Chemopreventive efficacy of Phyllanthus emblica L. (amla) fruit extract on 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced oral carcinogenesis – A dose–response study

Bagchi, 2000, Free radicals and grape seed proanthocyanidin extract: importance in human health and disease prevention, Toxicology, 148, 187, 10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00210-9 Bewick, 1987, Superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in the red cells of patients with malignant lymphoma, Br. J. Haematol., 65, 347, 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1987.tb06866.x Bishayee, 2000, Vanadium chemoprevention of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene induced rat mammary carcinogenesis: probable involvement of representative hepatic phase I and phase II xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 63, 133, 10.1023/A:1006476003685 Braakhuis, 2004, A genetic progression model of oral cancer: current evidence and clinical implications, J. Oral Pathol. Med., 33, 317, 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2004.00225.x Chen, 2010, DMBA-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinoma and VX-2 induced rabbit cancer as a model for human oral carcinogenesis, Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther., 10, 1262, 10.1586/era.10.108 Chew, 2008, Antioxidant activity of three edible seaweeds from two areas in South East Asia, LWT – Food. Sci. Technol., 41, 1067, 10.1016/j.lwt.2007.06.013 Das, 1994, Vitamin E in the genesis and prevention of cancer – a review, Acta Oncol., 33, 615, 10.3109/02841869409121771 Desai, 1984, Vitamin E analysis methods for animal tissues, vol. 105, 138 Diplock, 1994, Is there a significant role for lipid peroxidation in the causation of malignancy and for antioxidants in cancer prevention?, Cancer Res., 54, 1952 Ellman, 1959, Tissue sulfhydryl groups, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 82, 70, 10.1016/0003-9861(59)90090-6 Giri, 1995, Evidence that in situ generated reactive oxygen species act as a potent stage I tumor promoter in mouse skin, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 209, 689, 10.1006/bbrc.1995.1555 Goshal, 1996, Active constituents of Emblica officinalis. The chemistry and antioxidative effects of two new hydrolysable tannins: Emblicanin A and B, Indian, J. Chem., 35, 941 Hahn, 2002, Genetic of drug-metabolizing enzymes and susceptibility to oral cavity cancer, Oral Oncol., 38, 486, 10.1016/S1368-8375(01)00086-0 Hail, 2008, Cancer chemoprevention: a radical perspective, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 45, 97, 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.04.004 Halliwell, 2000, The gastrointestinal tract: a major site of antioxidant action?, Free Radic. Res., 33, 819, 10.1080/10715760000301341 Hanahan, 2000, The hallmarks of cancer, Cell, 100, 57, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9 Jia, 1999, The determination of flavonoid content in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals, Food Chem., 64, 555, 10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2 Kahlos, 2000, Manganese superoxide dismutase as a diagnostic marker for malignant pleural mesothelioma, Br. J. Cancer, 82, 1022, 10.1054/bjoc.1999.1037 Kakkar, 1984, A modified spectrophotometric assay of superoxide dismutase, Indian J. Biochem. Biophys., 21, 130 Kleiner, 2002, Role of cytochrome P450 1a1 and 1b1 in the metabolic activation of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]-anthracene and the effects of naturally occurring furanocoumarins on skin tumor initiation, Chem. Res. Toxicol., 15, 226, 10.1021/tx010151v Koehn, 2005, The evolving role of natural products in drug discovery, Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 4, 206, 10.1038/nrd1657 Krishnaveni, 2010, Therapeutic potential of Phyllanthus emblica (Amla): the ayurvedic wonder, J. Basic Clin. Physiol. Pharmacol., 21, 93 Larsson, 2006, Fruit and vegetable consumption and incidence of gastric cancer: a prospective study, Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 15, 1998, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-06-0402 Lowry, 1951, Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent, J. Biol. Chem., 193, 265, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)52451-6 Mans, 1992, Modulation by DL-butathione-S, R-sulphomixine of etoposide toxicity on human non- small cell lung, ovarian and breast carcinoma cell line, Br. J. Cancer, 28A, 1447 Mirunalini, 2004, Chemoprevention of experimental hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis by garlic oil, J. Herbs. Sp. Med. Plants, 10, 89, 10.1300/J044v10n04_09 Moody, 2003, Regio- and stereoselective metabolism of 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene by Mycobacterium vanbaalenii PYR-1, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69, 3924, 10.1128/AEM.69.7.3924-3931.2003 Ohkawa, 1979, Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction, Anal. Biochem., 95, 351, 10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3 Omaye, 1979, Selected method for the determination of ascorbic acid in animal cells, tissues and fluids, 3, 10.1016/0076-6879(79)62181-X Polshettiwar, 2007, Spectrophotometric estimation of total tannins in some ayurvedic eye drops, Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 69, 574, 10.4103/0250-474X.36949 Rani, 2004, Antimcrobial evaluation of some medicinal plants for their anti- enteric potential against multi-drug resistant Salmonella typhi, J. Phytother. Res., 18, 670, 10.1002/ptr.1522 Rotruck, 1973, Selenium: Biochemical roles as a component of glutathione peroxidase, Science, 179, 588, 10.1126/science.179.4073.588 Russo, 2007, Ins and outs of dietary phytochemicals in cancer chemoprevention, Biochem. Pharmacol., 74, 533, 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.02.014 Salley, 1954, Experimental carcinogenesis in the cheek pouch of the Syrian hamster, J. Dent. Res., 33, 253, 10.1177/00220345540330021201 Sancheti, 2005, Chemopreventive action of Emblica officinalis on skin carcinogenesis in mice, Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev., 6, 197 Scartezzini, 2000, Review on some plants of Indian traditional medicine with antioxidant activity, J. Ethnopharmacol., 71, 23, 10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00213-0 Scartezzini, 2006, Vitamin C content and antioxidant activity of the fruit and of the ayurvedic preparation of Emblica officinalis Gaertn, J. Ethnopharmacol., 104, 113, 10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.065 Schliephake, 2003, Prognostic relevance of molecular markers of oral cancer – a review, Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg., 32, 233, 10.1054/ijom.2002.0383 Sinha, 1972, Colorimetric assay of catalase, Anal. Biochem., 47, 389, 10.1016/0003-2697(72)90132-7 Skrzydlewska, 2001, Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in colorectal cancer, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, 64, 213, 10.1080/15287390152543690 Slater, 1984, Lipid peroxidation in animal tumours: a disturbance in the control of cell division, 21 Sulak, 2005, Nephrotoxicity in rats induced by organophosphate insecticide methidathion and ameliorating effects of vitamin E and C, Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 83, 21, 10.1016/j.pestbp.2005.03.008 Valko, 2006, Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer, Chem. Biol. Interact., 160, 1, 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.12.009 Vasquez-Garzon, 2009, Inhibition of reactive oxygen species and preneoplastic lesions by quercetin through an antioxidant defense mechanism, Free Radic. Res., 43, 128, 10.1080/10715760802626535 Wu, 2004, Glutathione metabolism and its implications for health, J. Nutr., 134, 489, 10.1093/jn/134.3.489 Yagi, 1978, Lipid peroxides and human disease, Chem. Physiol. Lipids, 45, 337, 10.1016/0009-3084(87)90071-5 Zhang, 1991, Alteration in glutathione level during carcinogenesis in hamster buccal pouch mucosa, J. Dent. Res., 70, 1061, 10.1177/00220345910700070901