Circulating Immune Complexes and trace elements (Copper, Iron and Selenium) as markers in oral precancer and cancer : a randomised, controlled clinical trial
Tóm tắt
To evaluate the levels of circulating immune complexes, trace elements (copper, iron and selenium) in serum of patients with oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), oral leukoplakia (L), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), analyze the alteration and identify the best predictors amongst these parameters for disease occurrence and progression. Circulating immune complexes (CIC) were estimated using 37.5% Polyethylene Glycol 6000(PEG) serum precipitation. Serum estimation of copper (Cu), Iron (Fe) and selenium (Se) was done using the Oxalyl Dihydrazide method, Colorimetric Dipyridyl method and the Differential Pulse Cathodic Stripping Voltametry respectively. The data analysis revealed increased circulating immune complex levels in the precancer and cancer patients. Serum copper levels showed gradual increase from precancer to cancer patients. However, serum iron levels were decreased significantly in the cancer group. Selenium levels showed marked decrease in the cancer group. Among CIC, serum, copper, iron and selenium the best predictors for the occurrence of lesions were age, serum iron, CIC, serum selenium in the decreasing order. The present study shows that these immunological and biological markers may be associated with the pathogenesis of oral premalignant and malignant lesions and their progressions. Concerted efforts would, therefore, help in early detection, management, and monitoring the efficacy of treatment.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Daftary DK, Murti PR, Bhonsle RR, Gupta PC, Mehta FS, Pindborg JJ: Risk factors and risk areas of the world. Oral cancer : the detection of patients and lesions at risk. Edited by: Johnson NW. 1991, Cambridge University Press, 29-63.
Shah J, Johsnon N, Batasakis J: Global epidemiology, oral cancer, Martin Duntiz Group. 2003, 3:
Quarri D, Adams G, Shons Alan , Browne G: Head & Neck Cancer : Clinical decisions and management principles. 1997, 219-220.
Deshpande VA, Jussawalla DJ: Evaluation of cancer risk in tobacco chewers and smokers : An epidemiological assessment. Cancer. 1971, 28: 244-252. 10.1002/1097-0142(197107)28:1<244::AID-CNCR2820280150>3.0.CO;2-H.
Gupta PC, Mehta FS: Comparison of carcinogenecity of Betel quid with or without tobacco: a review. Ecology of Disease. 1982, 1: 213-19.
Bouquot JE, Whitaker SB: Oral Leukoplakia rationale for diagnosis and prognosis of its clinical subtypes or "phases". Quintessence Int. 1994, 25: 133-140.
Chen J, Eisenberg E: Changing trends in oral cancer in United States 1935–1985. A Connecticut Study. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1991, 49: 1152-1158.
Ostman J, Anneroth E: Malignant oral tumours in Sweden 1962–1989. An Epidemiological Study – Eu. J Cancer & Oral Oncology. 1995, 8: 106-112. 10.1016/0964-1955(94)00018-Y.
Gupta PC: Leukoplakia and the incidence of oral cancer. J Oral Pathol Med. 1989, 18: 11-10.1111/j.1600-0714.1989.tb00725.x.
Babu S, Bhat RV, Kumar PV, Sesikaran B, Rao KV, Aruna P, Reddy PR: A comparative clinicopathological study of OSMF in habitual chewers of pan masala and betel quid. Clin Toxicology. 1996, 34 (3):
Spermulli VN, Dexter DL: Human tumour cell heterogenecity and metastasis. J Clin Oncology. 1983, 1: 496-
Salinas : Immune Complexes and human neoplasia : Review II,Biomed. Pharmather. 1983, 37: 211-
Salinas FA, Wee KH, Silver HK: Tumour burden and antigen size and composition of IC. Peptides of the biological fluids. Edited by: Peeters H. 1984, Pergamon Press Oxford, 31: 749-752.
Schwartz MK: Role of Trace elements in Cancer. Cancer Research. 1975, 35: 3481-87.
Bhatt , Dholakia : Mast Cell density in oral submucous fibrosis. J Ind Dent Asso. 1977, 49: 187-91.
Bhosle RB, Murti PR: Malignant transformation in OSMF over 17 year period. Comm Dent in Epidem. 1985, 13: 340-45. 10.1111/j.1600-0528.1985.tb00468.x.
Axell T, Pindborg JJ, Smith CJ, Van der waal : Oral white lesions : Conclusions of International Symposium held in Sweden 1994. J Oral Pathol Med. 1996, 25: 49-54. 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1996.tb00191.x.
Pindborg JJ, Murti PR: OSMF as a precancerous condition. Scan J Dent Research. 1984, 92: 224-229.
Riha I: The use of polyethyleneglycol for immune complex detection in human sera. Immunol. 1979, 16: 489-
Gowenlock AH, Wells FE: Estimation of iron and copper. Varley's Practical Clinical Biochemistry. 1988, 622-634. 6
Raghunath Radha : Studies on environmental levels of toxic metals and their exposure assessment in Greater Bombay. Ph D Thesis. 1996, Environment Assessment Division, BARC
Salinas FA, Kian Wee, Hulbert Silver: Clinical relevance of immune complexes associated antigen and antibody in cancer. Immune complexes and human cancer. 1985, Penguin Publishing Corp, 62-
Deshpande VA, Jussawalla DJ: Evaluation of cancer risk in tobacco chewers and smokers. Cancer. 1971, 28: 244-252. 10.1002/1097-0142(197107)28:1<244::AID-CNCR2820280150>3.0.CO;2-H.
Gupta PC, Mehta FS: Comparision of Carcinogenicity of betel quid with and without tobacco : an epidemiological review. Ecology of Disease. 1982, 1: 213-19.
Canniff JP, Harvey W, Harris M: OSMF – Its pathogenesis as management. Br Dent J. 1986, 10: 429-34. 10.1038/sj.bdj.4805876.
Bouquot JE: Reviewing oral Leukoplakia: Clinical concepts. J Am Dent Asso. 1991, 122: 80-82.
Lichtenstein : Comparison of immune derangements in patients with different malignancies. Cancer. 1990, 45: 2090-5. 10.1002/1097-0142(19800415)45:8<2090::AID-CNCR2820450816>3.0.CO;2-O.
Scully Crispian : Immunologic abnormalities in oral carcinoma and oral keratosis. J Max Fac Surg. 1982, 113-115. 10.1016/S0301-0503(82)80021-0.
Gross L: Immunological defect in the aged population and its relationship to cancer. Cancer. 1965, 18: 201-6. 10.1002/1097-0142(196502)18:2<201::AID-CNCR2820180211>3.0.CO;2-V.
Scully C, Barkas T, Boyle P, McGregor IA: Circulating immune complexes detected by binding on radiolabelled protein in patients with oral cancer and oral premalignant lesions. J Clin Lab Immunol. 1982, 8: 113-15.
Hoffken K: Circulating immune complexes in rats bearing chemically induced tumors. Int J Cancer. 1978, 22: 576-582.
Ma RH: Increased lysyl oxidase activity in fibroblasts cultured from OSMF. J Oral Pathol Med. 1995, 24 (9): 407-12. 10.1111/j.1600-0714.1995.tb01210.x.
Jaydeep A: Serum levels of copper, zinc, iron and ceruloplasmin in oral leukoplakia and Squamous cell carcinoma. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 1997, 16: 3-
Varghese , Sugathan CK, Balsubramaniyan G, Vijayakumar T: Serum copper and zinc levels in premalignant or malignant lesions of oral cavity. Oncology. 1987, 44: 224-227.
Margalith EJ, Schenker JG: Copper and zinc levels in normal and malignant tissues. Cancer. 1983, 52: 868-872. 10.1002/1097-0142(19830901)52:5<868::AID-CNCR2820520521>3.0.CO;2-K.
Huang S, Ling T, Wu H: Experimental study on aqueous areca nut extracts inducing OSMF in rats. effect of mast cells on collagen metabolism Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi, Xve Za Zhi. 1997, 15 (2): 94-96.
Ramanthan K: OSMF – an alterative hypothesis to its cause. Med J Malay. 1981, 36 (4): 243-45.
Simpson JW: "Proteins in teeth" chapter 2 in Dental Biochemistry, Eugene Lazzari. 1976, Lea & Febiger, 39-46. 2
Chellacombe SJ: Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1986, 15: 72-80.
Shamberger RJ: Antioxidants and Cancer-VI Selenium – sex and age adjusted human cancer mortality. Arch Environ Health. 1976, 31: 231-33.
Rajendran : Serum levels of some trace and bulk element in OSMF. JIDA. 1992, 631 (6): 251-254.
Krishnaswamy K: A case Control Study of Selenium in Cancer. Indian J Med Res. 1993, 98 (B): 124-128.
Vijaykumar T: Circulating immune complexes as biological marker for solid tumors. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 1986, 5: 3-