Đặc điểm các khuẩn Leishmania từ bệnh nhân Nepal mắc bệnh leishmaniasis nội tạng

Ashford RW, Desjeux P, Deraadt P (1992) Estimation of population at risk of infection and number of cases of Leishmaniasis. Parasitol Today 8:104–105 Blackwell J, Freeman J, Bradley D (1980) Influence of H−2 complex on acquired resistance to Leishmania donovani infection in mice 72. Nature 283:72–74 Berzunza-Cruz M, Cabrera N, Crippa-Rossi M, Sosa-Cabrera T, Perez-Montfort R, Becker I (2002) Polymorphism analysis of the internal transcribed spacer and small subunit of ribosomal RNA genes of Leishmania mexicana. Parasitol Res 88:918–925 Bulle B, Millon L, Bart JM, Gallego M, Gambarelli F, Portus M, Schnur L, Jaffe CL, Fernandez-Barredo S, Alunda JM, Piarroux R (2002) Practical approach for typing strains of Leishmania infantum by microsatellite analysis. J Clin Microbiol 40:3391–3397 Chance ML (1979) The identification of Leishmania. In: Taylor AER, Muller R (eds) Problems in the identification of parasites and their vectors. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 55–74 Cupolillo E, Grimaldi Junior G, Momen H, Beverley SM (1995) Intragenic region typing (IRT): a rapid molecular approach to the characterization and evolution of Lesihmania. Mol Biochem Parasitol 73:145–155 Cupolillo E, Brahim LR, Toaldo CB, Oliveira-Neto MP, Felinto de Brito ME, Falqueto A, Faris Naiff M, Grimaldi Jr G (2003) Genetic polymorphism and molecular epidemiology of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis from different hosts and geographic areas in Brazil. J Clin Microbiol 41:3126–3132 Desjeux P (2001) The increase in risk factors for leishmaniasis worldwide. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95:239–243 El Tai NO, Osman OF, El Fari M, Presber WH, Schonian G (2000) Genetic heterogeneity of ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) in clinical samples of Leishmania donovani spotted on filter paper as revealed by single strand conformation polymorphisms and sequencing. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94:575–579 El Tai NO, El Fari M, Mauricio I, Miles MA, Oskam L, El Safi SH, Presber WH, Schonian G (2001) Leishmania donovani: intraspecific polymorphisms of Sudanese isolates revealed by PCR-based analyses and DNA sequencing. Exp Parasitol 97:35–44 Fernandes O, Murthy VK, Kurath U, Degrave WM, Campbell DA (1994) Mini-exon gene variation in human pathogenic Leishmania species. Mol Biochem Parasitol 66:261–271 Gasser RB (1997) Mutation scanning methods for the analysis of parasites genes. Int J Parasitol 27:1449–1463 Giannini MS (1974) Effects of promastigote growth phase, frequency of subculture, and host age on promastigote-initiated infections with Leishmania donovani in the golden hamster. J Protozool 21:521–527 Hide M, Banuls AL, Tibayrenc M (2001) Genetic heterogeneity and phylogenetic status of Leishmania (Leishmania) infatum zymodeme MON-1: epidemiological implications. Parasitology 123:425–432 Jackson PR, Wohlhieter JA, Jackson JE, Sayles P, Diggs CL, Hockmeyer WT (1984) Restriction endonuclease analysis of Leishmania kinetoplast DNA characterizes parasites responsible for visceral and cutaneous diseases. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33:808–819 Mahnaz T, Katrin K, Amer AJ, Isabel M, Gabriele S, Safar F, Hossein AM (2006) Leishmania major: genetic heterogeneity of Iranian isolates by single-strand conformation polymorphism and sequence analysis of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer. Acta Trop 98:52–58 Marfurt J, Nasereddin A, Niederwieser I, Jaffe CL, Beck HP, Felger I (2003a) Identification and differentiation of Leishmania species in clinical samples by PCR amplification of the mini-exon sequence and subsequent restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. J Clin Microbiol 41:3147–3153 Marfurt J, Neiderwieser I, Makia ND, Beck HP, Felger I (2003b) Diagnostic genotyping of Old and New world Leishmania species by PCR-RFLP. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 46:115–124 Mauricio IL, Stothard JR, Miles MA (2004) Leishmania donovani complex: genotyping with ribosomal internal transcribed spacer and mini-exon. Parasitology 128:263–267 Melby PC, Yang YZ, Cheng J, Zhao W (1998) Regional differences in the cellular immune response to experimental cutaneous or visceral infection with Leishmania donovani. Infect Immun 66:18–27 Ministry of Health, Nepal (2004/2005) Annual report. Kala-azar control. His Majesty’s Government of Nepal, Ministry of Health, Directorate of Health Services, Epidemiology and Disease Control, Kathmandu, pp 26–27 Mundodi V, Somanna A, Farrell PJ, Gedamu L (2002) Genomic organization and functional expression of differentially regulated cysteine protease genes of Leishmania donovani complex. Gene 282:257–265 Murray HW, Masur H, Keithly JS (1982) Cell-mediated immune response in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. I. Correlation between resistance to Leishmania donovani and lymphokine-generating capacity. J Immunol 129:344–350 Murray HW, Stern JJ, Welte K, Rubin BY, Carriero SM, Nathan CF (1987) Experimental visceral leishmaniasis: production of interleukin 2 and interferon-gamma, tissue immune reaction, and response to treatment with interleukin 2 and interferon-gamma. J Immunol 138:2290–2297 Nickol AD, Bonventre PF (1985) Visceral leishmaniasis in congenic mice of susceptible and resistant phenotypes: T-lymphocyte-mediated immunosuppression. Infect Immun 50:169–174 Nolan TJ, Herman R (1985) Effects of long-term in-vitro cultivation on Leishmania donovani promastigotes. J Protozool 32:70–75 Piarroux R, Azaiez R, Lossi AM, Reynier P, Muscatelli F, Gambarelli F, Fontes M, Dumon H, Quilici M (1993) Isolation and characterization of a repetitive DNA sequences from Leishmania infantum: development of a visceral leishmaniasis polymerase chain reaction. Am J Trop Med Hyg 49:364–369 Pollock KG, Mc Neil KS, Mottram JC, Lyons RE, Brewer JM, Scott P, Coombs GH, Alexander J (2003) The Leishmania mexicana cysteine protease, CPB2.8, induces potent Th2 responses. J Immunol 170:1746–1753 Quispe Tintaya KW, Ying X, Dedet JP, Rijal S, De Bolle X, Dujardin JC (2004) Antigen genes for molecular epidemiology of Leishmaniasis: polymorphism of cysteinase proteinase B and surface metalloprotease glycoprotein 63 in the Leishmania donovani complex. J Infect Dis 189:1035–1043 Ramirez JL, Guevara P (1987) The ribosomal gene spacer as a tool for the taxonomy of Leishmania. Mol Biochem Parasitol 22:177–183 Ramos A, Maslov DA, Fernandes O, Campbell DA, Simpson L (1996) Detection and identification of human pathogenic Leishmania and Trypanosoma species by hybridization of PCR-amplified mini-exon repeats. Exp Parasitol 82:242–250 Rioux JA, Lanotte G, Serres E, Pratlong F, Bastien P, Perieres J (1990) Taxonomy of Leishmania, use of isoenzymes. Suggestions for a new classification. Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 65:111–125 Sambrok J, Russel DW (2001) Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY Schonian G, Akuffo H, Lewin S, Maasho K, Nylen S, Pratlong F, Eisenberger CL, Schnur LF, Presber W (2000) Genetic variability within the species Leishmania aethiopica does not correlate with clinical variations of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Mol Biochem Parasitol 106:239–248 Schonian G, Schnur L, El Fari M, Oskam L, Kolesnikov AA, Sokolowska-Kohler W, Presber W (2001a) Genetic heterogeneity in the species Leishmania tropica revealed by different PCR-based methods. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 95:1–8 Schonian G, El Fari M, Lewin S, Schweynoch C, Presber W (2001b) Molecular epidemiology and population genetics in Leishmania. Med Microbiol Immunol 190:61–63 Schonian G, Nasereddin A, Dinse N, Schweynoch C, Schallig DFH, Presber W, Jaffe C L (2003) PCR diagnosis and characterization of Leishmania in local and imported clinical samples. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dig 47:349–358 Souza AE, Waugh S, Coombs GH, Mottram JC (1992) Characterization of a multi-copy gene for a major stage-specific cysteine proteinase of Leishmania mexicana. FEBS Lett 311:124–127 Sreenivas G, Singh R, Selvapandiyan A, Negi NS, Nakhashi HL, Salotra P (2004) Arbitrary-primed PCR for genomic fingerprinting and identification of differentially regulated genes in Indian isolates of Leishmania donovani. Exp Parasitol 106:110–118 Titus RG, Ribeuri JM (1998) Salivary gland lysates from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis enhance Leishmania infectivity. Science 239:1306–1308 Toledo A, Martin-Sanchez J, Pesson B, Sanchiz-Martin C, Morillas-Marquez F (2002) Genetic variability within the species Leishmania infantum by RAPD. A lack of correlation with zymodeme structure. Mol Biochem Parasitol 119:257–264 WHO (1996) Manual on visceral leishmaniasis control. WHO/Leish/96-40, Geneva WHO (1998) Leishmania and HIV in gridlock. WHO/UNAIDS report, Geneva, pp 12–25 Wilson ME, Hardin KK, Donelson JE (1989) Expression of the major surface glycoprotein of Leishmania donovani chagasi in virulent and attenuated promastigotes. J Immunol 143:678–684