Climatic perspectives on Sahelian desiccation: 1973–1998

Agnew, 1989, Spatial aspects of drought in the Sahel, Journal of Arid Environments, 18, 279, 10.1016/S0140-1963(18)30838-3 Brooks, N., Hulme, M., 2001. 1000 years of rainfall variability in the Sahel: an evaluation of a long climate model simulation against observational data. The Holocene, submitted for publication. Bunting, 1976, Rainfall trends in the West African Sahel, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 102, 59, 10.1002/qj.49710243105 Chang, 1997, A decadal climate variation in the tropical Atlantic Ocean from thermodynamic air–sea interactions, Nature, 385, 516, 10.1038/385516a0 Charney, 1975, Dynamics of deserts and drought in the Sahel, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 101, 193, 10.1002/qj.49710142802 Charney, 1975, Drought in the Sahara, Science, 187, 434, 10.1126/science.187.4175.434 Cunnington, 1986, Simulations of the Saharan atmosphere, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 112, 971 Druyan, 1991, Modelling the differential impact of 1984 and 1950 sea-surface temperatures on Sahel rainfall, International Journal of Climatology, 11, 367, 10.1002/joc.3370110403 Edmunds, 1999, Lakes, groundwater and palaeohydrology in the Sahel of NE Nigeria, Journal of Geological Society, 156, 345, 10.1144/gsjgs.156.2.0345 Faure, 1981, Will the Sahelian drought end in 1985?, Nature, 291, 475, 10.1038/291475a0 Folland, 1991, Prediction of seasonal rainfall in the Sahel region using empirical and dynamical methods, Journal of Forecasting, 10, 21, 10.1002/for.3980100104 Hulme, 1994, Validation of large-scale precipitation fields in General Circulation Models, 387 Hulme, M., Kelly, P.M., 1993. Exploring the linkages between climate change and desertification. Environment 35, 4–11, 39–45. Hulme, 1992, Seasonal rainfall forecasting for Africa. Part II, International Journal of Environmental Studies (A), 40, 103, 10.1080/00207239208710720 Hulme, M., Doherty, R.M., Ngara, T., New, M.G., Lister, D., 2000. African climate change: 1900–2100. Climate Research, in press. IPCC 1990. In: Houghton, J.T., Jenkins, G.J., Ephraums, J.J., (Eds.), Climate Change: the IPCC Scientific Assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 364pp. Johns, 1997, The second Hadley Centre coupled ocean–atmosphere GCM, Climate Dynamics, 13, 103, 10.1007/s003820050155 Jolly, 1998, Simulated climate and biomes of Africa during the Late Quaternary, Quaternary Science Reviews, 17, 629, 10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00015-8 Knox, A., 1911. The Climate of the Continent of Africa. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 552pp. Lamb, H.H., 1977. Some comments on the drought in recent years in the Sahel–Ethiopian zone of North Africa. In: Dalby, D., Harrison-Church, R.J., Bazzaz, F., (Eds.), Drought in Africa 2. SOAS, London, pp. 33–37. Middleton, N.J., Thomas, D.S.G., (Eds.), 1997. World Atlas of Desertification, 2nd Edition. Arnold, London, 182pp. Mortimore, 1989 Mortimore, M.J., Adams, W.M., 1999. Working the Sahel. Routledge, London, UK, 224pp. Nicholson, 1982 Nicholson, 1988, Land surface–atmosphere interaction, Progress in Physical Geography, 12, 36, 10.1177/030913338801200102 Nicholson, 1997, The relationship of the El Niño-Southern oscillation to African rainfall, International Journal of Climatology, 17, 117, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(199702)17:2<117::AID-JOC84>3.0.CO;2-O Nicholson, 1998, Desertification, drought and surface vegetation, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 79, 815, 10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0815:DDASVA>2.0.CO;2 NOAA 1999. An experiment in the application of climate forecasts: NOAA-OGP activities related to the 1997–98 El Niño event. OGP/NOAA/US Department of Commerce, Washington DC, USA, 134pp. Otterman, 1974, Baring high-albedo soils by overgrazing, Science, 186, 531, 10.1126/science.186.4163.531 Palmer, 1986, Influence of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans on Sahel rainfall, Nature, 322, 251, 10.1038/322251a0 Pearce, D., 1991. A sea change in the Sahel. New Scientist February, 30–31. Rowell, 1996, Response to comments by Sud and Lau, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 122, 1007, 10.1256/smsqj.53212 Rowell, 1995, Variability of summer rainfall over tropical North Africa (1906–92), Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 121, 669 Street-Perrott, 1990, Abrupt climate fluctuations in the tropics, Nature, 343, 607, 10.1038/343607a0 Sud, 1982, A study of the influence of surface albedo on July circulation in semi-arid regions using the GLAS GCM, Journal of Climatology, 2, 105, 10.1002/joc.3370020202 Sud, 1996, Comments on paper “Variability of summer rainfall over tropical North Africa (1906–1992), Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 122, 1001, 10.1002/qj.49712253212 Sutcliffe, 1989, The Sudan floods of 1988, Hydrological Sciences Journal, 34, 355, 10.1080/02626668909491339 Tarhule, 1997, Towards an interpretation of historical droughts in northern Nigeria, Climatic Change, 37, 601, 10.1023/A:1005319723995 Tegen, 1995, Contribution to the atmospheric mineral aerosol load from surface land modification, Journal of Geophysical Research, 100, 18707, 10.1029/95JD02051 Ward, 1998, Diagnosis and short-lead time prediction of summer rainfall in tropical North Africa at interannual and multidecadal timescales, Journal of Climate, 11, 3167, 10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<3167:DASLTP>2.0.CO;2 Warren, 1995, Changing understandings of African pastoralism and the nature of environmental paradigms, Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 20, 193, 10.2307/622431 Washington, 1999, Seasonal forecasting of African rainfall, Geographical Journal, 165, 255, 10.2307/3060442 World Bank, 1996. Toward Environmentally Sustainable Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Bank, Washington DC, USA, 140pp. Winstanley, 1985, Africa in drought—a change of climate?, Weatherwise, 38, 74, 10.1080/00431672.1985.9933288 Xue, 1997, Biosphere feedback on regional climate in tropical North Africa, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 123, 1483, 10.1002/qj.49712354203 Xue, 1998, Model simulation of the influence of global SST anomalies on Sahel rainfall, Monthly Weather Review, 126, 2782, 10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<2782:MSOTIO>2.0.CO;2