oncology group/American college of radiology 95-09, J Clin Oncol, 28, 1106, 10.1200/JCO.2009.25.8475 Slater, 2004, Proton therapy for prostate cancer: the initial Loma Linda University experience, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 59, 348, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2003.10.011 Mayahara, 2007, Acute morbidity of proton therapy for prostate cancer: the Hyogo ion beam medical center experience, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 69, 434, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.03.009 Takagi, 2017, Long-term outcomes in patients treated with proton therapy for localized prostate cancer, Cancer Med, 6, 2234, 10.1002/cam4.1159 Habl, 2014, Ion prostate irradiation (IPI)—a pilot study to establish the safety and feasibility of primary hypofractionated irradiation of the prostate with protons and carbon ions in a raster scan technique, BMC Cancer, 14, 202, 10.1186/1471-2407-14-202 Habl, 2016, Acute toxicity and quality of life in patients with prostate cancer treated with protons or carbon ions in a prospective randomized phase II study-the IPI trial, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 95, 435, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.02.025 Mohamad, 2019, Risk of subsequent primary cancers after carbon ionradiotherapy, photon radiotherapy, or surgery for localisedprostate cancer: a propensity score-weighted, retrospective, cohort study, Lancet Oncol, 20, 674, 10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30931-8 Mizoe, 2009, Carbon ion radiotherapy for skull base chordoma, Skull Base, 19, 219, 10.1055/s-0028-1114295