Characteristics and Origins of Suspended Pyrite in the Mixing Zone of the Yangtze Estuary
Tóm tắt
for a long time, most studies about pyrite have focused on sediments while only a few have focused on pyrite in water. In this study, a method that combines the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) was used to compare pyrite particles suspended in water to those in associated bottom sediments, both obtained from the mixing zone of the Yangtze Estuary. It was found that the pyrite particles in the two media have similar morphologies and size distributions. The particle morphology mainly includes two types, single crystal and aggregate, and the particle size mainly ranges from 0.5 to 2 µm. The pyrite particles in water exhibit an increase in relative content towards the sea, and their transport and deposit processes are mainly affected by hydrodynamic conditions. It is concluded that the pyrite particles in the suspended matter mainly derived from the resuspension of sediments, which are products of the early diagenesis. Precursor minerals may appear during the formation of pyrite, but are generally restricted by the diagenetic environment and local microenvironment.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Bao, X., Watanabe, M., Wang, Q., Hayashi, S., and Liu, J., 2006. Nitrogen budgets of agricultural fields of the Changjiang River Basin from 1980 to 1990. Science of the Total Environment, 363 (1–3): 136–148.
Chai, C., Yu, Z., Shen, Z., Song, X., Cao, X., and Yao, Y., 2009. Nutrient characteristics in the Yangtze River Estuary and the adjacent East China Sea before and after impoundment of the Three Gorges Dam. Science of the Total Environment, 407 (16): 4687–4695.
Chen, C. T. A., 2000. The Three Gorges Dam: Reducing the up-welling and thus productivity in the East China Sea. Geophysical Research Letters, 27 (3): 381–383.
Chen, C. C., Gong, G. C., and Shiah, F. K., 2007. Hypoxia in the East China Sea: One of the largest coastal low-oxygen areas in the world. Marine Environmental Research, 64 (4): 399–408.
Chu, F. Y., Chen, L. R., Shen, S. X., Li, A. C., and Shi, X. F., 1995. Origin and environmental significance of authigenic pyrite from the south Yellow (Huanghai) Sea sediments. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 26 (3): 227–233 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Dai, M., Guo, X., Zhai, W., Yuan, L., Wang, B., Wang, L., Cai, P., Tang, T., and Cai, W., 2006. Oxygen depletion in the upper reach of the Pearl River Estuary during a winter drought. Marine Chemistry, 102 (1–2): 159–169.
Dyer, K. R., and Manning, A. J., 1999. Observation of the size, settling velocity and effective density of flocs, and their fractal dimensions. Journal of Sea Research, 41: 87–95.
Fan, D., Chen, B., Wang, L., Sun, X., and Yang, Z., 2014. Authigenic lepidocrocite and greigite particles in aquatic environments off the Yangtze River Estuary. Earth Science Journal of China University of Geosciences, 39 (10): 1364–1370 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Fettweis, M., Francken, F., Pison, V., and Eynde, D. V. D., 2006. Suspended particulate matter dynamics and aggregate sizes in a high turbidity area. Marine Geology, 235 (1–4): 63–74.
Gartman, A., Findlay, A. J., and Luther III, G. W., 2014. Nanoparticulate pyrite and other nanoparticles are a widespread component of hydrothermal vent black smoker emissions. Chemical Geology, 366 (3): 32–41.
Hem, J. D., 1972. Chemical factors that influence the availability of iron and manganese in aqueous systems. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 83 (2): 443–450.
Halbach, P., 1986. Processes controlling the heavy metal distribution in Pacific ferromanganese nodules and crusts. Geologische Rundschau, 75 (1): 235–247.
Jung, H. S., and Lee, C. B., 1999. Growth of diagenetic ferromanganese nodules in an oxic deep-sea sedimentary environment, northeast equatorial Pacific. Marine Geology, 157 (3–4): 127–144.
Kitheka, J. U., Mavuti, K. M., Nthenge, P., and Obiero, M., 2016. The turbidity maximum zone in a shallow, well-flushed Sabaki Estuary in Kenya. Journal of Sea Research, 110: 17–28.
Leng, Q., and Yang, H., 2003. Pyrite framboids associated with the Mesozoic Jehol Biota in northeastern China: Implications for microenvironment during early fossilization. Progress in Natural Science, 13 (3): 206–212.
Li, D., Li, Y., and Xu, Y., 2017. Observations of distribution and flocculation of suspended particulate matter in the Minjiang River Estuary, China. Marine Geology, 387: 31–44.
Li, P., Yang, S. L., Milliman, J. D., Xu, K. H., Qin, W. H., Wu, C. S., Chen, Y. P., and Shi, B. W., 2012. Spatial, temporal, and human-induced variations in suspended sediment concentration in the surface waters of the Yangtze Estuary and adjacent coastal areas. Estuaries and Coasts, 35 (5): 1316–1327.
Lin, Z., Sun, X., Lu, Y., Strauss, H., Xu, L., Gong, J., Teichert, B., Lu, R., Sun, W., and Peckmann, J., 2017. The enrichment of heavy iron isotopes in authigenic pyrite as a possible indicator of sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane: Insights from the South China Sea. Chemical Geology, 449: 15–29.
Liu, J. P., Li, A. C., Xu, K. H., Velozzi, D. M., Yang, Z. S., Milliman, J. D., and DeMaster, D. J., 2006. Sedimentary features of the Yangtze River-derived along-shelf clinoform deposit in the East China Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 26 (17): 2141–2156.
Liu, J. P., Xu, K. H., Li, A. C., Milliman, J. D., Velozzi, D. M., Xiao, S. B., and Yang, Z. S., 2007. Flux and fate of Yangtze River sediment delivered to the East China Sea. Geomorphology, 85 (3–4): 208–224.
Morse, J. W., and Wang, Q., 1997. Pyrite formation under conditions approximating those in anoxic sediments: II. Influence of precursor iron minerals and organic matter. Marine Chemistry, 57 (3–4): 187–193.
Ohfuji, H., and Rickard, D., 2005. Experimental syntheses of framboids-A review. Earth-Science Reviews, 71 (3–4): 147–170.
Peckmann, J., Reimer, A., Luth, U., Luth, C., and Reitner, J., 2001. Methane-derived carbonates and authigenic pyrite from the northwestern Black Sea. Marine Geology, 177 (1–2): 129–150.
Richards, C. M., and Pallud, C., 2016. Kinetics of sulfate reduction and sulfide precipitation rates in sediments of a bar-built estuary (Pescadero, California). Water Research, 94: 86–102.
Shen, Z., Zhou, S., and Pei, S., 2008. Transfer and transport of phosphorus and silica in the turbidity maximum zone of the Changjiang Estuary. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 78 (3): 481–492.
Soliman, M. F., and Goresy, A. E., 2012. Framboidal and idiomorphic pyrite in the upper Maastrichtian sedimentary rocks at Gabal Oweina, Nile Valley, Egypt: Formation processes, oxidation products and genetic implications to the origin of framboidal pyrite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 90: 195–220.
Sun, X., Fan, D., Liu, P., Pang, Y., and Tian, Y., 2017. The states of Eh, pH of water from Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent areas and their implications. Advances in Marine Science, 35 (1): 96–106 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Tang, J. H., 2007. Characteristics of fine cohesive sediment’s flocculation in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent sea area. Master thesis. East China Normal University.
Uncles, R. J., Bale, A. J., Stephens, J. A., Frickers, P. E., and Harris, C., 2010. Observations of floc sizes in a muddy estuary. Estuarine Coastal & Shelf Science, 87 (2): 186–196.
Walling, D. E., and Moorehead, P. W., 1987. Spatial and temporal variation of the particle-size characteristics of fluvial suspended sediment. Geografiska Annaler, 69 (1): 47–59.
Wang, L., Fan, D., Li, W., Liao, Y., Zhang, X., Liu, M., and Yang, Z., 2014. Grain-size effect of biogenic silica in the surface sediments of the East China Sea. Continental Shelf Research, 81 (4): 29–37.
Wang, Q., and Yang, Z., 1992. Authigenic pyrite in the surface sediments of the southern Huanghai Sea. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 12 (1): 25–32 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang, Y. P., Voulgaris, G., Li, Y., Yang, Y., Gao, J., Chen, J., and Gao, S., 2013. Sediment resuspension, flocculation, and settling in a macrotidal estuary. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 118 (10): 5591–5608.
Wilkin, R. T., Arthur, M. A., and Dean, W. E., 1997. History of water-column anoxia in the Black Sea indicated by pyrite framboid size distributions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 148 (3–4): 517–525.
Wilkin, R. T., Barnes, H. L., and Brantley, S. L., 1996. The size distribution of framboidal pyrite in modern sediments: An indicator of redox conditions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60 (20): 3897–3912.
Wu, J., Liu, J. T., and Wang, X., 2012. Sediment trapping of turbidity maxima in the Changjiang Estuary. Marine Geology, 301–306: 14–25.
Xia, X. M., Li, Y., Yang, H., Wu, C. Y., Sing, T. H., and Pong, H. K., 2004. Observations on the size and settling velocity distributions of suspended sediment in the Pearl River Estuary, China. Continental Shelf Research, 24 (16): 1809–1826.
Yang, S. L., Eisma, D., and Ding, P. X., 2000. Sedimentary processes on an estuarine marsh island within the turbidity maximum zone of the Yangtze River mouth. Geo-Marine Letters, 20 (2): 87–92.
Yang, Y. P., Li, Y. T., Sun, Z. H., and Fan, Y. Y., 2013. Trends and causes of suspended sediment concentration variation in the turbidity maximum zone at the Yangtze River Estuary. Acta Geographica Sinica, 68 (9): 1240–1250 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou, M. J., Shen, Z. L., and Yu, R. C., 2008. Responses of a coastal phytoplankton community to increased nutrient input from the Changjiang (Yangtze) River. Continental Shelf Research, 28 (12): 1483–1489.