Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: A review of current practice

Nikjeuter, 2006, Resolution of thromboemboli in patients with acute pulmonary embolism, Chest, 129, 192, 10.1378/chest.129.1.192 Miniati, 2006, Survival and restoration of pulmonary perfusion in a long-term follow-up of patients after acute pulmonary embolism, Medicine, 85, 253, 10.1097/01.md.0000236952.87590.c8 Klok, 2010, Prospective cardiopulmonary screening program to detect chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension in patients after acute pulmonary embolism, Haematologica, 95, 970, 10.3324/haematol.2009.018960 Pengo, 2004, Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension Study Group. Incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after pulmonary embolism, N Engl J Med, 350, 2257, 10.1056/NEJMoa032274 Berghaus, 2011, Echocardiographic evaluation for pulmonary hypertension after recurrent pulmonary embolism, Thromb Res, 128, e144, 10.1016/j.thromres.2011.07.045 Kline, 2009, Prospective evaluation of right ventricular function and functional status 6months after acute submassive pulmonary embolism: frequency of persistent or subsequent elevation in estimated pulmonary artery pressure, Chest, 136, 1202, 10.1378/chest.08-2988 Piazza, 2011, Current concepts: chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, N Engl J Med, 364, 351, 10.1056/NEJMra0910203 Beccatini, 2006, Incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after a first episode of pulmonary embolism, Chest, 130, 172, 10.1378/chest.130.1.172 Morris, 2009, High prevalence of dysfibrinogemia among patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Blood, 114, 1929, 10.1182/blood-2009-03-208264 Kominami, 2009, HLA-DPB1 and NFKBILI may confer susceptibility to chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension in the absence of deep vein thrombosis, J Hum Genet, 54, 108, 10.1038/jhg.2008.15 Bonderman, 2009, Risk factors for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Eur Respir J, 33, 325, 10.1183/09031936.00087608 Bonderman, 2005, Medical Conditions increasing the risk of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Thromb Haemost, 93, 512, 10.1160/TH04-10-0657 Li, 2007, Pulmonary hypertension and thyroid disease, Chest, 132, 793, 10.1378/chest.07-0366 Bonderman, 2003, High prevalence of elevated clotting factor VIII in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Thromb Haemost, 90, 372, 10.1160/TH03-02-0067 Auger, 1995, Lupus anticoagulant, heparin use, and thrombocytopenia in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a preliminary report, Am J Med, 99, 392, 10.1016/S0002-9343(99)80187-9 Wolf, 2000, Thrombotic risk factors in pulmonary hypertension, Eur Respir J, 15, 395, 10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.15b28.x Fedullo, 2011, Concise clinical review—chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 183, 1605, 10.1164/rccm.201011-1854CI Sompradeekul, 1999, Congenital and acquired thrombophilias in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159, A358 Lang, 1994, Parallel analysis of tissue-type plasminogen activator and type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor in plasma and endothelial cells derived from patients with chronic pulmonary thromboemboli, Circulation, 90, 706, 10.1161/01.CIR.90.2.706 Morris, 2006, Fibrin derived from patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is resistant to lysis, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 173, 1270, 10.1164/rccm.200506-916OC Miniati, 2010, Fibrin resistance to lysis in patients with pulmonary hypertension other than thromboembolic, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 181, 992, 10.1164/rccm.200907-1135OC Lang, 2006, Risk factors for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Proc Am Thorac Soc, 3, 568, 10.1513/pats.200605-108LR Jais, 2005, Splenectomy and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Thorax, 60, 1031, 10.1136/thx.2004.038083 Lang, 2004, Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension—not so rare after all, N Eng J Med, 350, 2236, 10.1056/NEJMp048088 Moser, 1993, Pulmonary vascular lesions occurring in patients with chronic major vessel thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Chest, 103, 685, 10.1378/chest.103.3.685 Kapitan, 1989, Mechanisms of hypoxemia in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Am Rev Respir Dis, 139, 1149, 10.1164/ajrccm/139.5.1149 Sadeghi, 2004, Does lowering pulmonary artery pressure eliminate severe functional tricuspid regurgitation? Insights from pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, J Am Coll Cardiol, 44, 126, 10.1016/j.jacc.2003.12.058 Auger, 1989, Pulmonary flow murmurs: a distinctive physical sign found in chronic pulmonary thromboembolic disease [abstract], Clin Res, 37, 145A Ribiero, 1999, Pulmonary embolism: one year follow up with echocardiography Doppler and five-year survival analysis, Circulation, 99, 1325, 10.1161/01.CIR.99.10.1325 Reidel, 1982, Long term follow up of patients with pulmonary thromboembolism, Chest, 81, 151, 10.1378/chest.81.2.151 Blanchard, 2009, Utility of the right ventricular Tei index in the noninvasive evaluation of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension before and after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, J Am Coll Cardiol Image, 2, 143, 10.1016/j.jcmg.2008.10.012 Morris, 1996, Parenchymal scarring is associated with restrictive spirometric defects in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Chest, 110, 399, 10.1378/chest.110.2.399 Bernstein, 1996, Membrane diffusion and capillary blood volume in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Chest, 110, 1420, 10.1378/chest.110.6.1430 Tunariu, 2007, Ventilation–perfusion scintigraphy is more sensitive than multidetector CTPA in detecting chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease as a treatable cause of pulmonary hypertension, J Nucl Med, 48, 680, 10.2967/jnumed.106.039438 Ryan, 1988, Perfusion scan findings understate the severity of angiographic and hemodynamic compromise in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Chest, 93, 1180, 10.1378/chest.93.6.1180 Bailey, 2000, “High probability” perfusion lung scans in pulmonary veno-occlusive disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 162, 1974, 10.1164/ajrccm.162.5.2003045 Reichelt, 2009, Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: evaluation with a 64-detector row versus digital subtraction angiography, Eur J Radiol, 71, 49, 10.1016/j.ejrad.2008.03.016 Bergin, 1997, Chronic thromboembolism: diagnosis with helical CT and MR imaging with angiographic and surgical correlation, Radiology, 204, 695, 10.1148/radiology.204.3.9280245 Castaner, 2009, CT diagnosis of chronic pulmonary thromboembolism, Radiographics, 29, 31, 10.1148/rg.291085061 Skoro-Sajer, 2009, Pulmonary vascular reactivity and prognosis in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. A pilot study, Circulation, 119, 298, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.794610 Auger, 1992, Chronic major-vessel chronic thromboembolic pulmonary artery obstruction: appearance at angiography, Radiology, 183, 393, 10.1148/radiology.182.2.1732955 Pitton, 1996, Hemodynamic effects of nonionic contrast bolus injection and oxygen inhalation during pulmonary angiography in patients with chronic major-vessel thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Circulation, 94, 2485, 10.1161/01.CIR.94.10.2485 Piovella, 2006, Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Semin Thromb Hemost, 32, 848, 10.1055/s-2006-955467 Corsico, 2008, Long term outcome after pulmonary endarterectomy, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 178, 419, 10.1164/rccm.200801-101OC Matsuda, 2006, Long term recovery of exercise ability after pulmonary endarterectomy for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Ann Thorac Surg, 82, 1338, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.03.105 Thistlewaite, 2002, Operative classification of thromboembolic disease determines outcome after pulmonary endarterectomy, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 124, 1203, 10.1067/mtc.2002.127313 Bonderman, 2007, Predictors of outcome in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Circulation, 115, 2153, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.661041 Thistlewaite, 2008, Techniques and outcomes of pulmonary endarterectomy surgery, Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 14, 274 van der Plas, 2010, Pulmonary endarterectomy improves dyspnea by relief of dead space ventilation, Ann Thorac Surg, 89, 347, 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.08.001 Jensen, 2009, Pulmonary hypertensive medical therapy in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension before pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, Circulation, 120, 1248, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.865881 Jamieson, 1993, Experience and results of 150 pulmonary thromboendarterectomy operations over a 29-month period, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 106, 116, 10.1016/S0022-5223(19)33748-1 Madani, 2006, Technical advances of pulmonary thromboendarterectomy for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 18, 243, 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2006.09.003 Fedullo, 1999, Postoperative management of the patient undergoing pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 11, 172, 10.1016/S1043-0679(99)70010-9 Kearon, 2012, Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence Based Clinical Practice Guidelines, Chest, 141, e419s, 10.1378/chest.11-2301 Moser, 1993, Resolution of vascular steal after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, Chest, 104, 1441, 10.1378/chest.104.5.1441 Levinson, 1986, Reperfusion pulmonary edema after pulmonary artery thromboendarterectomy, Am Rev Respir Dis, 134, 1241 Lee, 2001, Reperfusion pulmonary edema after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, Acta Anaesthesiol Sin, 39, 97 Imanaka, 2000, Effects of nitric oxide inhalation after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy for chronic pulmonary thromboembolism, Chest, 118, 39, 10.1378/chest.118.1.39 Jamieson, 2003, Pulmonary endarterectomy; experience and lessons learned in 1500 cases, Ann Thorac Surg, 76, 1457, 10.1016/S0003-4975(03)00828-2 Moser, 1987, Thromboendarterectomy for chronic, major vessel thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Immediate and long term results in 42 patients, Ann Intern Med, 107, 560, 10.7326/0003-4819-107-4-560 Condliffe, 2008, Improved outcomes in medically and surgically treated chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Am J RespirCrit Care Med, 177, 1122, 10.1164/rccm.200712-1841OC Mo, 1999, Reoperative pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, Ann Thorac Surg, 68, 1770, 10.1016/S0003-4975(99)01043-7 Freed, 2011, Survival after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy: effect of residual pulmonary hypertension, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 141, 383, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2009.12.056 Thistlewaite, 2006, Outcomes of pulmonary thromboendarterectomy for treatment of extreme thromboemebolic pulmonary hypertension, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 131, 307, 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2005.07.033 Iwase, 2001, Acute and chronic effects of surgical thromboendarterectomy on exercise capacity and ventilator efficiency in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Heart, 86, 188, 10.1136/heart.86.2.188 Archibald, 1999, Long-term outcome after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 160, 523, 10.1164/ajrccm.160.2.9808109 Mahmud, 2002, Correlation of left ventricular diastolic filling characteristics with right ventricular overload and pulmonary artery pressure in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, J Am Coll Cardiol, 40, 318, 10.1016/S0735-1097(02)01959-9 Ulrich, 2006, Chronic thromboembolic and pulmonary arterial hypertension share acute vasoreactivity properties, Chest, 130, 841, 10.1378/chest.130.3.841 Cabrol, 2007, Intravenous epoprostenol in inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, J Heart Lung Transplant, 26, 357, 10.1016/j.healun.2006.12.014 Nagaya, 2003, Prostacyclin therapy before pulmonary thromboendarterectomy in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Chest, 123, 338, 10.1378/chest.123.2.338 Skoro-Sajer, 2007, Treprostinil for severe inoperable thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, J Thromb Haemost, 5, 483, 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2007.02394.x Olschewski, 2002, Inhaled iloprost for severe pulmonary hypertension, N Engl J Med, 347, 322, 10.1056/NEJMoa020204 Krug, 2008, Acute improved hemodynamics following inhaled iloprost in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Respiration, 76, 154, 10.1159/000107977 Kramm, 2003, Inhaled iloprost in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: effects before and after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, Ann Thorac Surg, 76, 711, 10.1016/S0003-4975(03)00728-8 Jais, 2008, Bosentan for treatment of inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: BENEFiT (Bosentan Effects iNopErable Forms of chronic Thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension), a randomized, placebo-controlled trial, J Am Coll Cardiol, 52, 2127, 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.059 Becattini, 2010, Bosentan for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: findings from a systematic review and meta-analysis, Thromb Res, 126, e51, 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.01.007 Suntharalingam, 2008, Long-term use of sildenafil in inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Chest, 134, 229, 10.1378/chest.07-2681 Ghofrani, 2003, Sildenafil for long-term treatment of nonoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 167, 1139, 10.1164/rccm.200210-1157BC