Characteristics of the ichthyofaunas of southwestern Australian estuaries, including comparisons with holarctic estuaries and estuaries elsewhere in temperate Australia: A review
Tóm tắt
Data on the species compositions and the ages, sizes, reproductive biology, habitats and diets of the main species in the ichthyofaunas of seven estuaries in temperate southwestern Australia have been collated. Twenty‐two species spawn in these estuaries, of which 21 complete their lifecycles in the estuary. The latter group, which includes several species of atherinids and gobies with short lifecycles, make far greater contributions to the total numbers of fish in the shallows of these estuaries than in those of holarctic estuaries, such as the Severn Estuary in the United Kingdom. This is presumably related in part to far less extreme tidal water movements and the maintenance of relatively high salinities during the dry summers, and thus to more favourable conditions for spawning and larval development. However, since estuaries in southwestern Australia have tended to become closed for periods, there would presumably also have been selection pressures in favour of any members of marine species that were able to spawn in an estuary when that estuary became landlocked. Furthermore, the deep saline waters, under the marked haloclines that form in certain regions during heavy freshwater discharge in winter, act as refugia for certain estuarine species. The contributions of estuarine‐spawning species to total fish numbers in the shallows varied markedly from 33 or 34% in two permanently open estuaries to ≥ 95% in an intermittently open estuary, a seasonally closed estuary and a permanently open estuary on the south coast, in which recruitment of the 0 + age class of marine species was poor. The larger estuarine species can live for several years and reach total lengths of ~ 700 mm and some estuarine species move out into deeper waters as they increase in size. Several marine species use southwestern Australian estuaries as nursery areas for protracted periods. However, sudden, marked increases in freshwater discharge in winter and resultant precipitous declines in salinity in the shallows, and in other regions where haloclines are not formed, are frequently accompanied by rapid and pronounced changes in ichthyofaunal composition, partly due to the emigration of certain marine species. In contrast, the ichthyofaunal compositions of macrotidal holarctic estuaries undergo annual, cyclical changes, due largely to the sequential entry of the juveniles of different marine species for short periods. The ichthyofaunal compositions of the narrow entrance channels, wide basins and saline riverine reaches of large, permanently open southwestern Australian estuaries vary, reflecting the marked tendency for some species to be restricted mainly to one or two of these regions. Comparative data indicate that the characteristics determined for ichthyofaunas in southwestern Australian estuaries apply in general to estuaries elsewhere in temperate Australia.
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
BirdE. C. F.(1984)Coasts. An Introduction to Coastal Morphology. Australian National University Canberra.
Blaber S. J. M., 1987, Factors affecting recruitment and survival of mugilids in estuaries and coastal waters of southeastern Africa., Am. Fish. Soc. Symp., 1, 507
Boehlert G. W., 1988, Roles of behavioral and physical factors in larval and juvenile fish recruitment to estuarine nursery areas., Am. Fish. Soc. Symp., 3, 51
BradbyK.(1997)Peel Harvey. The Decline and Rescue of an Ecosystem.Greening the Catchment Taskforce Mandurah Western Australia.
Chubb C. F., 1984, The fishery for Perth herring, Nematalosa vlaminghi (Munro)., Fish. Rep. West. Aust., 66, 1
CroninL. E.&MansuetiA. J.(1971) The biology of the estuary. In:A Symposium on the Biological Significance of Estuaries(eds P. A. Douglas & R. H. Stroud) pp. 14–39. Sport Fishing Institute Washington D.C.
DandoP. R.(1984) Reproduction in estuarine fish. In:Fish Reproduction Strategies and Tactics(eds G. W. Potts & R. J. Wootton) pp. 155–70. Academic Press London.
Gaughan D. J., 1997, Analysis of diet and feeding strategies within an assemblage of larval fish, and an objective assessment of dietary niche overlap., Fish. Bull. US, 95, 722
GeddesM.&HallA.(1990) The Coorong. In:The Murray(eds N. Mackay & D. Eastburn) pp. 200–13. Murray Darling Basin Commission Canberra.
Gill H. S., 1995, An experimental evaluation of habitat choice in three species of goby (Pisces: Gobiidae)., Rec. WA Mus., 17, 231
Gill H. S., 1993, Spatial segregation amongst goby species within an Australian estuary, with a comparison of the diets and salinity tolerance of the two most abundant species., Mar. Biol., 117, 515, 10.1007/BF00349327
Gill H. S., 1996, Biannual spawning periods and resultant divergent patterns of growth in the estuarine goby Pseudogobius olorum: temperature induced?, Mar. Biol., 125, 453, 10.1007/BF00353258
HaedrichR. L.(1983) Estuarine fishes. In:Ecosystems of the World. 26. Estuaries and Enclosed Seas(ed. B. H. Ketchum) pp. 183–207. Elsevier Amsterdam.
Hedgpeth J. W., 1982, Estuarine dependence and colonisation., Atlantica, 5, 57
Hodgkin E. P., 1958, The tides of southwestern Australia., J. Proc. R. Soc. West. Aust., 41, 42
Hyndes G. A., 1992, Influence of sectioning otoliths on marginal increment trends and age and growth estimates for the flathead, Platycephalus speculator., Fish. Bull. US, 90, 276
Hyndes G. A., 1998, Age composition, growth, reproductive biology, and recruitment of King George whiting, Sillaginodes punctata, in coastal waters of southwestern Australia., Fish. Bull. US, 96, 258
KanandjemboA.‐R. N.(1998) Fish and macrobenthic faunas of the Upper Swan Estuary: interrelationships and possible influence of a dinoflagellate bloom. M.Phil. Murdoch University Perth.
KennishM. J.(1990)Ecology of Estuaries Vol. II: Biological Aspects.CRC Press Boca Raton Florida.
Laurenson L. J. B., 1994, Comparisons between generalized growth curves for two estuarine populations of the eel tailed catfish Cnidoglanis macrocephalus., Fish. Bull. U.S., 92, 880
Lenanton R. C. J., 1977, Aspects of the ecology of fish and commercial crustaceans of the Blackwood River Estuary Western Australia., Dept. Fish. Wildl. Fish. Res. Bull., 19, 1
LenantonR. C. J.&HodgkinE. P.(1985) Life history strategies of fish in some temperate Australian estuaries. In:Fish Community Ecology in Estuaries and Coastal Lagoons: Towards an Ecosystem Integration(ed. A. Yáñez‐Arancibia) pp. 267– 83. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Mexico.
Maes J., 1997, The composition of the fish and crustacean community of the Zeeschelde Estuary (Belguim)., Belg. J. Zool., 127, 47
Marshall S., 1995, The structure of the fish assemblage in the Humber estuary, United Kingdom., Publ. Espec. Inst. Esp. Oceanogr., 21, 231
McCombA. J.&LukatelichR. J.(1995) The Peel–Harvey estuarine system Western Australia. In:Eutrophic Shallow Estuaries and Lagoons(ed. A. J. McComb) pp. 5–17. CRC Press London.
McDowallR. M.(1988)Diadromy in Fishes: Migrations between Freshwater and Marine Environments. Croom Helm London.
McHughJ. L.(1976) Estuarine fisheries: are they doomed? In:Estuarine Processes Vol. 1. (ed. M. Wiley) pp. 15–27. Academic Press New York.
MiskiewiczA. G.(1986) The season and length at entry into a temperate estuary of the larvae ofAcanthopagrus australis Rhabdosargus sarbaandChrysophrys auratus(Teleostei: Sparidae) In:Indo‐Pacific Fish Biology(eds T. Uyena R. Arai T. Taniuchi & K. Matsuura) pp. 740–7. Ichthyological Society of Japan Tokyo.
Molsher R. L., 1994, Population and reproductive ecology of the small‐mouthed hardyhead Atherinosoma microstoma (Günther) (Pisces: Atherinidae) along a salinity gradient in the Coorong, South Australia., Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust., 118, 207
Pearcy W. G., 1974, Larval fishes of Yaquina Bay, Oregon: a nursery ground for marine fishes?, Fish. Bull. US, 72, 201
Pollard D. A., 1976, Estuaries must be protected., Aust. Fish., 35, 6
Pollard D. A., 1994, Opening regimes and salinity characteristics of intermittently opening and permanently open coastal lagoons on the south coast of New South Wales., Wetlands (Aust.), 13, 16
PotterI. C. HilliardR. W. NeiraF. J.(1986b) The biology of Australian lampreys. In:Limnology in Australia(eds P. De Dekker & W. D. Williams) pp. 207–30. CSIRO Melbourne & Dr W. Junk Dordrecht.
Robinson K. I. M., 1982, Estuarine flora and fauna of Smiths Lake, New South Wales., Proc. Linn. Soc. NSW, 107, 19
SarreG. A.(1999) Age compositions growth rates reproductive biology and diets of the black breamAcanthopagrus butcheriin four estuaries and a coastal saline lake in southwestern Australia. PhD thesis Murdoch University Perth.
Schelske C. L., 1961, Mechanisms maintaining high productivity in Georgia estuaries., Proc. Gulf Carib. Fish. Inst., 14, 75
SteckisR. A. PotterI. C. LenantonR. C. J.(1995) The commercial fisheries in three southwestern Australian estuaries exposed to different degrees of eutrophication. In:Eutrophic Shallow Estuaries and Lagoons(ed. A. J. McComb) pp. 189–203. CRC Press Boca Raton Florida.
Thomson J. M., 1957, The food of Western Australian estuarine fish., Fish. Res. Bull. West. Aust., 7, 1
Thomson J. M., 1966, The grey mullets., Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev., 4, 301
Wallace J. H., 1975, The estuarine fishes of the east coast of South Africa. III. Reproduction., S. Afr. Ass. Mar. Biol. Res., 41, 1
WattsR. J.(1991) The effects of estuaries and islands on the genetic structure of marine inshore fishes. PhD thesis University of Western Australia Perth.