Classification of torbanite and cannel coal

American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM), 1987. Annual Book of ASTM Standards: Part 26: Gaseous Fuels; Coal and Coke; Atmospheric Analysis. ASTM, Philadelphia. Bertrand, 1892, Pila bibractensis et le boghead d'Autun, Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun Bull., 5, 159 Bertrand, 1893, Reinschia australis et premières remarques sur la kerosene shale de la nouvelle-galles du sud, Soc. Hist. Nat. Autun Bull., 6, 321 Blackburn, K.B., Temperley, B.N., 1936. Botryococcus and the algal coals. Part I: A reinvestigation of the alga Botryococcus Braunii Küzing; Part II: Boghead controversy and the morphology of the boghead algae. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh 58(3), 841–854, 855–870. Burgess, 1974, Microscopic examination of kerogen (dispersed organic matter) in petroleum exploration, Geol. Soc. Am. Special Paper, 153, 69 Cane, 1971, The phytochemical history of torbanites, J. Proc. R. Soc. New South Wales, 104, 31 Cook, 1991, Classification of oil shales, coals and other organic-rich rocks, Org. Geochem., 17, 211, 10.1016/0146-6380(91)90079-Y Crelling, 1988, Separation and characterization of coal macerals including pseudovitrinite, Ironmaking Proc. AIME, 43, 351 Crelling, 1989, Separation and characterization of coal macerals: Accomplishments and future possibilities, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr., 34, 249 Crelling, 1994, Targeting single coal macerals with density gradient centrifugation experiments, Am. Chem. Soc. Div. Fuel Chem. Prepr., 39, 13 Dulhunty, J.A., 1951. Occurrence and origin of Australian torbanite. Oil Shale and Cannel Coal, 2, Institute of Petroleum, London, pp. 155–161. Dyrkacz, 1982, Separation of coal macerals, Fuel, 61, 3, 10.1016/0016-2361(82)90285-X Dyrkacz, 1984, High-resolution density variations of coal macerals, Fuel, 63, 1367, 10.1016/0016-2361(84)90339-9 Gentzis, 1991, Petrology, deposition environment and utilization potential of Devonian cannel coals from Melville Island, Canadian Arctic Islands, Bull. Soc. Geol. Fr., 162, 239 Given, 1985, A multi- faceted study of a Cretaceous coal with algal affinities: I. Provenance of the coal samples and basic compositional data, Int. J. Coal Geol., 5, 247, 10.1016/0166-5162(85)90027-8 Goodarzi, 1990, Nature and depositional environment of Devonian coals from western Melville Island, Arctic Canada, Int. J. Coal Geol., 14, 175, 10.1016/0166-5162(90)90002-G Han, Z., 1995. Organic geochemistry and petrology of torbanite, cannel coal and their constituent macerals. PhD thesis, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 235 p. Han, Z., Crelling, J.C., 1993. Observations on the petrographic composition of cannel and boghead coals. Proc. 7th Int. Conf. on Coal Sci., Banff, Alberta, Canada, 1, 144–147. Han, 1995, Organic geochemical characterization of the density fractions from a Permian torbanite, Org. Geochem., 22, 39, 10.1016/0146-6380(95)90007-1 Hook, 1988, Petrography and taphonomic significance of the vertebrate-bearing cannel coal of Linton, OH (Westphalian D, Upper Carboniferous), J. Sediment. Petrol., 58, 72 Hower, 1989, Petrology of liquefaction residues from the Breckinridge cannel, western Kentucky, Org. Geochem., 14, 299, 10.1016/0146-6380(89)90057-0 Hower, J.C., Taulbee, D.N., Poole, C., Kuehn, D.W., 1986. Petrology and Geochemistry of the Breckinridge seam—A torbanite from western Kentucky. 1986 Eastern Oil Shale Symp. Proc., pp. 267–280. Hutton, 1987, Petrographic classification of oil shales, Int. J. Coal Geol., 8, 203, 10.1016/0166-5162(87)90032-2 Hutton, 1980, Influence of alginite on the reflectance of vitrinite from Joadja, NSW, and some other coals and oil shales containing alginite, Fuel, 59, 711, 10.1016/0016-2361(80)90025-3 Kalkreuth, W.D., Macauley, G., 1986. The organic petrology and geochemistry of Carboniferous oil shales from Eastern Canada. 1986 Eastern Oil Shale Symp. Proc., pp. 257–265. Kruge, M.A., Bensley, D.F., 1994. Flash pyrolysis—gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of Lower Kittanning vitrinites: changes in the distributions of polyaromatic hydrocarbons as a function of coal rank, in: Mukhophadyay, P.K., Dow, W.G. (Eds.), Vitrinite Reflectance as a Maturity Parameter: Applications and Limitations. American Chemical Society Symposium Series 570, pp. 136–148. Largeau, 1984, Formation of Botryococcus-derived kerogens—Comparative study of immature torbanites and of the extant alga Botryococcus braunii, Org. Geochem., 6, 327, 10.1016/0146-6380(84)90054-8 Lo, 1993, Correction criteria for the suppression of vitrinite reflectance in hydrogen-rich kerogens: preliminary guidelines, Org. Geochem., 20, 653, 10.1016/0146-6380(93)90051-C Maxwell, 1968, The Botryococcenes—hydrocarbons of novel structure from the alga Botryococcus braunii, Kützing. Phytochem., 7, 2157, 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)85672-1 Mukhopadhyay, 1985, Characterization of kerogens as seen under the aspects of maturation and hydrocarbon generation, Erdol Kohle, Erdgas, Petrochem., 38, 7 Peters, 1986, Guidelines for evaluating petroleum source rock using programmed pyrolysis, AAPG Bull., 70, 318 Püttmann, 1989, Comparison of hydrocarbon compositions in a sequence of humic coals, cannel coals and oil shales from the Pictou coalfield, Nova Scotia, Atlantic Geol., 25, 93 Senftle, 1987, Refinement of organic petrographic methods for kerogen characterization, Int. J. Coal Geol., 7, 105, 10.1016/0166-5162(87)90015-2 Stach, E., Mackowsky, M.-Th., Teichmüller, M., Taylor, G.F., Chandra, G., Teichmüller, R., 1982. Stach's Textbook of Coal Petrology, 2nd edn. Gebruder Borntraeger, Berlin, 535 pp. Stankiewicz, 1994, Density gradient centrifugation: application to the separation of macerals of Type I, II, and III sedimentary organic matter, Energy Fuels, 8, 1521, 10.1021/ef00048a042 Stankiewicz, 1996, Geochemistry of the alginite and amorphous organic matter from Type II-S kerogens, Org. Geochem., 24, 495, 10.1016/0146-6380(96)00048-4 Taulbee, 1991, Examination of micrinite concentrates from the Cannel City coal bed of eastern Kentucky: proposed mechanism of formation, Org. Geochem., 17, 557, 10.1016/0146-6380(91)90118-4 Teichmüller, 1974, Über neue Macerale der Liptinit-Gruppe und der Entstehung von Micrinit, Fortschr. Geol. Rheinld. Westfal., 24, 37 Teichmüller, 1977, Art und Diagenese von Liptiniten und lipoiden Stoffen in einem Erdolmuttergestein auf Grund fluoreszenzmikroskopischer Untersuchungen, Erdol u. Kohle, 30, 387 Thiessen, 1925, Origin of the boghead coals, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof. Papers, 132-I, 121 Thompson-Rizer, 1986, Optical characteristics of amorphous kerogens and the hydrocarbon-generating potential of source rocks, Int. J. Coal Geol., 6, 229, 10.1016/0166-5162(86)90003-0 Winans, R.E., Crelling, J.C., 1984. Chemistry and characterization of coal macerals: overview, in: Winans, R.E., Crelling, J.C. (Eds.), Chemistry and Characterization of Coal Macerals, Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. 252, pp. 1–20. Zalessky, 1914, On the nature of Pila, the yellow bodies of boghead, and on sapropel of the Ala-Kool of Lake Balkhash, Bull. Com. Geol. (St. Petersburg), 33, 495