City centre masterplanning and cultural spaces: A case study of Sheffield
Tóm tắt
This paper presents a case study of Sheffield city centre's masterplan, focusing on the Heart of the City civic core. Sheffield was one of the first city councils to use culture as a basis for economic regeneration. The literature argues that while early regeneration was economically driven, under New Labour cultural planning has become more focused on creating inclusive spaces. The new developments in Sheffield associated with the masterplan have been in two stages. The first created award winning public cultural spaces, including the Millennium Galleries and Winter Garden. The second phase has led to private, commercial developments, which this paper argues have impacted negatively on the public spaces. The public spaces do not meet the inclusive aspirations of either Sheffield's local strategic partnership or cultural policy. The Sheffield case, however, demonstrates how all regeneration is located within local economic realities. As a secondary city within its region, in terms of office rents, there is a limit to what the public sector in Sheffield can demand from the private sector. The masterplan's developments are ongoing and there is evidence that as office rentals are increasing the public sector could exert more power in the future.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Richards, G. (ed.) (2001). Cultural Attractions and European Tourism, CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon.
Office of National Statistics (2005). 2004 Mid Year Population Estimates, Sheffield, ONS, London.
Moss, L. (2002). Sheffield's cultural industries quarter 20 years on: What can be learned from a pioneering example? International Journal of Cultural Policy. 8 (2), 211–219.
Table 101: Dwelling stock by tenure, United Kingdom, http://www.communities.gov.uk/pub/7/Table101_id1156007.xls Department of Communities, Local Government and the Regions, Accessed 7th August 2006.
DiGaetano, A. & Lawless, P. (1999). Urban governance and industrial decline: Governing structures and policy agendas in Birmingham, Sheffield, England and Detroit, Michigan, 1980–1997. Urban Affairs Review. 34 (4), 546–577.
Chatterton, P. & Unsworth, R. (2004). Making space for culture(s) in Boomtown. Some alternative futures for development, ownership and participation in Leeds City Centre. Local Economy. 19 (4), 361–379.
Dabinett, G. (2004). Creative Sheffield: Creating values and changing values? Local Economy. 19 (4), 414–419.
Sheffield First (2005). Prime Office Sites in Sheffield, Sheffield First, Sheffield.
Brown, A., O’Connor, J. & Cohen, S. (2000). Local music policies within a global music industry: Cultural quarters in Manchester and Sheffield. Geoforum. 31, 437–451.
Evans, G. (2001). Cultural Planning: An Urban Renaissance, Routledge: London.
The Winter Garden, Sheffield City council, http://www.sheffield.gov.uk/out--about/city-centre/the-winter-garden Accessed 1st September 2006.
Amin, A., Massey, D. & Thrift, N. (2000). Cities for the Many not the Few, The Policy Press, Bristol.
Bell, D. (2005). The emergence of contemporary masterplans: Property markets and the value of urban design. Journal of Urban Design. 10 (1), 81–110.
Bianchini, F. (1993). Remaking European cities: The role of cultural policies in Bianchini, F. & Parkinson, M. (eds) Cultural Policy and Urban Regeneration: The Western European Experience, Manchester University Press, Manchester, pp 1–20.
Voase, R. (1997). The role of flagship cultural projects in urban regeneration: A case study and commentary. Managing Leisure. 2, 230–241.
Plaza, B. (2000). Evaluating the influence of a large cultural artefact in the attraction of tourism: The Guggenheim Museum Bilbao case. Urban Affairs Review. 36 (2), 264–274.
Plaza, B. (1999). The Guggenheim-Bilbao Museum effect: A reply to Maria V. Gomez’ ‘Reflective images: The case of urban regeneration in Glasgow and Bilbao’. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 23 (3), 589–592.
Gomez, M.V. (1998). Reflective images: The case of urban regeneration in Glasgow and Bilbao. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 22 (1), 106–121.
McNeill, D. (2000). McGuggenisation? National identity and globalisation in the Basque country. Political Geograph. 19, 473–949.
Bianchini, F. (1993). Issues and prospects for the 1990s in Bianchini, F. & Parkinson, M. (eds) Cultural Policy and Urban Regeneration: The Western European Experience, Manchester University Press, Manchester, pp 199–213.
Stevenson, D. (2004). Civic gold rush: Cultural planning and the politics of the Third Way. International Journal of Cultural Policy. 10 (1), 120–131.
Bailey, C., Miles, S. & Stark, P. (2004). Culture-led urban regeneration and the revitalisation of identities in Newcastle, Gateshead and the North East of England. International Journal of Cultural Policy. 10 (1), 47–65.
Colls, R. & Lancaster, B. (1992). Geordies: Roots of Regionalism, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment (2006). Who We Are. What We Do. Why It Matters, CABE, London.
Walzer, M. (1986). Pleasures and costs of urbanity. Dissent. 33 (4), 470–475.
Betterton, R. & Blanchard, S. (1992). Made in Sheffield: Towards a Cultural Plan for Sheffield in the 1990 s, Sheffield City council, Sheffield.
Luck and Brass, http://arts.guardian.co.uk/features/story/0,,1342950,00.html, The Guardian, Accessed 1st September, 2006.
Roodhouse, S. (2000). The wheel of history — A relinquishing of city council cultural control and the freedom to Management: Sheffield Galleries and Museums Trust. International Journal of Arts Management. 3 (1), 78–86.
Black, G. (1999). Pulling in the visitors. Museums Journal. 99 (12), 14–15.
Gosse, A. (2006). Sheffield Culture: A Strategy For Inclusive Cultural and Sporting Development, Sheffield City council, Sheffield.
Keeble, L. (1961). Town Planning at the Cross-Roads, Walker and Co Ltd, Twickenham.
Healey, P. (1997). Collaborative Planning: Shaping Places in Fragmented Societies, Macmillan Press Ltd, Basingstoke.
Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2004). Urban Regeneration Companies — Policy Stocktake (Final Report), ODPM, London.
Sheffield First Partnership (2006). Sheffield's Future: Be Part of It — Sheffield City Strategy, Sheffield First, Sheffield.
Sheffield One (2005). Creative Sheffield: Transforming Sheffield's Economy, Sheffield First Partnership, Sheffield.
Urban Regeneration Companies, http://www.englishpartnerships.co.uk/urcs.htm English Partnerships, Accessed 4th August 2006.
Fainstein, S. (2001). The City Builders: Property Development in New York and London 1980–2000 (Second Edition, Revised), University Press of Kansas, Kansas.
Hart, A. (2003). A neighbourhood renewal project in Dalston, Hackney: Towards a new form of partnership for inner city regeneration. Journal of Retail and Leisure Property. 3 (3), 237–245.
Koetter Kim & Associates (2000). Masterplan Report, Koetter, Kim and Associates (UK) Ltd, London.
St Paul's Place Masterplan, http://www.stpaulsplace.co.uk/masterplan.htm, CTP Limited and St James Securities, Accessed 4th August 2006.
Town Reports, Leeds, Manchester, Sheffield, http://www.focusnet.co.uk/srch_tfocus.cfm?new=1 Focus, Accessed 3rd August 2006.
Minton, A. (2006). The Privatisation of Public Space, RICS, London.
Underneath the arches, http://arts.guardian.co.uk/critic/feature/0,869591,00.html, The Guardian, Accessed 1st September, 2006.
Heart of the City, http://www.sheffield1.com/heart.html Sheffield One, Accessed 1st September, 2006.
Personal Communication, Sheffield City council, City centre and East Development Control Team, 4th September 2006.
Design Review, http://www.cabe.org.uk/default.aspx?contentitemid=861&field=filter&term=Commercial&type=7 CABE, Accessed 1st September 2006.
City Reaches for the Sky, http://www.sheffieldtoday.net/ViewArticle2.aspx?sectionid=58&articleid=1224409, Sheffield Telegraph, Accessed 5th September 2006.
Holmes, K. (2003). Regular and irregular visitors to the Millennium Galleries, Sheffield in Snape, B., Thwaites, E. & Williams, C. (eds) Access and Inclusion in Leisure and Tourism, Leisure Studies Association, Eastbourne.
Holmes, K. (2006). Cultural regeneration for local residents? The case of the Millennium Galleries and the Winter Garden, Materialising Sheffield: Place, Culture and identity. Humanities Research Institute, University of Sheffield.
Ethnic Group, http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=3&b=276794&c=sheffield&d=13&e=15&g=365736&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&enc=1&dsFamilyId=47 Neighbourhood Statistics, Accessed 7th September, 2006.
Atkinson, R. (2003). Domestication by Cappuccino or a revenge on urban space? Control and empowerment in the management of public space. Urban Studies. 40 (9), 1829–1843.
Sheffield City Guide, http://www.british-publishing.com/Pages/Sheffield/city.html Sheffield City council, Accessed 1st September 2006.
Knight Frank (2003). Sheffield: Central Area Activity Report: Spring 2003, Knight Frank, London.
Instone, P. & Roberts, G. (2006). Progress in retail led regeneration: Implications for decision-makers. Journal of Retail and Leisure Property. 5 (2), 148–161.
Emery, J. (2006). Bullring: A case study of retail-led urban renewal and its contribution to city centre regeneration. Journal of Retail and Leisure Property. 5 (2), 121–133.
Dines, N., Cattell, V., Gesler, W. & Curtis, S. (2006). Public spaces, social relations and well-being in East London, The Policy Press, Bristol.
Sheffield masterplan recognised by BEX, http://www.bdp.co.uk/html/news/2006/Sheffield_Masterplan_recognised_by_BEX_166.asp, Business Design Partnership, Accessed 5th October 2006.