Charging toward decarbonized electrification: Revisiting Beijing's power system

2021 van Soest, 2021, Net-zero emission targets for major emitting countries consistent with the Paris Agreement, Nat. Commun., 12, 1, 10.1038/s41467-021-22294-x Liu, 2021 Kona, 2021, Global Covenant of Mayors, a dataset of greenhouse gas emissions for 6200 cities in Europe and the Southern Mediterranean countries, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 13, 3551, 10.5194/essd-13-3551-2021 Hoornweg, 2010 Kennedy, 2014, Low-carbon infrastructure strategies for cities, Nat. Clim. Change, 4, 343, 10.1038/nclimate2160 Zheng, 2021, The evolution of renewable energy and its impact on carbon reduction in China, Energy, 237, 10.1016/j.energy.2021.121639 He, 2020, Enabling a rapid and just transition away from coal in China, One Earth, 3, 187, 10.1016/j.oneear.2020.07.012 Kennedy, 2018, Keeping global climate change within 1.5°C through net negative electric cities, Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain., 30, 18, 10.1016/j.cosust.2018.02.009 Shan, 2018, City-level climate change mitigation in China, Sci. Adv., 4, eaaq0390, 10.1126/sciadv.aaq0390 Luderer, 2022, Impact of declining renewable energy costs on electrification in low-emission scenarios, Nat. Energy, 7, 32, 10.1038/s41560-021-00937-z Ang, 2005, The LMDI approach to decomposition analysis: a practical guide, Energy Pol., 33, 867, 10.1016/j.enpol.2003.10.010 Ang, 2004, Decomposition analysis for policymaking in energy:: which is the preferred method?, Energy Pol., 32, 1131, 10.1016/S0301-4215(03)00076-4 Ang, 2015, LMDI decomposition approach: a guide for implementation, Energy Pol., 86, 233, 10.1016/j.enpol.2015.07.007 Yang, 2011, Using LMDI method to analyze the change of industrial CO2 emission from energy use in Chongqing, Front. Earth Sci., 5, 103, 10.1007/s11707-011-0172-3 Zhao, 2010, Decomposing the influencing factors of industrial carbon emissions in Shanghai using the LMDI method, Energy, 35, 2505, 10.1016/j.energy.2010.02.049 Xu, 2014, Factors that influence carbon emissions due to energy consumption in China: decomposition analysis using LMDI, Appl. Energy, 127, 182, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.03.093 Guan, 2018, Structural decline in China's CO2 emissions through transitions in industry and energy systems, Nat. Geosci., 11, 551, 10.1038/s41561-018-0161-1 Gu, 2019, Coupled LMDI and system dynamics model for estimating urban CO2 emission mitigation potential in Shanghai, China, J. Clean. Prod., 240, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118034 Jiang, 2017, Provincial-level carbon emission drivers and emission reduction strategies in China: combining multi-layer LMDI decomposition with hierarchical clustering, J. Clean. Prod., 169, 178, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.03.189 Wei, 2020, Multi-scope electricity-related carbon emissions accounting: a case study of Shanghai, J. Clean. Prod., 252, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119789 Shao, 2016, Using an extended LMDI model to explore techno-economic drivers of energy-related industrial CO2 emission changes: a case study for Shanghai (China), Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 55, 516, 10.1016/j.rser.2015.10.081 Tan, 2016, China's regional CO2 emissions reduction potential: a study of Chongqing city, Appl. Energy, 162, 1345, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.06.071 Huang, 2019, Exploring potential pathways towards urban greenhouse gas peaks: a case study of Guangzhou, China, Appl. Energy, 251, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113369 Yang, 2019, The decoupling effect and driving factors of carbon footprint in megacities: the case study of Xi’an in western China, Sustain. Cities Soc., 44, 783, 10.1016/j.scs.2018.11.012 Wang, 2015, Delinking indicators on regional industry development and carbon emissions: Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei economic band case, Ecol. Indicat., 48, 41, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.07.035 Shen, 2018, What drives the carbon emission in the Chinese cities?—a case of pilot low carbon city of Beijing, J. Clean. Prod., 174, 343, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.333 Wang, 2019, Drivers of CO2 emissions from power generation in China based on modified structural decomposition analysis, J. Clean. Prod., 220, 1143, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.199 Yang, 2016, Carbon dioxide-emission in China׳s power industry: evidence and policy implications, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 60, 258, 10.1016/j.rser.2016.01.058 Zhang, 2019, Analysis of electricity consumption in China (1990–2016) using index decomposition and decoupling approach, J. Clean. Prod., 209, 224, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.10.246 Zhang, 2018, Decoupling between water use and thermoelectric power generation growth in China, Nat. Energy, 3, 792, 10.1038/s41560-018-0236-7 Zhang, 2020, The evolution of virtual water flows in China's electricity transmission network and its driving forces, J. Clean. Prod., 242, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118336 He, 2022, Factors influencing carbon emissions from China's electricity industry: analysis using the combination of LMDI and K-means clustering, Environ. Impact Assess. Rev., 93, 10.1016/j.eiar.2021.106724 Peng, 2018, Potential co-benefits of electrification for air quality, health, and CO2 mitigation in 2030 China, Appl. Energy, 218, 511, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.02.048 Liu, 2022, The gaps and pathways to carbon neutrality for different type cities in China, Energy, 244, 10.1016/j.energy.2021.122596 1995 Chen, 2019, Review on city-level carbon accounting, Environ. Sci. Technol., 53, 5545, 10.1021/acs.est.8b07071 2000 2006 Shan, 2018, China CO2 emission accounts 1997–2015, Scientific Data, Data Descriptor, 5 2011 Weisser, 2007, A guide to life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from electric supply technologies, Energy, 32, 1543, 10.1016/j.energy.2007.01.008 Kaya, 1990, Impact of carbon dioxide emission control on GNP growth: interpretation of proposed scenarios Cui, 2020, Driving forces for carbon emissions changes in Beijing and the role of green power, Sci. Total Environ., 728, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138688 Ontario Tech University. Energy and material flows of megacities: Paris, France [Online] Available: https://sites.ontariotechu.ca/sustainabilitytoday/urban-and-energy-systems/Worlds-largest-cities/energy-and-material-flows-of-megacities/paris.php. Ontario Tech University. Energy and material flows of megacities: Tokyo, Japan [Online] Available: https://sites.ontariotechu.ca/sustainabilitytoday/urban-and-energy-systems/Worlds-largest-cities/energy-and-material-flows-of-megacities/tokyo.php. 2016, 1 United States Energy Information Administration. United States energy information administration database [Online] Available: https://www.eia.gov. Qu, 2017, CO2 emissions embodied in interprovincial electricity transmissions in China, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51, 10893, 10.1021/acs.est.7b01814 Liu, 2022, Potential contributions of wind and solar power to China's carbon neutrality, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 180, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106155 Yuan, 2022, A panel empirical modeling on the driving factors of provincial electricity consumption in China, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Control Ser., 29, 10345, 10.1007/s11356-021-16261-8 Wang, 2019, The effects of urbanization and industrialization on decoupling economic growth from carbon emission–a case study of China, Sustain. Cities Soc., 51, 10.1016/j.scs.2019.101758 Guo, 2021, Embodied energy use of China's megacities: a comparative study of Beijing and Shanghai, Energy Pol., 155, 10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112243 Zhang, 2020, Coal power in China: a multi-level perspective review, WIREs Energy and Environment, 9, e386, 10.1002/wene.386 Shuai, 2019, A three-step strategy for decoupling economic growth from carbon emission: empirical evidences from 133 countries, Sci. Total Environ., 646, 524, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.045 Wang, 2021, Energy system decarbonization and productivity gains reduced the coupling of CO2 emissions and economic growth in 73 countries between 1970 and 2016, One Earth, 4, 1614, 10.1016/j.oneear.2021.10.010 Zhang, 2020, Transforming the coal and steel nexus for China’s eco-civilization: interplay between rail and energy infrastructure, J. Ind. Ecol., 24, 1352, 10.1111/jiec.13040 Bauer, 2020, On-demand automotive fleet electrification can catalyze global transportation decarbonization and smart urban mobility, Environ. Sci. Technol., 54, 7027, 10.1021/acs.est.0c01609 Wang, 2022, Emissions and fuel consumption of a hybrid electric vehicle in real-world metropolitan traffic conditions, Appl. Energy, 306, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118077 Zhuge, 2019, Exploring the future electric vehicle market and its impacts with an agent-based spatial integrated framework: a case study of Beijing, China, J. Clean. Prod., 221, 710, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.262 Li, 2021, Modeling the impact of EVs in the Chinese power system: pathways for implementing emissions reduction commitments in the power and transportation sectors, Energy Pol., 149, 10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111962 Facchini, 2017, The energy metabolism of megacities, Appl. Energy, 186, 86, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.025 Zhang, 2022, What can Beijing learn from the world megacities on energy and environmental issues?, Energy Rep., 8, 414, 10.1016/j.egyr.2021.11.263 Lee, 2014, An experiment for urban energy autonomy in Seoul: the one ‘less’ nuclear power plant policy, Energy Pol., 74, 311, 10.1016/j.enpol.2014.08.023 Liu, 2012, Features, trajectories and driving forces for energy-related GHG emissions from Chinese mega cites: the case of Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai and Chongqing, Energy, 37, 245, 10.1016/j.energy.2011.11.040 Zhang, 2020, Urban carbon emissions associated with electricity consumption in Beijing and the driving factors, Appl. Energy, 275, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115425 Liu, 2022, Importing or self-dependent: energy transition in Beijing towards carbon neutrality and the air pollution reduction co-benefits, Climatic Change, 173, 1 2021 Zhang, 2019, Decarbonizing a large City's heating system using heat pumps: a case study of Beijing, Energy, 186, 10.1016/j.energy.2019.07.150 Zhao, 2022, The policy effects of demand-pull and technology-push on the diffusion of wind power: a scenario analysis based on system dynamics approach, Energy, 261 Zhao, 2020, Driving force for China's photovoltaic industry output growth: factor-driven or technological innovation-driven?, J. Clean. Prod., 274 Zhao, 2021, A dynamic analysis of research and development incentive on China’s photovoltaic industry based on system dynamics model, Energy, 233 Wang, 2022, Can support policies promote the innovative diffusion of waste-to-energy technology?, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Control Ser., 29, 55580 Raja, 2021, Effect of compression ratio on the performance, emission, and combustion characteristics of C.I. Engine using waste cooking oil and its emulsion as fuel, 701 Helveston, 2022, Quantifying the cost savings of global solar photovoltaic supply chains, Nature, 10.1038/s41586-022-05316-6 Zhang, 2021, Long-term transition of China's power sector under carbon neutrality target and water withdrawal constraint, J. Clean. Prod., 329, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129765 Wei, 2017, Driving forces analysis of energy-related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Beijing: an input–output structural decomposition analysis, J. Clean. Prod., 163, 58, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.086 Huang, 2022, Key areas and pathways for carbon emissions reduction in Beijing for the “Dual Carbon” targets, Energy Pol., 164, 10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112873 Zhang, 2017, Virtual scarce water embodied in inter-provincial electricity transmission in China, Appl. Energy, 187, 438, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.11.052 Li, 2022, Assessing spatially multistage carbon transfer in the life cycle of energy with a novel multi-flow and multi-node model: a case of China's coal-to-electricity chain, J. Clean. Prod., 339, 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130699 Gao, 2022, Tracking the carbon footprint of China's coal-fired power system, Resour. Conserv. Recycl., 177, 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105964 Huo, 2022, Carbon Monitor Cities near-real-time daily estimates of CO2 emissions from 1500 cities worldwide, Sci. Data, 9, 533, 10.1038/s41597-022-01657-z Huo, 2022, Near-real-time daily estimates of fossil fuel CO2 emissions from major high-emission cities in China, Sci. Data, 9, 684, 10.1038/s41597-022-01796-3 Yang, 2022, Implications of COVID-19 on global environmental pollution and carbon emissions with strategies for sustainability in the COVID-19 era, Sci. Total Environ., 809, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151657