Chemo-immunotherapy and chemo-adoptive immunotherapy of cancer

Cancer Treatment Reviews - Tập 27 - Trang 375-402 - 2001
G.G Gomez1, R.B Hutchison2, C.A Kruse1,2
1Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA;
2Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA

Tài liệu tham khảo

Kelsen, 1996, Adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy for gastric cancer, Seminars in Oncology, 23, 379 Bailar, 1993, 197 Rosenberg, 1992, The immunotherapy and gene therapy of cancer, J Clin Oncol, 10, 180, 10.1200/JCO.1992.10.2.180 Schirrmacher, 1995, Biotherapy of Cancer: Perspectives of immunotherapy and gene therapy, J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 121, 443, 10.1007/BF01218359 Coley, 1893, The treatment of malignant tumors by repeated inoculations of erysipelas: with a report of ten original cases, Am J Med Sciences, May issue, 487, 10.1097/00000441-189305000-00001 Coley, 1897, A preliminary note on the treatment of inoperable sarcoma by the toxic products of erysipelas, Post-Graduate, 8, 278 Hericourt, 1895, De la serotherapie dans le traitement du cancer, C R Hebd Acad Sci (Paris), 120, 567 Hericourt, 1895, Traitement d'un cas de sarcome par la serotherapie, C R Acad Sci (Paris), 120, 948 Robb, 1983, Purification and partial sequence of human T cell growth factor, Proc Nat Acad Sci, USA, 80, 5590, 10.1073/pnas.80.19.5990 Grimm, 1982, The lymphokine activated killer cell phenomena: lysis of NK resistent fresh solid tumor cells by IL-2 activated autologous human peripheral blood lymphocytes, J Exp Med, 155, 1823, 10.1084/jem.155.6.1823 Herberman, 1987, Lymphokine activated killer cell activity: characteristics of effector cells and their progenitors in blood and spleen, Immunol Today, 8, 178, 10.1016/0167-5699(87)90035-1 Ehrke, 1982, Selective effects of adriamycin on murine host defense systems, Immunol Rev, 65, 55, 10.1111/j.1600-065X.1982.tb00427.x Berd, 1988, Effect of low dose cyclophosphamide on the immune system of cancer patients: depletion of CD4+, 2H4+ suppressor-inducer T-cells, Cancer Research, 48, 1671 Hoon, 1990, Suppressor-cell activity in a randomized trial of patients receiving active specific immunotherapy with melanoma cell vaccine and low dosages of cyclophosphamide, Cancer Research, 50, 5358 Sahasrabudhe, 1986, Specific immunotherapy with suppressor function inhibition for metastatic renal-cell carcinoma, J Biol Resp Mod, 5, 581 Hengst, 1980, Importance of timing in cyclophosphamide therapy of MOPC-315 tumor bearing mice, Cancer Research, 40, 2135 Hengst, 1981, Cooperation between cyclophosphamide tumoricidal activity and host antitumor immunity in the cure of mice bearing large MOPC-315 tumors, Cancer Research, 41, 2163 Proietti, 1998, Importance of cyclophosphamide-induced bystander effect on T cells for a successful tumor eradication in response to adoptive immunotherapy in mice, J Clin Invest, 101, 429, 10.1172/JCI1348 Isaacs, 1989, Relationship between tumor size and curability of prostatic cancer by combined chemo-hormonal therapy in rats, Cancer Research, 49, 6290 Stockman, 1973, Differential effects of cyclophosphamide on the B and T cell compartments of adult mice, J Immunol, 110, 277, 10.4049/jimmunol.110.1.277 North, 1982, Cyclophosphamide-facilitated adoptive immunotherapy of an established tumor depends on elimination of tumor-induced suppressor T cells, J Exp Med, 55, 1063, 10.1084/jem.155.4.1063 Berd, 1987, Effect of low dose cyclophosphamide on the immune system of cancer patients: Reduction of T-suppressor function without depletion of the CD8+ subset, Cancer Research, 47, 3317 Awwad, 1988, Cyclophosphamide (CY)-facilitated adoptive immunotherapy of a CY-resistant tumour. Evidence that CY permits the expression of adoptive T-cell mediated immunity by removing suppressor T-cells rather than reducing tumour burden, Immunology, 65, 87 Greenberg, 1985, Therapy of disseminated murine leukemia with cyclophosphamide and immune Lyt 1+,2- T-cells: tumor eradication does not require participation of cytotoxic T cells, J Exp Med, 161, 1122, 10.1084/jem.161.5.1122 Greenberg, 1986, Therapy of murine leukemia with cyclophosphamide and immune Lyt-2+ cells: cytolytic T-cells can mediate eradication of disseminated leukemia, J Immunol, 136, 1917, 10.4049/jimmunol.136.5.1917 Bookman, 1987, Adoptive chemoimmunotherapy of murine leukemia with helper T-lymphocyte clones, J Immunol, 139, 3166, 10.4049/jimmunol.139.9.3166 Kruse, 1993, Systemic chemotherapy combined with local adoptive immunotherapy cures rats bearing 9L gliosarcoma, J Neurooncol, 15, 97, 10.1007/BF01053931 Goldfarb, 1998, Augmentation of IL-2 activated natural killer cell adoptive immunotherapy with cyclophosphamide, Anticancer Research, 18, 1441 Wasserman, 1982, Radiosensitivity of T-lymphocytes subpopulations, J Clin Lab Immuno., 7, 139 Hersh, 1980, Radiosensitive, thymic-hormone sensitive peripheral blood suppressor cell activity in cancer patients, Cancer Research, 40, 3134 Waymack, 1989, Effect of prostaglandin E in multiple experimental models. VI. Effect on T-cell subsets, Prostaglandins, 38, 345, 10.1016/0090-6980(89)90138-X Kahn, 1985, Pharmacologic effects of autocoids on subsets of T cells, J Clin Invest, 75, 1578 Lee, 1994, Mononuclear cell adoptive immunotherapy Goldfarb, 1992, Therapeutic agents for treatment of established metastases and inhibitors of metastatic spread: preclinical and clinical progress, Curr Opin Oncol, 4, 1130, 10.1097/00001622-199212000-00019 Greenspan, 1991, Levamisole and the new era of chemoimmunotherapy, Cancer Invest, 9, 111, 10.3109/07357909109032808 Rosenberg, 1986, Cancer immunotherapy using interleukin-2 and interleukin-2-activated lymphocytes, Ann Rev Immunol, 4, 681, 10.1146/annurev.iy.04.040186.003341 Gold, 1995, Adoptive transfer of ex vivo-activated memory T-cells with or without cyclophosphamide for advanced metastatic melanoma: results in 36 patients, Eur J Cancer, 31A, 698, 10.1016/0959-8049(94)00523-8 Kawata, 1995, Adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma patients: adriamycin, interleukin-2, and lymphokine-activated killer cells versus adriamycin alone, Am J Clin Oncol, 18, 257, 10.1097/00000421-199506000-00014 Uchino, 1993, Postoperative chemoimunotherapy for the treatment of liver cancer, Sem Surg Oncol, 9, 332, 10.1002/ssu.2980090410 Gold, 1993, Adoptive chemoimmunotherapy for the treatment of relapsed and refractory solid tumors using ex vivo activated memory T cells (autolymphocyte therapy) and cyclophosphamide, J Immunother, 13, 213, 10.1097/00002371-199304000-00009 Curti, 1998, Phase I trial of anti-CD3-stimulated CD4+ T cells, infusional interleukin-2, and cyclophosphamide in patients with advanced cancer, J Clinical Oncol, 16, 2752, 10.1200/JCO.1998.16.8.2752 Ueta, 1998, Induction of differentiation in maxillary adenoid cystic carcinomas by adoptive immunotherapy in combination with chemoradiotherapy, Oral Oncology, 34, 105, 10.1016/S1368-8375(97)00063-8 Suzuki, 2000, Intermittent adjuvant chemo-immunotherapy after resection of non-small cell lung cancer with multilevel mediastinal lymph node metastasis, Oncology Reports, 7, 545 Tomita, 1998, Adoptive immunotherapy of patients with metastatic renal cell cancer using lymphokine-activated killer cells, interleukin-2 and cyclophosphamide: long-term results, Int J Urology, 5, 16, 10.1111/j.1442-2042.1998.tb00227.x Murakami, 1998, Clinical effect of immunochemotherapy for a patient with advanced gallbladder cancer: report of a case, Surgery Today, 28, 923, 10.1007/s005950050253 Tani, 1998, Successful immunochemotherapy for patients with malignant mesothelioma: report of two cases, Surgery Today, 28, 647, 10.1007/s005950050200 Martin, 1986, Role of murine tumor models in cancer treatment research, Cancer Research, 46, 2189 Gold, 1994, Adoptively transferred ex vivo activated memory T cells with cyclophosphamide: effective tumor-specific chemoimmunotherapy of advanced metastatic murine melanoma and carcinoma, Clin Immunol Immunopathol, 73, 115, 10.1006/clin.1994.1177 Gold, 1995, Adoptive transfer of ex vivo-activated memory T-cell subsets with cyclophosphamide provides effective tumor-specific chemoimmunotherapy of advanced metastatic melanoma and carcinoma, Int J Cancer, 61, 580, 10.1002/ijc.2910610424 Saxton, 1997, Adoptive transfer of anti-CD3-activated CD4+ T cells plus cyclophosphamide and liposome-encapsulated interleukin-2 cure murine MC-38 and 3LL tumors and establish tumor-specific immunity, Blood, 89, 2529, 10.1182/blood.V89.7.2529 O'Conner, 1991, Growth factor requirements of childhood acute T-lymphoblastic leukemia: correlation between presence of chromosomal abnormalities and ability to grow permanently in vitro, Blood, 77, 1534, 10.1182/blood.V77.7.1534.1534 Cesano, 1992, Inducible expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma in two human cytotoxic leukemic T-cell lines, In Vitro Cell Dev Biol, 28A, 657, 10.1007/BF02631042 Cesano, 1995, Effects of lethal irradiation and cyclosporin A treatment on the growth and tumoricidal activity of a T cell clone potentially useful in cancer therapy, Cancer Immunol Immunother, 40, 139, 10.1007/BF01517345 Cesano, 1997, Synergistic effects of adriamycin and TALL-104 cell therapy against a human gastric carcinoma in vivo, Anticancer Research, 17, 1887 Mokyr, 1989, Importance of Lyt2+ T-cells in the curative effectiveness of a low dose of melphalan for mice bearing a large MOPC-315 tumor, Cancer Research, 49, 4597 Weiskirch, 1990, Eradication of a large MOPC-315 tumor in athymic nude mice by chemoimmunotherapy with Lyt2+ splenic T cells from melphalan-treated BALB/c mice bearing a large MOPC-315 tumor, Cancer Immunol Immunother, 31, 129, 10.1007/BF01744726 Laude, 1991, Advantages of adoptive chemoimmunotherapy with polyethylene glycol-cultured, antigen-activated, tumor-infiltrated spleen cells for the complete eradication of lethal MOPC-315 plasmacytomas, Cancer Research, 51, 4516 Weiskirch, 1992, Some approaches to improve the therapeutic effectiveness of adoptive chemoimmunotherapy with spleen cells from melphalan-treated BALB/c mice bearing a large MOPC-315 tumor, Int J Cancer, 51, 84, 10.1002/ijc.2910510117 Mokyr, 1994, Insight into the mechanism of TCR-V beta 8+/CD8+ T cell-mediated MOPC-315 tumor eradication, J Immunol, 153, 3123, 10.4049/jimmunol.153.7.3123 Laude, 1993, Cure of mice bearing a late-stage, highly metastatic, drug-resistant tumor by adoptive chemoimmunotherapy, Cancer Immunol Immunother, 36, 229, 10.1007/BF01740904 Laude, 1993, Two tumor models of curative adoptive chemoimmunotherapy using tumor-infiltrated spleen cells with potent antitumor cytotoxicity stimulated by antigen-sharing tumors, Cancer Immunol Immunother, 37, 89, 10.1007/BF01517040 Ghanta, 1993, A multiple modality approach combining the effect of conditioning with adoptive chemoimmunotherapy, Int J Neurosci, 71, 251, 10.3109/00207459309000608 Eggermont, 1990, Immunogenicity of the tumor determines the outcome of immunotherapy with interleukin-2, ABPP, and cyclophosphamide of micro- and macrometastatic intraperitoneal tumor, Cancer Det Prev, 14, 483 Zeidner, 1993, Reversal of feline leukemia virus infection by adoptive transfer of lectin/interleukin-2 activated lymphocytes, interferon-alpha, and zidovudine, J Immunother, 14, 22, 10.1097/00002371-199307000-00004 Zeidner, 1995, Reversal of feline leukemia virus infection by adoptive transfer of activated T lymphocytes, interferon-alpha, and ziduvudine, Sem Vet Med Surg (Sm Animal), 10, 256 Zeidner, 1990, Zidovudine in combination with alpha interferon and interleukin-2 as prophylactic therapy for FeLV-induced immunodeficiency syndrome (FeLV-FAIDS), J Acq Immune Def Synd, 3, 787 Vierboom, 2000, Cyclophosphamide enhances anti-tumor effect of wild-type p53-specific CTL, Int J Cancer, 87, 253, 10.1002/1097-0215(20000715)87:2<253::AID-IJC17>3.0.CO;2-A Evans, 1997, IL-15 mediates anti-tumor effects after cyclophosphamide injection of tumor-bearing mice and enhances adoptive immunotherapy: the potential role of NK cell subpopulations, Cellular Immunology, 179, 66, 10.1006/cimm.1997.1132 Cao, 1995, Treatment of human hepatocellular carcinoma by fibroblast-mediated human interferon-alpha gene therapy in combination with adoptive chemoimmunotherapy, J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 121, 457, 10.1007/BF01218361 Quintieri, 1999, Delivery of methoxymorpholinyl doxorubicin by interleukin 2-activated NK cells: effect in mice bearing hepatic metastases, British J Cancer, 79, 1067, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690171 Mandruzzato, 1994, Adoptive transfer of lymphokine-activated killer cells loaded with 4′-deoxy-4′-iododoxorubicin: therapeutic effect in mice bearing lung metastases, Cancer Research, 54, 1016 Goldfarb, 2000, A novel drug delivery system using IL-2 activated NK cells and Zyn-linked doxorubicin, In Vivo, 14, 101 Kruse, 1990, Analysis of interleukin 2 and various effector cell populations in adoptive immunotherapy of 9L gliosarcoma: allogeneic cytotoxic T lymphocytes prevent tumor take, Proc Nat Acad Sci, USA, 87, 9577, 10.1073/pnas.87.24.9577 Legha, 1997, The role of interferon alpha in the treatment of metastatic melanoma, Sem Oncol, 24, S24 Garbe, 1993, Chemotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy in disseminated malignant melanoma, Melanoma Res, 3, 291 Hernberg, 1996, The CD4+/CD8+ ratio as a prognostic factor in patients with metastatic melanoma receiving chemoimmunotherapy, J Clin Oncol, 14, 1690, 10.1200/JCO.1996.14.5.1690 Dummer, 1995, A multicenter phase II clinical trial using dacarbazine and continuous infusion interleukin-2 for metastatic melanoma. Clinical data and immunomonitoring, Cancer, 75, 1038, 10.1002/1097-0142(19950215)75:4<1038::AID-CNCR2820750421>3.0.CO;2-F Terheyden, 2000, Sequential interferon-alpha 2b, interleukin-2 and fotemustine for patients with metastatic melanoma, Melanoma Research, 10, 475, 10.1097/00008390-200010000-00010 Naglieri, 1999, Cisplatin, interleukin-2, interferon-alpha and tamoxifen in metastatic melanoma. A phase II study, J Chemother, 11, 150, 10.1179/joc.1999.11.2.150 Thompson, 1997, Outpatient chemoimmunotherapy for the treatment of metastatic melanoma, Sem Oncol, 24, S44 Heywood, 1995, Hypersensitivity reactions to chemotherapy agents in patients receiving chemoimmunotherapy with high-dose interleukin-2, J Nat Cancer Inst, 87, 915, 10.1093/jnci/87.12.915 Atzpodien, 1995, Chemoimmunotherapy of advanced malignant melanoma: sequential administration of subcutaneous interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha after intravenous dacarbazine, cisplatin, carmustine and tamoxifen, Eur J Cancer, 31A, 876, 10.1016/0959-8049(94)00459-5 Atkins, 1994, Multi-institutional phase II trial of intensive combination chemoimmunotherapy for metastatic melanoma, J Clin Oncol, 12, 1553, 10.1200/JCO.1994.12.8.1553 Richards, 1992, Sequential chemoimmunotherapy in the treatment of metastatic melanoma, J Clin Oncol, 10, 1338, 10.1200/JCO.1992.10.8.1338 Hoffmann, 1998, Risk and outcome in metastatic malignant melanoma patients receiving DTIC, cisplatin, BCNU and tamoxifen followed by immunotherapy with interleukin 2 and interferon alpha2a, British J Cancer, 78, 1076, 10.1038/bjc.1998.630 Khayat, 1993, Sequential chemoimmunotherapy with cisplatin, interleukin-2, and interferon-alpha-2a for metastatic melanoma, J. Clin Oncol, 11, 2173, 10.1200/JCO.1993.11.11.2173 Khayat, 1993, Chemoimmunotherapy of metastatic malignant melanoma. The Salpetriere Hospital (SOMPS) experience, Eur J Cancer, 29A, S2, 10.1016/0959-8049(93)90616-N Castel, 1991, Adjuvant treatment in stage I and II malignant melanoma: a randomized trial between chemoimmunotherapy and immunotherapy, Dermatologica, 183, 25, 10.1159/000247627 Guida, 1997, Subcutaneous recombinant interleukin-2 plus alpha interferon and vinblastine in metastatic renal cell carcinoma: A phase II study, Int J Oncol, 10, 487 Naglieri, 1998, Standard interleukin-2 (IL-2) and interferon-alpha immunotherapy versus an IL-2 and 4-epirubicin immuno-chemotherapeutic association in metastatic renal cell carcinoma, Anticancer Research, 18, 2021 Brinkmann, 1999, Possible synergy of radiotherapy and chemo-immunotherapy in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC), Anticancer Research, 19, 1583 Recchia, 1999, Chemo-immunotherapy in advanced head and neck cancer, Anticancer Research, 19, 773 Aversa, 1999, Chemo-immunotherapy of advanced AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma, Tumori, 85, 54, 10.1177/030089169908500112 Fukushima, 1996, Adjuvant therapy of gastric cancer: the Japanese experience, Sem Oncol, 23, 369 Fuchimoto, 1994, Intratumoral injection of a streptococcal preparation, OK-432, before surgery for gastric cancer: A randomized trial. Cooperative study group of preoperative intratumoral immunotherapy for cancer, Cancer, 74, 3097, 10.1002/1097-0142(19941215)74:12<3097::AID-CNCR2820741206>3.0.CO;2-P Aoyagi, 2000, Unresectable advanced gastric cancer effectively treated by combined chemo-immunotherapy: a report of two cases, Kurume Medical Journal, 47, 177, 10.2739/kurumemedj.47.177 Arinaga, 1992, A trial of adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy with mitomycin C and OK-432 for stage III gastric carcinoma, J Surg Oncol, 50, 187, 10.1002/jso.2930500312 Palmeri, 1998, 5-Fluorouracil plus interferon alpha-2a compared to 5-fluorouracil alone in the treatment of advanced colon carcinoma: a multicentric randomized study, J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 124, 191, 10.1007/s004320050154 Faradji, 1990, A randomized study of combined 5-fluorouracil and plasma perfusion over protein A-sepharose in human advanced colorectal carcinoma, Biother, 2, 87, 10.1007/BF02172080 Yang, 1993, Combination chemoimmunotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer using 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and interleukin-2, Eur J Cancer, 29A, 355, 10.1016/0959-8049(93)90385-S Heys, 1995, A phase III study of recombinant interleukin-2, 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin versus 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin in patients with unresectable or metastatic colorectal carcinoma, Eur J Cancer, 31A, 19, 10.1016/0959-8049(94)00360-H Colleoni, 1993, A phase II study of mitoxantrone combined with interferon-beta in unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma, Cancer, 72, 3196, 10.1002/1097-0142(19931201)72:11<3196::AID-CNCR2820721111>3.0.CO;2-Q Garaci, 1995, Sequential chemoimmunotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer using cisplatin, etoposide, thymosin-alpha 1 and interferon-alpha 2a, Eur J Cancer, 31A, 2403, 10.1016/0959-8049(95)00477-7 Chao, 1995, Combination chemoimmunotherapy with interferon-alpha and cisplatin in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer, Chung Hua i Hsueh Tsa Chih – Chinese Med J, 56, 232 Raitanen, 1995, A controlled study of intravesical epirubicin with or without alpha 2b-interferon as prophylaxis for recurrent superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Finnish Multicentre Study Group, British J Urology, 76, 697, 10.1111/j.1464-410X.1995.tb00759.x Ferrari, 1992, Chemoimmunotherapy for prophylaxis of recurrence in superficial bladder cancer: interferon-alpha 2b versus interferon-alpha 2b with epirubicin, Anti-Cancer Drugs, 3, 25, 10.1097/00001813-199205000-00006 Uekado, 1994, The effects of intravesical chemoimmunotherapy with epirubicin and bacillus Calmette-Guerin for prophylaxis of recurrence of superficial bladder cancer: a preliminary report, Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 35, S65, 10.1007/BF00686923 Soulie, 1996, Combined systemic chemoimmunotherapy in advanced diffuse malignant mesothelioma. Report of a phase I-II study of weekly cisplatin/interferon-alpha-2a, J Clin Oncol, 14, 878, 10.1200/JCO.1996.14.3.878 Fizazi, 2000, Combination raltitrexed (Tomudex(R))-oxaliplatin: a step forward in the struggle against mesothelioma? The Institut Gustave Roussy experience with chemotherapy and chemo-immunotherapy in mesothelioma, Eur J Cancer, 36, 1514, 10.1016/S0959-8049(00)00139-8 Halme, 1999, High-dose methotrexate in combination with interferons in the treatment of malignant pleural mesothelioma, British J Cancer, 80, 1781, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690597 Le Cesne, 1999, Combination interleukin-2 and doxorubicin in advanced adult solid tumors: circumvention of doxorubicin resistance in soft-tissue sarcoma?, J Immunother, 22, 268, 10.1097/00002371-199905000-00010 Ota, 1990, Randomized controlled study of chemoimmunotherapy with bestatin of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in adults, Biomed Pharmacother, 44, 93, 10.1016/0753-3322(90)90110-U Kato, 1993, Ten-year survey of the intellectual deficits in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia receiving chemoimmunotherapy, Med Ped Oncol, 21, 435, 10.1002/mpo.2950210609 Ophir, 1996, Thymic humoral factor-gamma 2 (THF-gamma 2) immunotherapy reduces the metastatic load and restores immunocompetence in 3LL tumor-bearing mice receiving anticancer chemotherapy, Immunopharm Immunotox, 18, 209, 10.3109/08923979609052733 Rashid, 1996, Inhibition of murine Lewis lung carcinoma metastases by combined chemotherapy and intranasal THF-gamma 2 immunotherapy, J Immunother Tumor Immunol, 19, 324, 10.1097/00002371-199609000-00002 Asao, 1992, Eradication of hepatic metastases of carcinoma H-59 by combination chemoimmunotherapy with liposomal muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine, 5-fluoroucil, and leucovorin, Cancer Research, 52, 6254 Garaci, 1990, Combination treatment using thymosin alpha 1 and interferon after cyclophosphamide is able to cure Lewis lung carcinoma in mice, Cancer Immunol Immunother, 32, 154, 10.1007/BF01771450 Ehrke, 1996, Specific anti-EL4-lymphoma immunity in mice cured 2 years earlier with doxorubicin and interleukin-2, Cancer Immuno Immunother, 42, 221, 10.1007/s002620050274 Ehrke, 1995, Cyclophosphamide plus tumor necrosis factor-alpha chemoimmunotherapy cured mice: life-long immunity and rejection of re-implanted primary lymphoma, Int J Cancer, 63, 463, 10.1002/ijc.2910630327 Zaleskis, 1994, Intracellular doxorubicin kinetics in lymphoma cells and lymphocytes infiltrating the tumor area in vivo:a flow cytometric study, Oncol Res, 6, 183 Lumsden, 1992, Prevention of myelosuppression does not improve the therapeutic efficacy of chemoimmunotherapy, Anticancer Research, 12, 1725 Lumsden, 1992, Influence of schedule on the therapeutic efficacy of chemoimmunotherapy with doxirubicin and interleukin-2, Biother, 5, 113, 10.1007/BF02171696 Daemen, 1993, Chemoimmunotherapy of murine liver metastases with 5-fluorouracil in combination with liposome-encapsulated muramyl dipeptide, J Immunother, 13, 31, 10.1097/00002371-199301000-00004 Silecchia, 1999, Efficacy of repeated cycles of chemo-immunotherapy with thymosin alpha1 and interleukin-2 after intraperitoneal 5-fluorouracil delivery, Cancer Immunol Immunother, 48, 172, 10.1007/s002620050562 Iigo, 1994, Enhanced therapeutic effects of anti-tumor agents against growth and metastases of colon carcinoma 26 when given in combination with interferon and interleukin-2, Clin Exp Metastasis, 12, 368, 10.1007/BF01755880 Kusnierczyk, 1999, Synergistic antitumour effects of chemo-immunotherapy with an oxazaphosphorine drug and IL-2-secreting cells in a mouse colon cancer model, Medical Oncology, 16, 267, 10.1007/BF02785873 Iida, 1995, Combination chemo-immunotherapy of murine solid tumor with OK-432, G-CSF, IL-2, and chemotherapeutics, Int J Immunopharm, 17, 973, 10.1016/0192-0561(95)00098-4 Hamuro, 1996, Cancer cell progression and chemoimmunotherapy–dual effects in the induction of resistance to therapy, British J Cancer, 73, 465, 10.1038/bjc.1996.82 Garaci, 1993, Antitumor effect of thymosin alpha 1/interleukin-2 or thymosin alpha 1/interferon alpha,beta following cyclophosphamide in mice injected with highly metastatic Friend erythroleukemia cells, J Immunother, 13, 7, 10.1097/00002371-199301000-00002 Farone, 1992, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU)/interleukin-2 chemoimmunotherapy of murine L1210 leukemia, Cancer Immunol Immunother, 34, 279, 10.1007/BF01741797 Zagozdzon, 1998, Effective chemo-immunotherapy of L1210 leukemia in vivo using interleukin-12 combined with doxorubicin but not with cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel or cisplatin, Int J Cancer, 77, 720, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19980831)77:5<720::AID-IJC10>3.0.CO;2-5 Zagozdzon, 1999, Potentiation of antitumor effects of IL-12 in combination with paclitaxel in murine melanoma model in vivo, Int J Molc Med, 4, 645 Golab, 2000, Potentiatied anti-tumor effectiveness of combined therapy with interleukin-12 and mitoxantrone of L1210 leukemia in vivo, Oncology Reports, 7, 177 Taylor, 1993, Enhancement of antitumor effects of combined chemoimmunotherapy, J Immunother, 13, 91, 10.1097/00002371-199302000-00003 Salup, 1992, Chemoimmunotherapy of metastatic murine renal cell carcinoma using flavone acetic acid and interleukin-2, J Urology, 147, 1120, 10.1016/S0022-5347(17)37499-2 Zagozdzon, 1997, Augmented antitumor effects of combination therapy with interleukin-12, cisplatin, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in a murine melanoma model, Anticancer Research, 17, 4493 Pica, 1998, High doses of thymosin alpha 1 enhance the anti-tumor efficacy of combination chemo-immunotherapy for murine B16 melanoma, Anticancer Research, 18, 3571 Sampath, 1999, Paracrine immunotherapy with interleukin-2 and local chemotherapy is synergistic in the treatment of experimental brain tumors, Cancer Research, 59, 2107 Acerbis, 1992, Postsurgical adjuvant chemoimmunotherapy with recombinant interleukin-2 and 1,3-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea on spontaneous metastases of a non-immunogenic murine tumor, Cancer Immunol Immunother, 34, 383, 10.1007/BF01741748 Tzai, 1994, Effects of chemoimmunotherapy with and without surgery in murine MBT-2 bladder tumor, Urologia Internationalis, 53, 6, 10.1159/000282623 Leonard, 1991, Chemoimmunotherapy in conjunction with surgery: strategies for management of murine neuroblastoma, J Ped Surg, 26, 1224, 10.1016/0022-3468(91)90339-U Kruse, 1997, Artificial-capillary-system development of human alloreactive cytotoxic T-lymphocytes that lyse brain tumours, Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 25, 197, 10.1111/j.1470-8744.1997.tb00433.x Kruse, 1997, Treatment of recurrent glioma with intracavitary alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes and Interleukin-2, Cancer Immunol Immunother, 45, 77, 10.1007/s002620050405 Rosenberg, 1988, Use oftumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and interleukin-2 in the immunotherapy of patients with metastatic melanoma, a special report, N Eng J Med, 319, 1676, 10.1056/NEJM198812223192527 Rosenberg, 1996, Development of cancer immunotherapies based on identification of the genes encoding cancer regression antigens, J Nat Cancer Inst, 88, 1635, 10.1093/jnci/88.22.1635 Paul, 2001, Immunological approaches for the therapy of brain tumors, Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 1, 238, 10.1007/s11910-001-0024-8 Elias, 1997, Adjuvant immunotherapy in melanoma with irradiated autologous tumor cells and low dose cyclophosphamide, J Surg Oncol, 64, 17, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9098(199701)64:1<17::AID-JSO4>3.0.CO;2-S Plautz, 2000, T cell adoptive immunotherapy of newly diagnosed gliomas, Clin Cancer Research, 6, 2209 Kroger, 1999, Life quality of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma and chemo-immunotherapy – a pilot study, Anticancer Research, 19, 1553 Yamano, 1997, Combined effect of adoptive immunotherapy (AIT) with lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells and interleukin-2 (IL-2) and chemotherapy in tumor-bearing mice, Nippon Ika Daigaku Zasshi - Journal of the Nippon Medical School, 64, 211, 10.1272/jnms1923.64.211