Circadian organization in the pigeon,Columba livia: the role of the pineal organ and the eye
Tóm tắt
The roles of the pineal organ and the eye in the control of circadian locomotor rhythmicity were studied in the pigeon (Columba livia). Neither pinealectomy nor blinding abolished the circadian rhythms in constant dim light conditions (LLdim). All the pinealectomized birds and the blinded birds entrained to light-dark (LD) cycles with no discernible anticipatory activity. However, the birds which had been both pinealectomized and blinded showed no circadian rhythms in prolonged LLdim. These birds entrained to LD cycles with anticipatory activity and showed residual rhythmicity for a while after transfer from LD cycles to LLdim. Continuous administration of melatonin induced suppression of the circadian rhythms and reduced total amount of locomotor activity in LLdim. These results suggest that not only the pineal organ but also the eye (perhaps the retina) is involved in the pigeon's circadian system.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Binkley S (1973) Rhythm analysis of clipped data: examples using circadian data. J Comp Physiol 85:141–146
Binkley S, Kluth E, Menaker M (1971) Pineal function in sparrows: circadian rhythms and body temperature. Science 174:311–314
Binkley SA, Riebman JB, Reilly KB (1978) The pineal gland: a biological clock in vitro. Science 202:1198–1201
Binkley S, Hryshchyshyn M, Reilly K (1979) N-acetyltransferase activity responds to environmental lighting in the eye as well as in the pineal gland. Nature 281:479–481
Deguchi T (1979) Circadian rhythm of serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity in organ culture of chicken pineal gland. Science 203:1245–1247
Ebihara S, Kawamura H (1980) Central mechanism of circadian rhythms in birds. In: Tanabe Y, Tanaka K, Ookawa T (eds) Biological rhythms of birds: Neural and endocrine aspects. Jpn Sci Soc Press, Tokyo/Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 71–77
Ebihara S, Kawamura H (1981) The role of the pineal organ and the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the control of circadian locomotor rhythms in the Java sparrow,Padda oryzivora. J Comp Physiol 141:207–214
Gaston S (1971) The influence of the pineal organ on the circadian activity rhythm in birds. In: Menaker M (ed) Biochronometry. Natl Acad Sci, Washington DC, pp 541–548
Gaston S, Menaker M (1968) Pineal function: the biological clock in the sparrow? Science 160:1125–1127
Gern WA, Ralph CL (1979) Melatonin synthesis by the retina. Science 204:183–184
Grota LJ, Holloway WR, Brown GM (1982) 24-hour rhythm of hypothalamic melatonin immunofluorescence correlates with serum and retinal melatonin rhythms. Neuroendocrinol 34:363–368
Gwinner E (1978) Effects of pinealectomy on circadian locomotor activity rhythms in European starlings,Sturnus vulgaris. J Comp Physiol 126:123–129
Gwinner EG, Turek FW, Smith SD (1971) Extraocular light perception in photoperiodic responses of the white crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys) and of the golden-crowned sparrow (Z. atricapilla). Z Vergl Physiol 75:323–331
Hamm HE, Menaker M (1980) Retinal rhythms in chicks: circadian variation in melatonin and serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:4998–5002
John JM, Itoh S, George JC (1978) On the role of the pineal in thermoregulation in the pigeon. Hormone Res 9:41–56
Kasal CA, Menaker M, Perez-Polo JR (1979) Circadian clock in culture: N-acetyltransferase activity of chick pineal glands oscillates in vitro. Science 203:656–658
MacBride SE (1973) Pineal biochemical rhythms of the chicken (Gallus domesticus): light cycle and locomotor activity correlates. PhD thesis, University of Pittsburgh
McMillan JP (1972) Pinealectomy abolishes the circadian rhythm of migratory restlessness. J Comp Physiol 79:105–112
McMillan JP, Elliott JA, Menaker M (1975) On the role of eyes and brain photoreceptors in the sparrow: Aschoff's rule. J Comp Physiol 102:257–262
Menaker M (1971) Synchronization with the photic environment via extraretinal receptors in the avian brain. In: Menaker M (ed) Biochronometry. Natl Acad Sci, Washington DC, pp 315–332
Menaker M, Binkley S (1981) Neural and endocrine control of circadian rhythms in the vertebrates. In: Aschoff J (ed) Handbook of behavioral neurobiology, vol 4. Biological rhythms. Plenum Press, New York London, pp 243–255
Menaker M, Oksche A (1974) The avian pineal organ. In: Farner DS, King JR (eds) Avian biology, vol IV. Academic Press, New York London, pp 79–118
Nyce J, Binkley S (1977) Extraretinal photoreception in chickens: entrainment of the circadian locomotor activity rhythm. Photochem Photobiol 25:529–531
Pelham RW (1975) A serum melatonin rhythm in chickens and its abolition by pinealectomy. Endocrinology 96:543–546
Pittendrigh CS, Daan S (1976) A functional analysis of circadian pacemakers in nocturnal rodents. I. The stability and lability of spontaneous frequency. J Comp Physiol 106:223–252
Rusak B (1977) The role of the suprachiasmatic nuclei in the generation of circadian rhythms in the golden hamster,Mesocricetus auratus. J Comp Physiol 118:145–164
Simpson SM, Follett BK (1981) Pineal and hypothalamic pacemakers: their role in regulating circadian rhythmicity in Japanese quail. J Comp Physiol 144:381–389
Takahashi JS, Menaker M (1979) Brain mechanisms in avian circadian systems. In: Suda M, Hayaishi O, Nakagawa H (eds) Biological rhythms and their central mechanism. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam New York Oxford, pp 95–109
Takahashi JS, Hamm H, Menaker M (1980) Circadian rhythms of melatonin release from individual superfused chicken pineal glands in vitro. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:2319–2322
Turek FW, McMillan JP, Menaker M (1976) Melatonin: effects on the circadian locomotor rhythm of sparrows. Science 194:1441–1443
Yu HS, Pang SF, Tang PL, Brown GM (1981) Persistence of circadian rhythms of melatonin and N-acetylserotonin in the serum of rats after pinealectomy. Neuroendocrinol 32:262–265
Yu HS, Chow PH, Tang PL, Pang SF (1982) Effect of light and darkness on the in vitro release of N-acetylserotonin and melatonin by the retina of guinea pigs. Neuroendocrinol 34:265–268
Zimmerman NH, Menaker M (1979) The pineal gland: a pacemaker within the circadian system of the house sparrow. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 76:999–1003