Characterization of left ventricular cavity flow, wall stress and energy loss by color doppler vector flow mapping in children and adolescents with cardiomyopathy

Ro, 2014, Vector flow mapping in obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to assess the relationship of early systolic left ventricular flow and the mitral valve, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 64, 1984, 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.04.090 Xu, 2017, Characterization of left ventricle energy loss in healthy adults using vector flow mapping: Preliminary results, Echocardiography, 34, 700, 10.1111/echo.13504 Nagueh, 1997, Doppler tissue imaging: a noninvasive technique for evaluation of left ventricular relaxation and estimation of filling pressures, J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 30, 1527, 10.1016/S0735-1097(97)00344-6 Wang, 2016, Left ventricular energy loss assessed by vector flow mapping in patients with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus, Ultrasound Med. Biol., 42, 1730, 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.03.008 Onishi, 2015, Global longitudinal strain and global circumferential strain by speckle-tracking echocardiography and feature-tracking cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: comparison with left ventricular ejection fraction, J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr., 28, 587, 10.1016/j.echo.2014.11.018 Reisner, 2004, Global longitudinal strain: a novel index of left ventricular systolic function, J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr., 17, 630, 10.1016/j.echo.2004.02.011 Itatani, 2013, Intraventricular flow velocity vector visualization based on the continuity equation and measurements of vorticity and wall shear stress, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 52, 07HF16, 10.7567/JJAP.52.07HF16 Zhong, 2016, Assessment of cardiac dysfunction by dissipative energy loss derived from vector flow mapping, J. Cardiol., 67, 122, 10.1016/j.jjcc.2015.06.004 Honda, 2017, Exploring energy loss by vector flow mapping in children with ventricular septal defect: pathophysiologic significance, Int. J. Cardiol., 244, 143, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.06.035 Akiyama, 2017, Vector flow mapping analysis of left ventricular energetic performance in healthy adult volunteers, BMC Cardiovasc. Disord., 17, 21, 10.1186/s12872-016-0444-7 Pedrizzetti, 2014, The vortex—an early predictor of cardiovascular outcome?, Nat. Rev. Cardiol., 11, 545, 10.1038/nrcardio.2014.75 Hayashi, 2015, Dissipative energy loss within the left ventricle detected by vector flow mapping in children: Normal values and effects of age and heart rate, J. Cardiol., 66, 403, 10.1016/j.jjcc.2014.12.012 Sengupta, 2012, Emerging trends in CV flow visualization, JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging., 5, 305, 10.1016/j.jcmg.2012.01.003 Lu, 2012, Intuitive visualization and quantification of intraventricular convection in acute ischemic left ventricular failure during early diastole using color Doppler-based echocardiographic vector flow mapping, Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging., 28, 1035, 10.1007/s10554-011-9932-0 Zhang, 2012, The left ventricular intracavitary vortex during the isovolumic contraction period as detected by vector flow mapping, Echocardiography., 29, 579, 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2011.01649.x Zhang, 2013, The evolution of intraventricular vortex during ejection studied by using vector flow mapping, Echocardiography, 30, 27, 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2012.01806.x Ji, 2018, Left ventricular energy loss and wall shear stress assessed by vector flow mapping in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Int. J. Cardiovasc. Imaging, 34, 1383, 10.1007/s10554-018-1348-7 Chen, 2012, Assessment of left ventricular hemodynamics and function of patients with uremia by vortex formation using vector flow mapping, Echocardiography., 29, 1081, 10.1111/j.1540-8175.2012.01737.x Li, 2019, Relationship between left ventricular vortex and preejectional flow velocity during isovolumic contraction studied by using vector flow mapping, Echocardiography, 36, 558, 10.1111/echo.14277 Han, 2019, Relationship between left ventricular isovolumic relaxation flow patterns and mitral inflow patterns studied by using vector flow mapping, Sci. Rep., 9, 1, 10.1038/s41598-019-52680-x Honda, 2014, Assessment of the vortex flow in the post-stenotic dilatation above the pulmonary valve stenosis in an infant using echocardiography vector flow mapping, Eur. Heart J., 35, 306, 10.1093/eurheartj/eht441 Vitarelli, 2014, Early Myocardial Deformation Changes in Hypercholesterolemic and Obese Children and Adolescents: A 2D and 3D Speckle Tracking Echocardiography Study, Medicine (Baltimore), 93, 10.1097/MD.0000000000000071 Falahatpisheh, 2014, Three-dimensional reconstruction of cardiac flows based on multi-planar velocity fields, Exp. Fluids, 55, 1848, 10.1007/s00348-014-1848-8 Falahatpisheh, 2017, A framework for synthetic validation of 3D echocardiographic particle image velocimetry, Meccanica, 52, 555, 10.1007/s11012-015-0342-6 A. Kheradvar, On the accuracy of intracardiac flow velocimetry methods, (2017).