Children’s mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a population-based cohort study in the United States

Cénat, 2020, The complex trauma spectrum during the COVID-19 Pandemic: a threat for children and adolescents’ physical and mental health, Psychiatry Res, 293, 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113473 Meade, 2021, Mental health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents: a review of the current research, Pediat Clin N Am, 68, 945, 10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.003 Racine, 2021, Global prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in children and adolescents during COVID-19: a meta-analysis, JAMA Pediatr, 175, 1142, 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.2482 McKnight-Eily, 2021, Racial and ethnic disparities in the prevalence of stress and worry, mental health conditions, and increased substance use among adults during the COVID-19 pandemic—United States, April and May 2020, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 70, 162, 10.15585/mmwr.mm7005a3 Verlenden, 2021, Association of children’s mode of school instruction with child and parent experiences and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic—COVID experiences Survey, United States, October 8–November 13, 2020, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 70, 369, 10.15585/mmwr.mm7011a1 Raviv, 2021, Caregiver perceptions of children’s psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic, JAMA Netw Open, 4, 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11103 Yard, 2021, Emergency department visits for suspected suicide attempts among persons aged 12–25 years before and during the COVID-19 pandemic—United States, January 2019–May 2021, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 70, 888, 10.15585/mmwr.mm7024e1 Leeb, 2020, Mental health–related emergency department visits among children aged< 18 years during the COVID-19 pandemic—United States, January 1–October 17, 2020, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 69, 1675, 10.15585/mmwr.mm6945a3 Radhakrishnan LL, 2022, Pediatric emergency department visits associated with mental health conditions before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, January 2019–January 2022, Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 71, 25 Osofsky, 2015, Trajectories of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms among youth exposed to both natural and technological disasters, J Child Psychol Psychiat, 56, 1347, 10.1111/jcpp.12420 Kronenberg, 2010, Children of Katrina: lessons learned about postdisaster symptoms and recovery patterns, Child Dev, 81, 1241, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01465.x Masten, 2012, Child development in the context of disaster, war, and terrorism: pathways of risk and resilience, Annu Rev Psychol, 63, 227, 10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100356 Wang, 2013, Prevalence and trajectory of psychopathology among child and adolescent survivors of disasters: a systematic review of epidemiological studies across 1987–2011, Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 48, 1697, 10.1007/s00127-013-0731-x Pfefferbaum, 2014, Child disaster mental health interventions, part II, Disaster Health, 2, 58, 10.4161/dish.27535 NORC at the University of Chicago. Technical overview of the Amerispeak Panel: NORC's Probability-Based Household Panel. 〈https://amerispeak.norc.org/Documents/Research/AmeriSpeak%20Technical%20Overview%202019%2002%2018.pdf〉; Published 2021 [accessed 18.2.2022]. Bevans, 2018, Psychometric evaluation of the PROMIS® pediatric psychological and physical stress experiences measures, J Pediatr Psychol, 43, 678, 10.1093/jpepsy/jsy010 Bronfenbrenner, 2007, The bioecological model of human development, 1, 793 Malda, 2017, Parental sensitivity and attachment in ethnic minority families, 71 Prime, 2020, Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic, Am Psychol, 75, 631, 10.1037/amp0000660 Masten, 2021, Family risk and resilience in the context of cascading COVID-19 challenges: Commentary on the special issue, Dev Psychol, 57, 1748, 10.1037/dev0001259 Fothergill, 2021, 15 Bitsko, 2022, Mental health surveillance among children—United States, 2013–2019, MMWR Suppl, 71, 1, 10.15585/mmwr.su7102a1 Pfefferbaum, 2012, Framework for research on children's reactions to disasters and terrorist events, Prehosp Disaster Med, 27, 567, 10.1017/S1049023X12001343 Peek, 2010, Children with disabilities in the context of disaster: a social vulnerability perspective, Child Dev, 81, 1260, 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01466.x Lori, 2008, Children and disasters: understanding vulnerability, developing capacities, and promoting resilience—an introduction, Child Youth Environ, 18, 1, 10.1353/cye.2008.0052 Aishworiya, 2021, Including children with developmental disabilities in the equation during this COVID-19 pandemic, J Autism Dev Dis, 51, 2155, 10.1007/s10803-020-04670-6 Costa, 2009, Hurricane Katrina and youth anxiety: the role of perceived attachment beliefs and parenting behaviors, J Anxiety Dis, 23, 935, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2009.06.002 Weems, 2007, The psychosocial impact of hurricane Katrina: contextual differences in psychological symptoms, social support, and discrimination, Behav Res Ther, 45, 2295, 10.1016/j.brat.2007.04.013 Prickett, 2020, Mothers’ job loss and their sensitivity to young children’s development, Child Dev, 91, 1970, 10.1111/cdev.13398 Spinelli, 2020, Parents' stress and children's psychological problems in families facing the COVID-19 outbreak in Italy, Front Psychol, 11, 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01713 Sprang, 2013, Posttraumatic stress disorder in parents and youth after health-related disasters, Disaster Med Public Health Prep, 7, 105, 10.1017/dmp.2013.22 Allen, 2022, When friendships surpass parental relationships as predictors of long-term outcomes: Adolescent relationship qualities and adult psychosocial functioning, Child Dev, 93, 760, 10.1111/cdev.13713 Bonanno, 2010, Weighing the costs of disaster: consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities, Psychol Sci Public Int, 11, 1, 10.1177/1529100610387086 Campbell, 2016, Transition of care for adolescents from paediatric services to adult health services, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 4 Masten, 2020, Multisystem resilience for children and youth in disaster: reflections in the context of COVID-19, Advers Resil Sci, 1, 95, 10.1007/s42844-020-00010-w Institute PHI. Using data to improve Child and Adolescent Mental Health (CAMH): the opening playbook. 〈https://phii.org/course/using-data-to-improve-child-and-adolescent-mental-health-camh-the-opening-playbook/〉. Published 2022. [accessed 15.2.2023]. Taylor, 2017, Promoting positive youth development through school‐based social and emotional learning interventions: a meta‐analysis of follow‐up effects, Child Dev, 88, 1156, 10.1111/cdev.12864 National Academies of Sciences E, Medicine. School-based strategies for addressing the mental health and well-being of youth in the wake of COVID-19. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2021 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention DoAaSH. School connectedness helps students thrive. 〈https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/protective/school_connectedness.htm〉. Published 2022.[accessed 04.15.2023]. Berger, 2019, Multi-tiered approaches to trauma-informed care in schools: a systematic review, School Mental Health, 11, 650, 10.1007/s12310-019-09326-0 Dorado, 2016, Healthy Environments and Response to Trauma in Schools (HEARTS): A whole-school, multi-level, prevention and intervention program for creating trauma-informed, safe and supportive schools, School Mental Health, 8, 163, 10.1007/s12310-016-9177-0