Chylothorax: Diagnosis and Management in Children

Paediatric Respiratory Reviews - Tập 10 - Trang 199-207 - 2009
Manuel Soto-Martinez1,2, John Massie3,2,4
1Clinical and Research Fellow in Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
2Infection, Immunity and Environment Theme, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
3Consultant in Respiratory Medicine, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, 50 Flemington Road, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
4Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Australia

Tài liệu tham khảo

Hillerdal, 1997, Chylothorax and pseudochylothorax, Eur. Respir. J., 10, 1157, 10.1183/09031936.97.10051157 Beghetti, 2000, Etiology and management of pediatric chylothorax, J. Pediatr., 136, 653, 10.1067/mpd.2000.104287 Buttiker, 1999, Chylothorax in children: guidelines for diagnosis and management, Chest, 116, 682, 10.1378/chest.116.3.682 Romero, 2000, Nontraumatic chylothorax, Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med., 6, 287, 10.1097/00063198-200007000-00006 Van Pernis, 1949, Variations of the thoracic duct, Surgery, 26, 806 Merrigan, 1997, Chylothorax, Br. J. Surg., 84, 15, 10.1002/bjs.1800840107 Ross, 1961, A review of the surgery of the thoracic duct, Thorax, 16, 12, 10.1136/thx.16.1.12 Kinnaert, 1973, Anatomical variations of the cervical portion of the thoracic duct in man, J. Anat., 115, 45 Soto-Martinez, 2009, Spontaneous chylothorax in a 2-year-old child, Med. J. Aust., 190, 262, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02391.x Garcia Restoy, 1988, Spontaneous bilateral chylothorax: uniform features of a rare condition, Eur. Respir. J., 1, 872, 10.1183/09031936.93.01090872 Paes, 1994, Chylothorax: an update, Br. J. Hosp. Med., 51, 482 Bach, 1982, Medium-chain triglycerides: an update, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 36, 950, 10.1093/ajcn/36.5.950 Seaton, 1986, Thermic effect of medium-chain and long-chain triglycerides in man, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 44, 630, 10.1093/ajcn/44.5.630 St-Onge, 2002, Physiological effects of medium-chain triglycerides: potential agents in the prevention of obesity, J. Nutr., 132, 329, 10.1093/jn/132.3.329 Doerr, 2001, Chylothorax. Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 22, 617, 10.1055/s-2001-18797 Browse, 1997, Management of chylothorax, Br. J. Surg., 84, 1711, 10.1002/bjs.1800841218 Staats, 1980, The lipoprotein profile of chylous and nonchylous pleural effusions, Mayo Clin. Proc., 55, 700 Agrawal, 2008, Lipid pleural effusions, Am. J. Med. Sci., 335, 16, 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e31815d2634 Agrawal, 2008, Pleural fluid analysis in chylous pleural effusion, Chest, 133, 1436, 10.1378/chest.07-2232 van Straaten, 1993, Chylothorax in the neonatal period, Eur. J. Pediatr., 152, 2, 10.1007/BF02072505 Chan, 1989, Noonan syndrome with spontaneous chylothorax at birth, Aust. Paediatr. J., 25, 296 Van Aerde, 1984, Spontaneous chylothorax in newborns, Am. J. Dis. Child., 138, 961 Rocha, 2007, Pleural effusions in the neonate, Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med., 13, 305, 10.1097/MCP.0b013e3281214459 Dubin, 2000, Congenital chylothorax, Curr. Opin. Pediatr., 12, 505, 10.1097/00008480-200010000-00017 Sardet, 1981, [Chylothorax in children and newborn infants], Arch. Fr. Pediatr., 38, 455 Zito, 1989, Massive edema and bilateral pleural effusions in a newborn infant, Ann. Allergy, 63, 277 Dendale, 1999, [Prenatal diagnosis of chylothorax], Arch. Pediatr., 6, 867, 10.1016/S0929-693X(00)88482-1 Randolph, 1957, Congenital chylothorax, Arch. Surg., 74, 405, 10.1001/archsurg.1957.01280090103014 Chernick, 1970, Pneumothorax and chylothorax in the neonatal period, J. Pediatr., 76, 624, 10.1016/S0022-3476(70)80420-6 Faul, 2000, Thoracic lymphangiomas, lymphangiectasis, lymphangiomatosis, and lymphatic dysplasia syndrome, Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med., 161, 1037, 10.1164/ajrccm.161.3.9904056 Huber, 1991, Congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia, Pediatr. Pulmonol., 10, 310, 10.1002/ppul.1950100416 Johnstone, 2002, Postoperative chylothorax, Chest Surg. Clin. N. Am., 12, 597, 10.1016/S1052-3359(02)00016-9 Panthongviriyakul, 2008, Post-operative chylothorax in children: an evidence-based management algorithm, J. Paediatr. Child Health, 44, 716, 10.1111/j.1440-1754.2008.01412.x Chan S-y, 2006, Chylothorax in children after congenital heart surgery.[see comment], Ann. Thorac. Surg., 82, 1650, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.05.116 Cannizzaro, 2006, The role of somatostatin in the treatment of persistent chylothorax in children, Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., 30, 49, 10.1016/j.ejcts.2006.03.039 Worthington, 1995, Isolated thoracic duct injury after penetrating chest trauma, Ann. Thorac. Surg., 60, 272, 10.1016/0003-4975(95)00415-H Dhande, 1983, Recurrent bilateral pleural effusions secondary to superior vena cava obstruction as a complication of central venous catheterization, Pediatrics, 72, 109, 10.1542/peds.72.1.109 Anderst, 2007, Chylothorax and child abuse, Pediatr Crit Care Med, 8, 394, 10.1097/01.PCC.0000269392.72938.76 Geismar, 1997, Chylothorax as a manifestation of child abuse, Pediatr. Emerg. Care, 13, 386, 10.1097/00006565-199712000-00007 Guleserian, 1996, Child abuse as a cause of traumatic chylothorax, J. Pediatr. Surg., 31, 1696, 10.1016/S0022-3468(96)90054-8 Thurer, 1976, Chylothorax: a complication of subclavian vein catheterization and parenteral hyperalimentation, J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 71, 465, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)40220-1 Ruggiero, 1985, Chylothorax--a complication of subclavian vein catheterization, Jpen: Journal of Parenteral & Enteral Nutrition, 9, 750, 10.1177/0148607185009006750 Connor, 2003, Successful resection of localized intestinal lymphangiectasia post-Fontan: role of (99m)technetium-dextran scintigraphy, Pediatrics, 112, e242, 10.1542/peds.112.3.e242 Van Veldhuizen, 1996, Chylothorax: a complication of a left subclavian vein thrombosis, Am. J. Clin. Oncol., 19, 99, 10.1097/00000421-199604000-00002 Chan, 2005, Postoperative chylothorax after cardiothoracic surgery in children.[see comment], Ann. Thorac. Surg., 80, 1864, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2005.04.048 Doerr, 2005, Etiology of chylothorax in 203 patients. [see comment], Mayo Clin. Proc., 80, 867, 10.4065/80.7.867 Nair, 2007, Aetiology and management of chylothorax in adults, Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., 32, 362, 10.1016/j.ejcts.2007.04.024 Easa, 1991, Congenital chylothorax and mediastinal neuroblastoma, J. Pediatr. Surg., 26, 96, 10.1016/0022-3468(91)90439-Z Cakir, 2008, An unusual case of chylothorax complicating childhood tuberculosis, Pediatr. Pulmonol., 43, 611, 10.1002/ppul.20817 Tutor, 2000, Chylothorax associated with histoplasmosis in a child, Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J., 19, 262, 10.1097/00006454-200003000-00022 Grobbelaar, 2008, Chylothorax as a complication of pulmonary tuberculosis in children, Pediatr. Radiol., 38, 224, 10.1007/s00247-007-0634-7 Cogar, 2005, Chylothorax in Henoch-Schonlein purpura: a case report and review of the literature, Pediatr. Pulmonol., 39, 563, 10.1002/ppul.20203 Rocha, 2006, Pleural effusions in the neonate, Acta Paediatr., 95, 791, 10.1080/08035250500477545 Massie, 2008, No role for routine CT scans in paediatric empyemas, Thorax, 63, 1028 Sharma, 2008, New horizons for imaging lymphatic function, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 1131, 13, 10.1196/annals.1413.002 Guermazi, 2003, Lymphography: an old technique retains its usefulness, Radiographics, 23, 1541, 10.1148/rg.236035704 Cerfolio, 1996, Postoperative chylothorax, J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg., 112, 1361, 10.1016/S0022-5223(96)70152-6 Pui, 1998, Lymphoscintigraphy in chyluria, chyloperitoneum and chylothorax, J. Nucl. Med., 39, 1292 Bellini, 2008, Lymphatic dysplasias in newborns and children: the role of lymphoscintigraphy, J. Pediatr., 152, 587, 10.1016/j.jpeds.2007.12.018 Ruehm, 2001, Interstitial MR lymphography with gadoterate meglumine: initial experience in humans, Radiology, 220, 816, 10.1148/radiol.2203010090 Clement, 2004, Imaging the lymphatic system: possibilities and clinical applications, Eur. Radiol., 14, 1498, 10.1007/s00330-004-2265-9 Nguyen, 1995, The management of chylothorax/chylopericardium following pediatric cardiac surgery: a 10-year experience, J. Card. Surg., 10, 302, 10.1111/j.1540-8191.1995.tb00616.x Helin, 2006, Octreotide therapy for chylothorax in infants and children: A brief review. [see comment], Pediatr Crit Care Med, 7, 576, 10.1097/01.PCC.0000235256.00265.C8 Rosti, 2005, Octreotide in the management of postoperative chylothorax, Pediatr. Cardiol., 26, 440, 10.1007/s00246-004-0820-4 Roehr, 2006, Somatostatin or octreotide as treatment options for chylothorax in young children: a systematic review, Intensive Care Med., 32, 650, 10.1007/s00134-006-0114-9 Buettiker, 2001, Somatostatin: a new therapeutic option for the treatment of chylothorax, Intensive Care Med., 27, 1083, 10.1007/s001340100959 Lam, 2001, Initial Experience with Octreotide in the Pediatric Population, Am. J. Ther., 8, 409, 10.1097/00045391-200111000-00005 Kalomenidis, 2006, Octreotide and chylothorax, Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med., 12, 264, 10.1097/01.mcp.0000230629.73139.26 Rosti, 2002, The effectiveness of octreotide in the treatment of post-operative chylothorax, Eur. J. Pediatr., 161, 149, 10.1007/s00431-001-0891-7 Guillem, 2004, Etilefrine use in the management of post-operative chyle leaks in thoracic surgery, Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 3, 156, 10.1016/S1569-9293(03)00263-9 Graham, 1994, Use of video-assisted thoracic surgery in the treatment of chylothorax, Ann. Thorac. Surg., 57, 1507, 10.1016/0003-4975(94)90110-4 Achildi O, Smith BP, Grewal H. Thoracoscopic Ligation of the Thoracic Duct in a Child with Spontaneous Chylothorax doi:10.1089/lap.2006.16.546. Journal of Laparoendoscopic & Advanced Surgical Techniques 2006; 16:546-549. Robinson, 1985, The management of chylothorax, Ann. Thorac. Surg., 39, 90, 10.1016/S0003-4975(10)62531-3 Platis, 2006, Chylothorax. Thorac Surg Clin, 16, 209, 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2006.05.011 Brissaud, 2003, Congenital idiopathic chylothorax in neonates: chemical pleurodesis with povidone-iodine (Betadine). [see comment], Archives of Disease in Childhood Fetal & Neonatal Edition, 88, F531, 10.1136/fn.88.6.F531 Noel, 2001, Treatment of symptomatic primary chylous disorders, J. Vasc. Surg., 34, 785, 10.1067/mva.2001.118800 Engum, 1999, The use of pleuroperitoneal shunts in the management of persistent chylothorax in infants, J. Pediatr. Surg., 34, 286, 10.1016/S0022-3468(99)90192-6 Wolff, 1999, Treatment of refractory chylothorax with externalized pleuroperitoneal shunts in children, Ann. Thorac. Surg., 68, 1053, 10.1016/S0003-4975(99)00880-2 Cope, 2004, Management of chylothorax via percutaneous embolization, Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med., 10, 311, 10.1097/01.mcp.0000127903.45446.6d Jorgensen, 2003, Treatment of severe fetal chylothorax associated with pronounced hydrops with intrapleural injection of OK-432, Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol., 21, 66, 10.1002/uog.23 Rostom, 2000, Treatment of thoracic lymphangiomatosis, Arch. Dis. Child., 83, 138, 10.1136/adc.83.2.138 Bernet-Buettiker, 2006, Antithrombin activity in children with chylothorax, Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg., 29, 406, 10.1016/j.ejcts.2005.12.015 Wasmuth-Pietzuch, 2004, Congenital chylothorax: lymphopenia and high risk of neonatal infections, Acta Paediatr., 93, 220, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2004.tb00710.x Orange, 2003, Acute chylothorax in children: selective retention of memory T cells and natural killer cells, J. Pediatr., 143, 243, 10.1067/S0022-3476(03)00305-6