Chemokine receptors in the central nervous system: role in brain inflammation and neurodegenerative diseases

Abbadie, 2003, Impaired neuropathic pain responses in mice lacking the chemokine receptor CCR2, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 100, 7947, 10.1073/pnas.1331358100

Akiyama, 2000, Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease, Neurobiol. Aging, 21, 383, 10.1016/S0197-4580(00)00124-X

Albright, 1999, Microglia express CCR5, CXCR4, and CCR3, but of these, CCR5 is the principal coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 dementia isolates, J. Virol., 73, 205, 10.1128/JVI.73.1.205-213.1999

Andjelkovic, 1999, Expression of binding sites for beta chemokines on human astrocytes, Glia, 28, 225, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(199912)28:3<225::AID-GLIA6>3.0.CO;2-6

Andjelkovic, 2002, Functional expression of CCR2 by human fetal astrocytes, J. Neurosci. Res., 70, 219, 10.1002/jnr.10372

Asensio, 1999, Chemokines in the CNS: plurifunctional mediators in diverse states, Trends Neurosci., 22, 504, 10.1016/S0166-2236(99)01453-8

Baba, 1999, A small-molecule, nonpeptide CCR5 antagonist with highly potent and selective anti-HIV-1 activity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 96, 5698, 10.1073/pnas.96.10.5698

Bacon, 2000, Chemokines and their receptors in neurobiology: perspectives in physiology and homeostasis, J. Neuroimmunol., 104, 92, 10.1016/S0165-5728(99)00266-0

Bagetta, 1996, The HIV-1 gp120 causes ultrastructural changes typical of apoptosis in the rat cerebral cortex, Neuroreport, 7, 1722, 10.1097/00001756-199607290-00005

Bagri, 2002, The chemokine SDF1 regulates migration of dentate granule cells, Development, 129, 4249, 10.1242/dev.129.18.4249

Bajetto, 1999, Glial and neuronal cells express functional chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its natural ligand stromal cell-derived factor 1, J. Neurochem., 73, 2348, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1999.0732348.x

Bajetto, 2001, Stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha induces astrocyte proliferation through the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 pathway, J. Neurochem., 77, 1226, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00350.x

Bakhiet, 2001, RANTES promotes growth and survival of human first-trimester forebrain astrocytes, Nat. Cell Biol., 3, 150, 10.1038/35055057

Balashov, 1999, CCR5(+) and CXCR3(+) T cells are increased in multiple sclerosis and their ligands MIP-1alpha and IP-10 are expressed in demyelinating brain lesions, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 96, 6873, 10.1073/pnas.96.12.6873

Banisadr, 2002, Neuroanatomical distribution of CXCR4 in adult rat brain and its localization in cholinergic and dopaminergic neurons, Eur. J. Neurosci., 16, 1661, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02237.x

Barcellos, 2000, CC-chemokine receptor 5 polymorphism and age of onset in familial multiple sclerosis. Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Group, Immunogenetics, 51, 281, 10.1007/s002510050621

Bazan, 1997, A new class of membrane-bound chemokine with a CX3C motif, Nature, 385, 640, 10.1038/385640a0

Bennetts, 1997, The CCR5 deletion mutation fails to protect against multiple sclerosis, Hum. Immunol., 58, 52, 10.1016/S0198-8859(97)00207-3

Berger, 1997, HIV entry and tropism: the chemokine receptor connection, Aids, 11, S3

Berger, 1999, Chemokine receptors as HIV-1 coreceptors: roles in viral entry, tropism, and disease, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 17, 657, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.17.1.657

Berger, 1999, CXC and CC chemokine receptors on coronary and brain endothelia, Mol. Med., 5, 795, 10.1007/BF03401992

Berninger, 1996, Fast actions of neurotrophic factors, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 6, 324, 10.1016/S0959-4388(96)80115-2

Bezzi, 2001, CXCR4-activated astrocyte glutamate release via TNFalpha: amplification by microglia triggers neurotoxicity, Nat. Neurosci., 4, 702, 10.1038/89490

Biber, 2002, Functional expression of CXCR3 in cultured mouse and human astrocytes and microglia, Neuroscience, 112, 487, 10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00114-8

Bolin, 1998, Primary sensory neurons migrate in response to the chemokine RANTES, J. Neuroimmunol., 81, 49, 10.1016/S0165-5728(97)00158-6

Bonavia, 2003, Chemokines and their receptors in the CNS: expression of CXCL12/SDF-1 and CXCR4 and their role in astrocyte proliferation, Toxicol. Lett., 139, 181, 10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00432-0

Bondeva, 1998, Bifurcation of lipid and protein kinase signals of PI3Kgamma to the protein kinases PKB and MAPK, Science, 282, 293, 10.1126/science.282.5387.293

Boshoff, 1997, Angiogenic and HIV-inhibitory functions of KSHV-encoded chemokines, Science, 278, 290, 10.1126/science.278.5336.290

Boutet, 2001, Cellular expression of functional chemokine receptor CCR5 and CXCR4 in human embryonic neurons, Neurosci. Lett., 311, 105, 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02149-8

Boven, 1999, Potential role of CCR5 polymorphism in the development of AIDS dementia complex, FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol., 26, 243, 10.1111/j.1574-695X.1999.tb01395.x

Brenneman, 1988, Neuronal cell killing by the envelope protein of HIV and its prevention by vasoactive intestinal peptide, Nature, 335, 639, 10.1038/335639a0

Burgering, 1995, Protein kinase B (c-Akt) in phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase signal transduction, Nature, 376, 599, 10.1038/376599a0

Cartier, 2003, Chemokine-induced cell death in CCR5-expressing neuroblastoma cells, J. Neuroimmunol., 145, 27, 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.09.008

Chan, 1999, AKT/PKB and other D3 phosphoinositide-regulated kinases: kinase activation by phosphoinositide-dependent phosphorylation, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 68, 965, 10.1146/annurev.biochem.68.1.965

Che, 2001, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expressed in neurons and astrocytes during focal ischemia in mice, Brain Res., 902, 171, 10.1016/S0006-8993(01)02328-9

Chen, 2003, Overexpression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in the brain exacerbates ischemic brain injury and is associated with recruitment of inflammatory cells, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 23, 748, 10.1097/01.WCB.0000071885.63724.20

Cilliers, 2003, The CCR5 and CXCR4 coreceptors are both used by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 primary isolates from subtype C, J. Virol., 77, 4449, 10.1128/JVI.77.7.4449-4456.2003

Clark, 1993, Development of tissue damage, inflammation and resolution following stroke: an immunohistochemical and quantitative planimetric study, Brain Res. Bull., 31, 565, 10.1016/0361-9230(93)90124-T

Cole, 1998, Interferon-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC): a novel non-ELR CXC chemokine with potent activity on activated T cells through selective high affinity binding to CXCR3, J. Exp. Med., 187, 2009, 10.1084/jem.187.12.2009

Columba-Cabezas, 2003, Lymphoid chemokines CCL19 and CCL21 are expressed in the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: implications for the maintenance of chronic neuroinflammation, Brain Pathol., 13, 38, 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2003.tb00005.x

Combadiere, 1995, Cloning, chromosomal localization, and RNA expression of a human beta chemokine receptor-like gene, DNA Cell Biol., 14, 673, 10.1089/dna.1995.14.673

Combadiere, 1998, Gene cloning, RNA distribution, and functional expression of mCX3CR1, a mouse chemotactic receptor for the CX3C chemokine fractalkine, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 253, 728, 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9849

Combadiere, 1998, Identification of CX3CR1. A chemotactic receptor for the human CX3C chemokine fractalkine and a fusion coreceptor for HIV-1, J. Biol. Chem., 273, 23799, 10.1074/jbc.273.37.23799

Combs, 2001, beta-Amyloid stimulation of microglia and monocytes results in TNFalpha-dependent expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and neuronal apoptosis, J. Neurosci., 21, 1179, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-04-01179.2001

Corasaniti, 2001, Evidence that the HIV-1 coat protein gp120 causes neuronal apoptosis in the neocortex of rat via a mechanism involving CXCR4 chemokine receptor, Neurosci. Lett., 312, 67, 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02191-7

Coughlan, 2000, Expression of multiple functional chemokine receptors and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human neurons, Neuroscience, 97, 591, 10.1016/S0306-4522(00)00024-5

Cowell, 2003, Developmental changes in the expression of chemokine receptor CCR1 in the rat cerebellum, J. Comp. Neurol., 457, 7, 10.1002/cne.10554

Cowell, 2002, Hypoxic–ischemic injury induces macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha expression in immature rat brain, Stroke, 33, 795, 10.1161/hs0302.103740

Croitoru-Lamoury, 2003, Expression of chemokines and their receptors in human and simian astrocytes: Evidence for a central role of TNFalpha and IFNgamma in CXCR4 and CCR5 modulation, Glia, 41, 354, 10.1002/glia.10181

Cummings, 1998, Alzheimer's disease: etiologies, pathophysiology, cognitive reserve, and treatment opportunities, Neurology, 51, S2, 10.1212/WNL.51.1_Suppl_1.S2

Dairaghi, 1999, HHV8-encoded vMIP-I selectively engages chemokine receptor CCR8. Agonist and antagonist profiles of viral chemokines, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 21569, 10.1074/jbc.274.31.21569

Danik, 2003, Widely expressed transcripts for chemokine receptor CXCR1 in identified glutamatergic, gamma-aminobutyric acidergic, and cholinergic neurons and astrocytes of the rat brain: A single-cell reverse transcription-multiplex polymerase chain reaction study, J. Neurosci. Res., 74, 286, 10.1002/jnr.10744

Dean, 1996, Genetic restriction of HIV-1 infection and progression to AIDS by a deletion allele of the CKR5 structural gene. Hemophilia Growth and Development Study, Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study, San Francisco City Cohort, ALIVE Study, Science, 273, 1856, 10.1126/science.273.5283.1856

Del Corno, 2001, HIV-1 gp120 and chemokine activation of Pyk2 and mitogen-activated protein kinases in primary macrophages mediated by calcium-dependent, pertussis toxin-insensitive chemokine receptor signaling, Blood, 98, 2909, 10.1182/blood.V98.10.2909

Dickson, 1997, The pathogenesis of senile plaques, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 56, 321, 10.1097/00005072-199704000-00001

Dittmar, 1997, HIV-1 tropism and co-receptor use, Nature, 385, 495, 10.1038/385495a0

Doms, 1997, Unwelcomed guests with master keys: how HIV uses chemokine receptors for cellular entry, Virology, 235, 179, 10.1006/viro.1997.8703

Dorf, 2000, Astrocytes express functional chemokine receptors, J. Neuroimmunol., 111, 109, 10.1016/S0165-5728(00)00371-4

Dreyer, 1990, HIV-1 coat protein neurotoxicity prevented by calcium channel antagonists, Science, 248, 364, 10.1126/science.2326646

Dutt, 1998, Stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha and stem cell factor/kit ligand share signaling pathways in hemopoietic progenitors: a potential mechanism for cooperative induction of chemotaxis, J. Immunol., 161, 3652, 10.4049/jimmunol.161.7.3652

Easterbrook, 1999, Chemokine receptor polymorphisms and human immunodeficiency virus disease progression, J. Infect. Dis., 180, 1096, 10.1086/314997

Efremov, 1999, Human chemokine receptors CCR5, CCR3 and CCR2B share common polarity motif in the first extracellular loop with other human G-protein coupled receptors implications for HIV-1 coreceptor function, Eur. J. Biochem., 263, 746, 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00553.x

Erichsen, 2003, Neuronal injury regulates fractalkine: relevance for HIV-1 associated dementia, J. Neuroimmunol., 138, 144, 10.1016/S0165-5728(03)00117-6

Faure, 2003, Deleterious genetic influence of CX3CR1 genotypes on HIV-1 disease progression, J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr., 32, 335, 10.1097/00126334-200303010-00014

Feuerstein, 1998, The role of cytokines in the neuropathology of stroke and neurotrauma, Neuroimmunomodulation, 5, 143, 10.1159/000026331

Fife, 2000, CC chemokine receptor 2 is critical for induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J. Exp. Med., 192, 899, 10.1084/jem.192.6.899

Fife, 2001, CXCL10 (IFN-gamma-inducible protein-10) control of encephalitogenic CD4+ T cell accumulation in the central nervous system during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J. Immunol., 166, 7617, 10.4049/jimmunol.166.12.7617

Filipovic, 2003, GRO-alpha and CXCR2 in the human fetal brain and multiple sclerosis lesions, Dev. Neurosci., 25, 279, 10.1159/000072275

Flynn, 2003, Regulation of chemokine receptor expression in human microglia and astrocytes, J. Neuroimmunol., 136, 84, 10.1016/S0165-5728(03)00009-2

Franciotta, 2001, Serum and CSF levels of MCP-1 and IP-10 in multiple sclerosis patients with acute and stable disease and undergoing immunomodulatory therapies, J. Neuroimmunol., 115, 192, 10.1016/S0165-5728(01)00261-2

Galasso, 1998, Excitotoxic brain injury stimulates expression of the chemokine receptor CCR5 in neonatal rats, Am. J. Pathol., 153, 1631, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65752-5

Galimberti, 2003, Chemokines in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease patients, Ann. Neurol., 53, 547, 10.1002/ana.10531

Ganju, 1998, The alpha-chemokine, stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha, binds to the transmembrane G-protein-coupled CXCR-4 receptor and activates multiple signal transduction pathways, J. Biol. Chem., 273, 23169, 10.1074/jbc.273.36.23169

Gao, 1997, Impaired host defense, hematopoiesis, granulomatous inflammation and type 1–type 2 cytokine balance in mice lacking CC chemokine receptor 1, J. Exp. Med., 185, 1959, 10.1084/jem.185.11.1959

Garcia, 1994, Influx of leukocytes and platelets in an evolving brain infarct (Wistar rat), Am. J. Pathol., 144, 188

Gaupp, 2003, Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in CCR2(−/−) mice: susceptibility in multiple strains, Am. J. Pathol., 162, 139, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63805-9

Ghorpade, 1998, Role of the beta-chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR5 in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of monocytes and microglia, J. Virol., 72, 3351, 10.1128/JVI.72.4.3351-3361.1998

Gillard, 2002, Expression of functional chemokine receptors by rat cerebellar neurons, J. Neuroimmunol., 124, 16, 10.1016/S0165-5728(02)00005-X

Ginsberg, 1989, Rodent models of cerebral ischemia, Stroke, 20, 1627, 10.1161/01.STR.20.12.1627

Giovannelli, 1998, CXC chemokines interleukin-8 (IL-8) and growth-related gene product alpha (GROalpha) modulate Purkinje neuron activity in mouse cerebellum, J. Neuroimmunol., 92, 122, 10.1016/S0165-5728(98)00192-1

Glass, 1993, Clinical–neuropathologic correlation in HIV-associated dementia, Neurology, 43, 2230, 10.1212/WNL.43.11.2230

Glass, 1995, Immunocytochemical quantitation of human immunodeficiency virus in the brain: correlations with dementia, Ann. Neurol., 38, 755, 10.1002/ana.410380510

Goldberg, 2001, CXCR3 expression in human central nervous system diseases, Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol., 27, 127, 10.1046/j.1365-2990.2001.00312.x

Gorry, 2002, Increased CCR5 affinity and reduced CCR5/CD4 dependence of a neurovirulent primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate, J. Virol., 76, 6277, 10.1128/JVI.76.12.6277-6292.2002

Gourmala, 1997, Differential and time-dependent expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 mRNA by astrocytes and macrophages in rat brain: effects of ischemia and peripheral lipopolysaccharide administration, J. Neuroimmunol., 74, 35, 10.1016/S0165-5728(96)00203-2

Gourmala, 1999, Localization of macrophage inflammatory protein: macrophage inflammatory protein-1 expression in rat brain after peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide and focal cerebral ischemia, Neuroscience, 88, 1255, 10.1016/S0306-4522(98)00295-4

Han, 2000, TGFbeta1 selectively up-regulates CCR1 expression in primary murine astrocytes, Glia, 30, 1, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(200003)30:1<1::AID-GLIA1>3.0.CO;2-Q

Harrison, 1994, cDNA cloning of a G-protein-coupled receptor expressed in rat spinal cord and brain related to chemokine receptors, Neurosci. Lett., 169, 85, 10.1016/0304-3940(94)90362-X

Harrison, 1998, Role for neuronally derived fractalkine in mediating interactions between neurons and CX3CR1-expressing microglia, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 95, 10896, 10.1073/pnas.95.18.10896

Hatch, 1998, The related adhesion focal tyrosine kinase (RAFTK) is tyrosine phosphorylated and participates in colony-stimulating factor-1/macrophage colony-stimulating factor signaling in monocyte-macrophages, Blood, 91, 3967, 10.1182/blood.V91.10.3967

Hatori, 2002, Fractalkine and fractalkine receptors in human neurons and glial cells, J. Neurosci. Res., 69, 418, 10.1002/jnr.10304

He, 1997, CCR3 and CCR5 are co-receptors for HIV-1 infection of microglia, Nature, 385, 645, 10.1038/385645a0

Hesselgesser, 1999, Chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in the central nervous system, J. Neurovirology, 5, 13, 10.3109/13550289909029741

Hesselgesser, 1998, Identification and characterization of small molecule functional antagonists of the CCR1 chemokine receptor, J. Biol. Chem., 273, 15687, 10.1074/jbc.273.25.15687

Hesselgesser, 1998, Neuronal apoptosis induced by HIV-1 gp120 and the chemokine SDF-1 alpha is mediated by the chemokine receptor CXCR4, Curr. Biol., 8, 595, 10.1016/S0960-9822(98)70230-1

Hirsch, 2000, Central role for G protein-coupled phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma in inflammation, Science, 287, 1049, 10.1126/science.287.5455.1049

Hohlfeld, 1997, Biotechnological agents for the immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis. Principles, problems and perspectives, Brain, 120, 865, 10.1093/brain/120.5.865

Horuk, 1997, Expression of chemokine receptors by subsets of neurons in the central nervous system, J. Immunol., 158, 2882, 10.4049/jimmunol.158.6.2882

Horuk, 1998, The CC chemokine I-309 inhibits CCR8-dependent infection by diverse HIV-1 strains, J. Biol. Chem., 273, 386, 10.1074/jbc.273.1.386

Huang, 1996, The role of a mutant CCR5 allele in HIV-1 transmission and disease progression, Nat. Med., 2, 1240, 10.1038/nm1196-1240

Hughes, 2002, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 deficiency is protective in a murine stroke model, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 22, 308, 10.1097/00004647-200203000-00008

Hughes, 2002, Expression of fractalkine (CX3CL1) and its receptor, CX3CR1, during acute and chronic inflammation in the rodent CNS, Glia, 37, 314, 10.1002/glia.10037

Ishibashi, 2002, Inflammatory response and glutathione peroxidase in a model of stroke, J. Immunol., 168, 1926, 10.4049/jimmunol.168.4.1926

Ishizuka, 1997, Identification of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in senile plaques and reactive microglia of Alzheimer's disease, Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 51, 135, 10.1111/j.1440-1819.1997.tb02375.x

Izikson, 2000, Resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice lacking the CC chemokine receptor (CCR)2, J. Exp. Med., 192, 1075, 10.1084/jem.192.7.1075

Jiang, 1998, Chemokine receptor expression in cultured glia and rat experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, J. Neuroimmunol., 86, 1, 10.1016/S0165-5728(98)00005-8

Jinno, 1998, Identification of the chemokine receptor TER1/CCR8 expressed in brain-derived cells and T cells as a new coreceptor for HIV-1 infection, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 243, 497, 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8130

Johnstone, 1999, A central role for astrocytes in the inflammatory response to beta-amyloid; chemokines, cytokines and reactive oxygen species are produced, J. Neuroimmunol., 93, 182, 10.1016/S0165-5728(98)00226-4

Jones, 1995, A comparison of post-receptor signal transduction events in Jurkat cells transfected with either IL-8R1 or IL-8R2. Chemokine mediated activation of p42/p44 MAP-kinase (ERK-2), FEBS Lett., 364, 211, 10.1016/0014-5793(95)00397-R

Jung, 2000, Analysis of fractalkine receptor CX(3)CR1 function by targeted deletion and green fluorescent protein reporter gene insertion, Mol. Cell. Biol., 20, 4106, 10.1128/MCB.20.11.4106-4114.2000

Kaiser, 1993, The G protein-coupled receptor BLR1 is involved in murine B cell differentiation and is also expressed in neuronal tissues, Eur. J. Immunol., 23, 2532, 10.1002/eji.1830231023

Kang, 1995, Long-lasting neurotrophin-induced enhancement of synaptic transmission in the adult hippocampus, Science, 267, 1658, 10.1126/science.7886457

Karpus, 1997, MIP-1alpha and MCP-1 differentially regulate acute and relapsing autoimmune encephalomyelitis as well as Th1/Th2 lymphocyte differentiation, J. Leukoc. Biol., 62, 681, 10.1002/jlb.62.5.681

Karpus, 1995, An important role for the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha in the pathogenesis of the T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, J. Immunol., 155, 5003, 10.4049/jimmunol.155.10.5003

Karpus, 2003, Immunoneutralization of chemokines for the prevention and treatment of central nervous system autoimmune disease, Methods, 29, 362, 10.1016/S1046-2023(02)00360-2

Kaul, 1999, Chemokines and activated macrophages in HIV gp120-induced neuronal apoptosis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 96, 8212, 10.1073/pnas.96.14.8212

Kaul, 2001, Pathways to neuronal injury and apoptosis in HIV-associated dementia, Nature, 410, 988, 10.1038/35073667

Kelder, 1998, Beta-chemokines MCP-1 and RANTES are selectively increased in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia, Ann. Neurol., 44, 831, 10.1002/ana.410440521

Kennedy, 1998, Acute and relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis are regulated by differential expression of the CC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha and monocyte chemotactic protein-1, J. Neuroimmunol., 92, 98, 10.1016/S0165-5728(98)00187-8

Kim, 1995, Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat, J. Neuroimmunol., 56, 127, 10.1016/0165-5728(94)00138-E

Kledal, 1997, A broad-spectrum chemokine antagonist encoded by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, Science, 277, 1656, 10.1126/science.277.5332.1656

Klein, 1999, Chemokine receptor expression and signaling in macaque and human fetal neurons and astrocytes: implications for the neuropathogenesis of AIDS, J. Immunol., 163, 1636, 10.4049/jimmunol.163.3.1636

Klein, 2001, SDF-1 alpha induces chemotaxis and enhances Sonic hedgehog-induced proliferation of cerebellar granule cells, Development, 128, 1971, 10.1242/dev.128.11.1971

Knall, 1996, Interleukin-8 regulation of the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in human neutrophils, J. Biol. Chem., 271, 2832, 10.1074/jbc.271.5.2832

Kochanek, 1992, Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes/macrophages in the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemia and stroke, Stroke, 23, 1367, 10.1161/01.STR.23.9.1367

Koenig, 1986, Detection of AIDS virus in macrophages in brain tissue from AIDS patients with encephalopathy, Science, 233, 1089, 10.1126/science.3016903

Kostrikis, 1998, A chemokine receptor CCR2 allele delays HIV-1 disease progression and is associated with a CCR5 promoter mutation, Nat. Med., 4, 350, 10.1038/nm0398-350

Kostulas, 1998, Ischemic stroke is associated with a systemic increase of blood mononuclear cells expressing interleukin-8 mRNA, Stroke, 29, 462, 10.1161/01.STR.29.2.462

Lannuzel, 1995, HIV-1 envelope proteins gp120 and gp160 potentiate NMDA-induced [Ca2+]i increase, alter [Ca2+]i homeostasis and induce neurotoxicity in human embryonic neurons, Eur. J. Neurosci., 7, 2285, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.1995.tb00649.x

Lannuzel, 1997, Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and its coat protein gp120 induce apoptosis and activate JNK and ERK mitogen-activated protein kinases in human neurons, Ann. Neurol., 42, 847, 10.1002/ana.410420605

Lazarini, 2000, Differential signalling of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by stromal cell-derived factor 1 and the HIV glycoprotein in rat neurons and astrocytes, Eur. J. Neurosci., 12, 117, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00894.x

Letendre, 1999, Cerebrospinal fluid beta chemokine concentrations in neurocognitively impaired individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J. Infect. Dis., 180, 310, 10.1086/314866

Liang, 2000, Identification and characterization of a potent, selective, and orally active antagonist of the CC chemokine receptor-1, J. Biol. Chem., 275, 19000, 10.1074/jbc.M001222200

Limatola, 2000, SDF-1alpha-mediated modulation of synaptic transmission in rat cerebellum, Eur. J. Neurosci., 12, 2497, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00139.x

Lipton, 1995, Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel Hospital, Boston. Dementia associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, N. Engl. J. Med., 332, 934, 10.1056/NEJM199504063321407

Littman, 1998, Chemokine receptors: keys to AIDS pathogenesis?, Cell, 93, 677, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81429-4

Liu, 1993, Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant mRNA expressed in cerebral ischemia, Neurosci. Lett., 164, 125, 10.1016/0304-3940(93)90873-J

Liu, 1996, Homozygous defect in HIV-1 coreceptor accounts for resistance of some multiply-exposed individuals to HIV-1 infection, Cell, 86, 367, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80110-5

Liu, 2003, Frequency modulation of synchronized Ca2+ spikes in cultured hippocampal networks through G-protein-coupled receptors, J. Neurosci., 23, 4156, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-10-04156.2003

Loetscher, 1996, Chemokine receptor specific for IP10 and mig: structure, function, and expression in activated T-lymphocytes, J. Exp. Med., 184, 963, 10.1084/jem.184.3.963

Lu, 2001, Ephrin-B reverse signaling is mediated by a novel PDZ-RGS protein and selectively inhibits G protein-coupled chemoattraction, Cell, 105, 69, 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00297-5

Lu, 2002, Abnormal development of the hippocampal dentate gyrus in mice lacking the CXCR4 chemokine receptor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 99, 7090, 10.1073/pnas.092013799

Lucchinetti, 1998, Multiple sclerosis: lessons from neuropathology, Semin. Neurol., 18, 337, 10.1055/s-2008-1040885

Lue, 2001, Inflammatory repertoire of Alzheimer's disease and nondemented elderly microglia in vitro, Glia, 35, 72, 10.1002/glia.1072

Luster, 1998, Chemokines—chemotactic cytokines that mediate inflammation, N. Engl. J. Med., 338, 436, 10.1056/NEJM199802123380706

Luttichau, 2000, A highly selective CC chemokine receptor (CCR)8 antagonist encoded by the poxvirus molluscum contagiosum, J. Exp. Med., 191, 171, 10.1084/jem.191.1.171

Luttichau, 2001, The herpesvirus 8-encoded chemokine vMIP-II, but not the poxvirus-encoded chemokine MC148, inhibits the CCR10 receptor, Eur. J. Immunol., 31, 1217, 10.1002/1521-4141(200104)31:4<1217::AID-IMMU1217>3.0.CO;2-S

Luttrell, 1999, Regulation of tyrosine kinase cascades by G-protein-coupled receptors, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 11, 177, 10.1016/S0955-0674(99)80023-4

Ma, 1998, Impaired B-lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis, and derailed cerebellar neuron migration in CXCR4- and SDF-1-deficient mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 95, 9448, 10.1073/pnas.95.16.9448

Ma, 2000, Src tyrosine kinase is a novel direct effector of G proteins, Cell, 102, 635, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00086-6

Maciejewski-Lenoir, 1999, Characterization of fractalkine in rat brain cells: migratory and activation signals for CX3CR-1-expressing microglia, J. Immunol., 163, 1628, 10.4049/jimmunol.163.3.1628

Mahad, 2002, Expression of chemokines in the CSF and correlation with clinical disease activity in patients with multiple sclerosis, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry, 72, 498

Masliah, 1992, Spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus-associated neocortical damage, Ann. Neurol., 32, 321, 10.1002/ana.410320304

Matsui, 2002, Treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis with the chemokine receptor antagonist Met-RANTES, J. Neuroimmunol., 128, 16, 10.1016/S0165-5728(02)00121-2

Matsumoto, 1997, Prevention of cerebral edema and infarct in cerebral reperfusion injury by an antibody to interleukin-8, Lab. Invest., 77, 119

Matsumoto, 1997, Pivotal role of interleukin-8 in the acute respiratory distress syndrome and cerebral reperfusion injury, J. Leukoc. Biol., 62, 581, 10.1002/jlb.62.5.581

McArthur, 1993, Dementia in AIDS patients: incidence and risk factors. Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, Neurology, 43, 2245, 10.1212/WNL.43.11.2245

McDermott, 1998, CCR5 promoter polymorphism and HIV-1 disease progression, Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), Lancet, 352, 866, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)04158-0

McDermott, 2000, Genetic polymorphism in CX3CR1 and risk of HIV disease, Science, 290, 2031, 10.1126/science.290.5499.2031a

McGrath, 1999, Embryonic expression and function of the chemokine SDF-1 and its receptor, CXCR4, Dev. Biol., 213, 442, 10.1006/dbio.1999.9405

McManus, 1998, MCP-1, MCP-2 and MCP-3 expression in multiple sclerosis lesions: an immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization study, J. Neuroimmunol., 86, 20, 10.1016/S0165-5728(98)00002-2

McNicholl, 1997, Host genes and HIV: the role of the chemokine receptor gene CCR5 and its allele, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 3, 261, 10.3201/eid0303.970302

Meda, 1995, Beta-Amyloid(25–35) induces the production of interleukin-8 from human monocytes, J. Neuroimmunol., 59, 29, 10.1016/0165-5728(95)00021-S

Mellado, 2002, Analysis of G-protein-coupled receptor dimerization following chemokine signaling, Methods, 27, 349, 10.1016/S1046-2023(02)00093-2

Mennicken, 1999, Chemokines and chemokine receptors in the CNS: a possible role in neuroinflammation and patterning, Trends Pharmacol. Sci., 20, 73, 10.1016/S0165-6147(99)01308-5

Mennicken, 2002, Systemic administration of kainic acid in adult rat stimulates expression of the chemokine receptor CCR5 in the forebrain, Glia, 37, 124, 10.1002/glia.10021

Meucci, 1998, Chemokines regulate hippocampal neuronal signaling and gp120 neurotoxicity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 95, 14500, 10.1073/pnas.95.24.14500

Meucci, 2000, Expression of CX3CR1 chemokine receptors on neurons and their role in neuronal survival, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 97, 8075, 10.1073/pnas.090017497

Michael, 1997, The role of viral phenotype and CCR-5 gene defects in HIV-1 transmission and disease progression, Nat. Med., 3, 338, 10.1038/nm0397-338

Michael, 1997, The role of CCR5 and CCR2 polymorphisms in HIV-1 transmission and disease progression, Nat. Med., 3, 1160, 10.1038/nm1097-1160

Miyagishi, 1995, Macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory neurological diseases, J. Neurol. Sci., 129, 223, 10.1016/0022-510X(95)00004-L

Mizuno, 2003, Production and neuroprotective functions of fractalkine in the central nervous system, Brain Res., 979, 65, 10.1016/S0006-8993(03)02867-1

Mokhtarian, 1984, Adoptive transfer of myelin basic protein-sensitized T cells produces chronic relapsing demyelinating disease in mice, Nature, 309, 356, 10.1038/309356a0

Moore, 1996, Molecular mimicry of human cytokine and cytokine response pathway genes by KSHV, Science, 274, 1739, 10.1126/science.274.5293.1739

Muller, 1992, gp120 of HIV-1 induces apoptosis in rat cortical cell cultures: prevention by memantine, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 226, 209, 10.1016/0922-4106(92)90063-2

Murphy, 1994, The molecular biology of leukocyte chemoattractant receptors, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 12, 593, 10.1146/annurev.iy.12.040194.003113

Murphy, 2002, Interactions between hemopoietically derived TNF and central nervous system-resident glial chemokines underlie initiation of autoimmune inflammation in the brain, J. Immunol., 169, 7054, 10.4049/jimmunol.169.12.7054

Nguyen, 2001, Expression of the chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2 in rat oligodendroglial cells, Brain Res. Dev. Brain Res., 128, 77, 10.1016/S0165-3806(01)00128-6

Nieuwenhuys, 1981, 53

Noseworthy, 1999, Progress in determining the causes and treatment of multiple sclerosis, Nature, 399, A40, 10.1038/399a040

Oh, 2001, Chemokines and glycoprotein120 produce pain hypersensitivity by directly exciting primary nociceptive neurons, J. Neurosci., 21, 5027, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-14-05027.2001

Ohagen, 1999, Apoptosis induced by infection of primary brain cultures with diverse human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates: evidence for a role of the envelope, J. Virol., 73, 897, 10.1128/JVI.73.2.897-906.1999

Pandey, 2000, Immediate and neurotoxic effects of HIV protein gp120 act through CXCR4 receptor, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 274, 212, 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3113

Pereira, 2001, Enhanced expression of fractalkine in HIV-1 associated dementia, J. Neuroimmunol., 115, 168, 10.1016/S0165-5728(01)00262-4

Persidsky, 1995, The development of animal model systems for HIV-1 encephalitis and its associated dementia, J. Neurovirology, 1, 229, 10.3109/13550289509114019

Petito, 2001, Hippocampal injury and alterations in neuronal chemokine co-receptor expression in patients with AIDS, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 60, 377, 10.1093/jnen/60.4.377

Power, 1998, Neuronal death induced by brain-derived human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope genes differs between demented and nondemented AIDS patients, J. Virol., 72, 9045, 10.1128/JVI.72.11.9045-9053.1998

Prat, 2000, The human astrocytoma cell line U373MG produces monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1 upon stimulation with beta-amyloid protein, Neurosci. Lett., 283, 177, 10.1016/S0304-3940(00)00966-6

Proudfoot, 1999, Amino-terminally modified RANTES analogues demonstrate differential effects on RANTES receptors, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 32478, 10.1074/jbc.274.45.32478

Puma, 2001, The chemokine interleukin-8 acutely reduces Ca(2+) currents in identified cholinergic septal neurons expressing CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptor mRNAs, J. Neurochem., 78, 960, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00469.x

Qin, 1998, The chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR5 mark subsets of T cells associated with certain inflammatory reactions, J. Clin. Invest., 101, 746, 10.1172/JCI1422

Quillent, 1998, HIV-1-resistance phenotype conferred by combination of two separate inherited mutations of CCR5 gene, Lancet, 351, 14, 10.1016/S0140-6736(97)09185-X

Ragozzino, 1998, Modulation of the neurotransmitter release in rat cerebellar neurons by GRO beta, Neuroreport, 9, 3601, 10.1097/00001756-199811160-00011

Ransohoff, 1998, Do chemokines mediate leukocyte recruitment in post-traumatic CNS inflammation?, Trends Neurosci., 21, 154, 10.1016/S0166-2236(97)01198-3

Raport, 1995, The orphan G-protein-coupled receptor-encoding gene V28 is closely related to genes for chemokine receptors and is expressed in lymphoid and neural tissues, Gene, 163, 295, 10.1016/0378-1119(95)00336-5

Rezaie, 2002, Expression of beta-chemokines and chemokine receptors in human fetal astrocyte and microglial co-cultures: potential role of chemokines in the developing CNS, Glia, 37, 64, 10.1002/glia.1128

Rizzardi, 1998, CCR2 polymorphism and HIV disease. Swiss HIV Cohort, Nat. Med., 4, 252, 10.1038/nm0398-252

Robinson, 1998, The chemokine growth-regulated oncogene-alpha promotes spinal cord oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation, J. Neurosci., 18, 10457, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-24-10457.1998

Rodriguez-Frade, 2001, Chemokine receptor dimerization: two are better than one, Trends Immunol., 22, 612, 10.1016/S1471-4906(01)02036-1

Roebuck, 1999, Oxidant stress regulation of IL-8 and ICAM-1 gene expression: differential activation and binding of the transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB (Review), Int. J. Mol. Med., 4, 223

Rottman, 1997, Cellular localization of the chemokine receptor CCR5. Correlation to cellular targets of HIV-1 infection, Am. J. Pathol., 151, 1341

Rottman, 2000, Leukocyte recruitment during onset of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis is CCR1 dependent, Eur. J. Immunol., 30, 2372, 10.1002/1521-4141(2000)30:8<2372::AID-IMMU2372>3.0.CO;2-D

Rucker, 1998, Chemokine receptors as HIV coreceptors: implications and interactions, AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir., 14, S241

Sabri, 1999, Nonproductive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of human fetal astrocytes: independence from CD4 and major chemokine receptors, Virology, 264, 370, 10.1006/viro.1999.9998

Sallusto, 2000, The role of chemokine receptors in primary, effector, and memory immune responses, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 18, 593, 10.1146/annurev.immunol.18.1.593

Samson, 1996, Resistance to HIV-1 infection in Caucasian individuals bearing mutant alleles of the CCR-5 chemokine receptor gene, Nature, 382, 722, 10.1038/382722a0

Sanders, 1998, Chemokines and receptors in HIV encephalitis, Aids, 12, 1021, 10.1097/00002030-199809000-00009

Sasaki, 2000, Function of PI3Kgamma in thymocyte development. T cell activation, and neutrophil migration, Science, 287, 1040, 10.1126/science.287.5455.1040

Sasseville, 1997, Neuropathogenesis of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in macaque monkeys, J. Neurovirology, 3, 1, 10.3109/13550289709015787

Schroeter, 1994, Local immune responses in the rat cerebral cortex after middle cerebral artery occlusion, J. Neuroimmunol., 55, 195, 10.1016/0165-5728(94)90010-8

Sellebjerg, 2000, CCR5 delta32, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and disease activity in multiple sclerosis, J. Neuroimmunol., 102, 98, 10.1016/S0165-5728(99)00166-6

Serafini, 2000, Intracerebral recruitment and maturation of dendritic cells in the onset and progression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Am. J. Pathol., 157, 1991, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64838-9

Simpson, 1998, Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and other beta-chemokines by resident glia and inflammatory cells in multiple sclerosis lesions, J. Neuroimmunol., 84, 238, 10.1016/S0165-5728(97)00208-7

Simpson, 2000, Expression of the beta-chemokine receptors CCR2, CCR3 and CCR5 in multiple sclerosis central nervous system tissue, J. Neuroimmunol., 108, 192, 10.1016/S0165-5728(00)00274-5

Simpson, 2000, Expression of the interferon-gamma-inducible chemokines IP-10 and Mig and their receptor, CXCR3, in multiple sclerosis lesions, Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol., 26, 133, 10.1046/j.1365-2990.2000.026002133.x

Smith, 1997, Contrasting genetic influence of CCR2 and CCR5 variants on HIV-1 infection and disease progression. Hemophilia Growth and Development Study (HGDS), Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), Multicenter Hemophilia Cohort Study (MHCS), San Francisco City Cohort (SFCC). ALIVE Study, Science, 277, 959, 10.1126/science.277.5328.959

Sorensen, 1999, Expression of specific chemokines and chemokine receptors in the central nervous system of multiple sclerosis patients, J. Clin. Invest., 103, 807, 10.1172/JCI5150

Soriano, 2002, Mice deficient in fractalkine are less susceptible to cerebral ischemia–reperfusion injury, J. Neuroimmunol., 125, 59, 10.1016/S0165-5728(02)00033-4

Sotsios, 1999, The CXC chemokine stromal cell-derived factor activates a Gi-coupled phosphoinositide 3-kinase in T lymphocytes, J. Immunol., 163, 5954, 10.4049/jimmunol.163.11.5954

Spleiss, 1998, Cloning of rat HIV-1-chemokine coreceptor CKR5 from microglia and upregulation of its mRNA in ischemic and endotoxinemic rat brain, J. Neurosci. Res., 53, 16, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4547(19980701)53:1<16::AID-JNR3>3.0.CO;2-M

Stoler, 1986, Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III infection of the central nervous system. A preliminary in situ analysis, JAMA, 256, 2360, 10.1001/jama.256.17.2360

Stumm, 2002, A dual role for the SDF-1/CXCR4 chemokine receptor system in adult brain: isoform-selective regulation of SDF-1 expression modulates CXCR4-dependent neuronal plasticity and cerebral leukocyte recruitment after focal ischemia, J. Neurosci., 22, 5865, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-14-05865.2002

Stumm, 2003, CXCR4 regulates interneuron migration in the developing neocortex, J. Neurosci., 23, 5123, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-12-05123.2003

Takahashi, 1996, Localization of HIV-1 in human brain using polymerase chain reaction/in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry, Ann. Neurol., 39, 705, 10.1002/ana.410390606

Takami, 1997, Induction of macrophage inflammatory protein MIP-1alpha mRNA on glial cells after focal cerebral ischemia in the rat, Neurosci. Lett., 227, 173, 10.1016/S0304-3940(97)00338-8

Takami, 2001, Chemokine receptor antagonist peptide, viral MIP-II, protects the brain against focal cerebral ischemia in mice, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 21, 1430, 10.1097/00004647-200112000-00007

Takami, 2002, TAK-779, a nonpeptide CC chemokine receptor antagonist, protects the brain against focal cerebral ischemia in mice, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 22, 780, 10.1097/00004647-200207000-00003

Tanabe, 1997, Murine astrocytes express a functional chemokine receptor, J. Neurosci., 17, 6522, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-17-06522.1997

Tanabe, 1997, Functional expression of the CXC-chemokine receptor-4/fusin on mouse microglial cells and astrocytes, J. Immunol., 159, 905, 10.4049/jimmunol.159.2.905

Tarkowski, 1997, Intrathecal release of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines during stroke, Clin. Exp. Immunol., 110, 492, 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1997.4621483.x

Tarozzo, 2002, Expression of fractalkine and its receptor, CX3CR1, in response to ischaemia–reperfusion brain injury in the rat, Eur. J. Neurosci., 15, 1663, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.02007.x

Teleshova, 2002, Multiple sclerosis and optic neuritis: CCR5 and CXCR3 expressing T cells are augmented in blood and cerebrospinal fluid, J. Neurol., 249, 723, 10.1007/s00415-002-0699-z

Tham, 2001, Developmental pattern of expression of the alpha chemokine stromal cell-derived factor 1 in the rat central nervous system, Eur. J. Neurosci., 13, 845, 10.1046/j.0953-816x.2000.01451.x

Thelen, 1995, PI 3-kinase-dependent and independent chemotaxis of human neutrophil leukocytes, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 217, 1255, 10.1006/bbrc.1995.2903

Tilton, 2000, Signal transduction by CXC chemokine receptor 4. Stromal cell-derived factor 1 stimulates prolonged protein kinase B and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 activation in T lymphocytes, J. Exp. Med., 192, 313, 10.1084/jem.192.3.313

Toggas, 1994, Central nervous system damage produced by expression of the HIV-1 coat protein gp120 in transgenic mice, Nature, 367, 188, 10.1038/367188a0

Tong, 2000, Neuronal fractalkine expression in HIV-1 encephalitis: roles for macrophage recruitment and neuroprotection in the central nervous system, J. Immunol., 164, 1333, 10.4049/jimmunol.164.3.1333

Tran, 2000, Induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice deficient in either the chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha or its CCR5 receptor, Eur. J. Immunol., 30, 1410, 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4141(200005)30:5<1410::AID-IMMU1410>3.0.CO;2-L

Trebst, 2003, CC chemokine receptor 8 in the central nervous system is associated with phagocytic macrophages, Am. J. Pathol., 162, 427, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63837-0

Tsai, 2002, The chemokine receptor CXCR2 controls positioning of oligodendrocyte precursors in developing spinal cord by arresting their migration, Cell, 110, 373, 10.1016/S0092-8674(02)00838-3

Turner, 1995, RANTES-activated human T lymphocytes. A role for phosphoinositide 3-kinase, J. Immunol., 155, 2437, 10.4049/jimmunol.155.5.2437

Vallat, 1998, Localization of HIV-1 co-receptors CCR5 and CXCR4 in the brain of children with AIDS, Am. J. Pathol., 152, 167

van der Meer, 2000, Immunohistochemical analysis of CCR2, CCR3, CCR5, and CXCR4 in the human brain: potential mechanisms for HIV dementia, Exp. Mol. Pathol., 69, 192, 10.1006/exmp.2000.2336

Van Der Meer, 2001, Expression pattern of CXCR3, CXCR4, and CCR3 chemokine receptors in the developing human brain, J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 60, 25, 10.1093/jnen/60.1.25

Van Der Voorn, 1999, Expression of MCP-1 by reactive astrocytes in demyelinating multiple sclerosis lesions, Am. J. Pathol., 154, 45, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65249-2

Wang, 2000, Role of immune and inflammatory mediators in CNS injury, Drug News Perspect., 13, 133, 10.1358/dnp.2000.13.3.657283

Wang, 2001, Nuclear factor-kappa B activation by the CXC chemokine melanoma growth-stimulatory activity/growth-regulated protein involves the MEKK1/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 3650, 10.1074/jbc.M006115200

Wang, 1995, Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 messenger RNA expression in rat ischemic cortex, Stroke, 26, 661, 10.1161/01.STR.26.4.661

Wang, 1998, Prolonged expression of interferon-inducible protein-10 in ischemic cortex after permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rat, J. Neurochem., 71, 1194, 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1998.71031194.x

Wang, 1999, Molecular cloning and expression of the rat monocyte chemotactic protein-3 gene: a possible role in stroke, Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 71, 304, 10.1016/S0169-328X(99)00203-X

Wang, 2000, Identification and molecular characterization of rat CXCR3: receptor expression and interferon-inducible protein-10 binding are increased in focal stroke, Mol. Pharmacol., 57, 1190

Westmoreland, 1998, Chemokine receptor expression on resident and inflammatory cells in the brain of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis, Am. J. Pathol., 152, 659

Westmoreland, 2002, Developmental expression patterns of CCR5 and CXCR4 in the rhesus macaque brain, J. Neuroimmunol., 122, 146, 10.1016/S0165-5728(01)00457-X

Wiley, 1986, Cellular localization of human immunodeficiency virus infection within the brains of acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 83, 7089, 10.1073/pnas.83.18.7089

Wong, 1996, Rat LCR1: cloning and cellular distribution of a putative chemokine receptor in brain, Mol. Psychiatry, 1, 133

Wu, 2000, Elevated levels of the chemokine GRO-1 correlate with elevated oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation in the jimpy mutant, J. Neurosci., 20, 2609, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-07-02609.2000

Xia, 2002, GROalpha/KC, a chemokine receptor CXCR2 ligand, can be a potent trigger for neuronal ERK1/2 and PI-3 kinase pathways and for tau hyperphosphorylation—a role in Alzheimer's disease?, J. Neuroimmunol., 122, 55, 10.1016/S0165-5728(01)00463-5

Xia, 1997, Interleukin-8 receptor B immunoreactivity in brain and neuritic plaques of Alzheimer's disease, Am. J. Pathol., 150, 1267

Xia, 1998, Immunohistochemical study of the beta-chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR5 and their ligands in normal and Alzheimer's disease brains, Am. J. Pathol., 153, 31, 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65542-3

Xia, 2000, Expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 on neurons and the elevated expression of its ligand IP-10 in reactive astrocytes: in vitro ERK1/2 activation and role in Alzheimer's disease, J. Neuroimmunol., 108, 227, 10.1016/S0165-5728(00)00285-X

Yamagami, 1999, Differential production of MCP-1 and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant in the ischemic brain after transient focal ischemia in rats, J. Leukoc. Biol., 65, 744, 10.1002/jlb.65.6.744

Zaitseva, 2003, HIV coreceptors: role of structure, posttranslational modifications, and internalization in viral-cell fusion and as targets for entry inhibitors, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1614, 51, 10.1016/S0005-2736(03)00162-7

Zamvil, 1985, T-cell clones specific for myelin basic protein induce chronic relapsing paralysis and demyelination, Nature, 317, 355, 10.1038/317355a0

Zhang, 1998, In vivo distribution of the human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus coreceptors: CXCR4, CCR3, and CCR5, J. Virol., 72, 5035, 10.1128/JVI.72.6.5035-5045.1998

Zhu, 2002, Role of the chemokine SDF-1 as the meningeal attractant for embryonic cerebellar neurons, Nat. Neurosci., 5, 719, 10.1038/nn881

Zlotnik, 2000, Chemokines: a new classification system and their role in immunity, Immunity, 12, 121, 10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80165-X

Zou, 1998, Function of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 in haematopoiesis and in cerebellar development, Nature, 393, 595, 10.1038/31269

Zujovic, 2000, Fractalkine modulates TNF-alpha secretion and neurotoxicity induced by microglial activation, Glia, 29, 305, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-1136(20000215)29:4<305::AID-GLIA2>3.0.CO;2-V

Zujovic, 2001, In vivo neutralization of endogenous brain fractalkine increases hippocampal TNFalpha and 8-isoprostane production induced by intracerebroventricular injection of LPS, J. Neuroimmunol., 115, 135, 10.1016/S0165-5728(01)00259-4