Classification and the relations of meaning
Tóm tắt
This paper intends to demonstrate the parallels between a qualitative methodology, component analysis, which is predominantly used in cognitive anthropology and linguistics, and the quantitative explorative method-cluster analysis. Social identities and their related structural categories serve as examples of the method. In the methodology and logic involved in the categorization of meaning, abstraction is the key difference between connotative and structural meaning. Abstraction and the identification of higher order categories in cluster analysis are compatible with the extraction of structural meaning from the semantic differential ratings of the affective meanings of identities. The dichotomy of exclusion and inclusion is the most relevant relation for the qualitative analysis of meaning and can be mathematically operationalized by Euclidean squared distance in k-means cluster analysis.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Bailey, K. D. (1975). Cluster analysis. In: David R. Heise (ed.), Sociological Methodology 1975. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, pp. 59–128.
Burke, P. (1980). The self: Measurement requirements from an interactionist perspective. Social Psychology Quarterly 43: 18–30.
Burt, R. S. (1988). Some properties of structural equivalence measures derived from sociometric data. Social Networks 10: 1–28.
Callero, P. L. (1994). From role-playing to role-using: A modified measure of social identity. Social Psychology Quarterly 57: 228–243.
Cooley, C. H. (1922). Human Nature and the Social Order. New York: Scribner.
Cronbach, L. J. & Gleser, G. C. (1952). Similarity between Persons and Related Problems of Profile Analysis. Urbana: University of Illinois, Bureau of Research and Service, College of Education.
Darendorf, R. (1965). Homo Sociologicus. 15th edn. Köln: Opladen.
Everitt, B. S. (1993). Cluster Analysis. 3rd edn. New York: Halsted Press.
Goodenough, W. H. (1956). Componential analysis and the study of meaning. Language 32: 195–216.
Goodenough, W. H. (1981). Culture, Language and Society. 2nd edn. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin Cummings.
Hartigan, J. A. (1975). Clustering Algorithms. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Heise, D. R. (2001). Project magellan: Collecting cross-cultural affective meanings via the internet. Electronic Journal of Sociology 5(3).
Heise, D. (1987). Affect control theory: Concepts and model. Journal of Mathematical Sociology 13: 1–33.
Heise, D. (2000). Affect control theory and impression formation. E. Borgatta & M. Borgatta (eds.), Encyclopedia of Sociology, 2nd edn. New York: Macmillan.
Howard, J. A. (1994). A Social Cognitive Conception of Social Structure. Social Psychology Quarterly 57: 210–227.
Kemper, T. D. & Collins, R. (1990). Dimensions of microinteraction. American Journal of Sociology 96: 32–68.
Legendre, P. & Legendre, L. (1998). Numerical Ecology. 2nd English edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
McLachan, G. J. (1992). The Use of Cluster Analysis and Related Techniques in Medicine. Statistical Methods in Medical Research 1: 27–48.
Mead, H. (1934). In: Charles W. Morris (ed.), Mind, Self and Society from the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Nicholas, J. & Sibson, R. (1971). Mathematical Taxonomy. New York: Wiley.
Nida, E. A. (1975). Componential Analysis of Meaning. Paris: Mouton & Co.
Norušis, M. J. (1993). SPSS Base System User’s Guide. Chicago, IL: SPSS Inc.
Osgood, C. E. (1960). The cross-cultural generality of visual-verbal synesthetic tendencies. Behavioral Science 5: 146–169. Reprinted in: Charles E. Osgood and O.C.S. Tzeng (eds.), The Selected Papers of C.E. Osgood. New York: Centennial Psychology Series 1992, pp. 203–234.
Osgood, C. E. (1962). Studies of the generality of affective meaning systems. American Psychologist 17: 10–28.
Osgood, C. E., May, W. H. & Miron M. S. (1975). Cross-Cultural Universals in Affective Meaning:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Ridgeway, C. L. & Walker, H. A. (1994). Status Structures. In Karen S. Cook, Gary A. Fine & James S. House (eds.), Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Schneider, A. (1996). Sexual-erotic emotions in the U.S. in cross-cultural comparison. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 16: 123–143.
Schneider, A. (1999a). US neo-conservatism: Cohort and cross-cultural perspective. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 19: 56–86.
Schneider, A. (1999b). The violent character of sexual- eroticism in cross-cultural comparison. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy l8: 81–100.
Schneider, A. (1999c). Emergent clusters of denotative meaning. Electronic Journal of Sociology 4: 2.
Schneider, A. (2002). Computer simulation of behavior prescriptions in multi-cultural corporations. Organization Studies 23: 105–131.
Strauss, A. (1964). George Herbert Mead: On Social Psychology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Strauss, A. (1994). Identity, biography, history, and symbolic representations. Social Psychology Quarterly 58: 4–12.
Stryker, S. (1980). Symbolic Interactionism: A Social Structural Version. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin/Gummings.
Stryker, S. & Burke, P. J. (2000). The past, present, and future of an identity theory. Social Psychology Quarterly 63: 284–297.
Stuetzle, W. (1995). Data Visualization and Interactive Cluster Analysis. Ann Arbor, MI: ICPSR.
Turner, R. (1962). Role-taking: Process versus conformity? In Arnold M. Rose (ed.), Human Behavior and Social Process, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, pp. 20–40.
Turner, R. (1973). The role and the person. American Journal of Sociology 84: 1–23.
Wallace, D. L. (1998) Clustering. In: W. H. Kruskal and J. M. Tanur (eds.), International Encyclopedia of Statistics, Vol. 1, New York: The Free Press, pp. 47–53.
Wilkinson, L. (1990) SYSTAT: The System for Statistics, Inc.