Chimaeric sounds reveal dichotomies in auditory perception

Fourier, J. B. J. La théorie analytique de la chaleur. Mém. Acad. R. Sci. 8, 581–622 (1829).

Hilbert, D. Grundzüge einer allgemeinen Theorie der linearen Integralgleichungen (Teubner, Leipzig, 1912).

Rhode, W. S., Oertel, D. & Smith, P. H. Physiological response properties of cells labeled intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase in cat ventral cochlear nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 213, 448–463 (1983).

Joris, P. X. & Yin, T. C. Envelope coding in the lateral superior olive. I. Sensitivity to interaural time differences. J. Neurophysiol. 73, 1043–1062 (1995).

Yin, T. C. & Chan, J. C. Interaural time sensitivity in medial superior olive of cat. J. Neurophysiol. 65, 465–488 (1990).

Langner, G. & Schreiner, C. E. Periodicity coding in the inferior colliculus of the cat. I. Neuronal mechanisms. J. Neurophysiol. 60, 1799–1822 (1988).

Rauschecker, J. P. & Tian, B. Mechanisms and streams for processing of “what” and “where” in auditory cortex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 11800–11806 (2000).

Recanzone, G. H. Spatial processing in the auditory cortex of the macaque monkey. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 11829–11835 (2000).

Tian, B., Reser, D., Durham, A., Kustov, A. & Rauschecker, J. P. Functional specialization in rhesus monkey auditory cortex. Science 292, 290–293 (2001).

Maeder, P. P. et al. Distinct pathways involved in sound recognition and localization: a human fMRI study. NeuroImage 14, 802–816 (2001).

Dodge, C. & Jerse, T. A. Computer Music: Synthesis, Composition, and Performance (Schirmer Books, New York, 1997).

Depalle, P., Garcia, G. & Rodet, X. A virtual castrato (!?). Proc. Int. Computer Music Conf., Aarhus, Denmark 357–360 (1994).

Shen, C., Smith, Z. M., Oxenham, A. J. & Delgutte, B. Auditory Chimera Demo; available at 〈 http://epl.meei.harvard.edu/~bard/chimera 〉 (2001).

Licklider, J. Effect of amplitude distortion upon the intelligibility of speech. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 18, 429–434 (1946).

Saberi, K. & Perrot, D. R. Cognitive restoration of reversed speech. Nature 398, 760 (1999).

Nilsson, M., Soli, S. D. & Sullivan, J. A. Development of the hearing in noise test for the measurement of speech reception thresholds in quiet and in noise. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 95, 1085–1099 (1994).

Shannon, R. V., Zeng, F.-G., Kamath, V., Wygonski, J. & Ekelid, M. Speech recognition with primarily temporal cues. Science 270, 303–304 (1995).

Ghitza, O. On the upper cutoff frequency of the auditory critical-band envelope detectors in the context of speech perception. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 110, 1628–1640 (2001).

Wightman, F. L. & Kistler, D. J. The dominant role of low-frequency interaural time differences in sound localization. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 91, 1648–1661 (1992).

Henning, G. B. & Ashton, J. The effect of carrier and modulation frequency on lateralization based on interaural phase and interaural group delay. Hear. Res. 4, 184–194 (1981).

Bernstein, L. R. & Trahiotis, C. Lateralization of low-frequency complex waveforms: The use of envelope-based temporal disparities. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 77, 1868–1880 (1985).

Wilson, B. S. et al. Better speech recognition with cochlear implants. Nature 352, 236–238 (1991).

Rubinstein, J. T., Wilson, B. S., Finley, C. C. & Abbas, P. J. Pseudospontaneous activity: stochastic independence of auditory nerve fibers with electrical stimulation. Hear. Res. 127, 108–118 (1999).

Litvak, L., Delgutte, B. & Eddington, D. Auditory nerve fiber responses to electrical stimulation: modulated and unmodulated pulse trains. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 110, 368–379 (2001).

Greenwood, D. D. A cochlear frequency-position function for several species—29 years later. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 87, 2592–2604 (1990).

Ville, J. Théorie et applications de la notion de signal analytique. Cables Transmission 2, 61–74 (1948).

Troullinos, G., Ehlig, P.,,Chirayil, R., Bradley, J. & Garcia, D. in Digital Signal Processing Applications with the TMS320 Family (ed. Papamichalis, P.) 221–330 (Texas Instruments, Dallas, 1990).

Hartmann, W. M. & Johnson, D. Stream segregation and peripheral channeling. Music Percept. 9, 155–184 (1991).