Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. “mini-mental state.” a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12:189–98.
Crum RM, Anthony JC, Bassett SS, Folstein MF. Population-based norms for the mini-mental state examination by age and educational level. JAMA. 1993;269:2386–91.
Parker C, Philp I. Screening for cognitive impairment among older people in black and minority ethnic groups. Age Ageing. 2004;33:447–52.
Espino DV, Lichtenstein MJ, Palmer RF, Hazuda HP. Ethnic differences in mini-mental state examination (MMSE) scores: where you live makes a difference. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2001;49:538–48.
WHO. Dementia: a public health priority. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2012.
Bremner J, Haub C, Lee M, Mather M, Zuehlke E. [document on the internet] World population highlights: key findings from PRB's 2009 world population data sheet. Population BulletinWashington: Population Reference Bureau; 2009. [cited October 6, 2009]. Available from http://www.prb.org/.
Ferri CP, Prince M, Brayne C, Brodaty H, Fratiglioni L, Ganguli M, et al. Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus study. Lancet. 2005;366:2112–7.
Asian Society Against Dementia (ASAD): http://www.asiandementia.org/.
Salmon DP, Riekkinen PJ, Katzman R, Zhang M, Jin H, Yu E. Cross-cultural studies of dementia. A comparison of mini-mental state examination performance in Finland and China. Arch Neurol. 1989;46:769–72.
Baiyewu O, Bella AF, Jegede RO. The effect of demographic and health variables on a modified form of mini-mental state examination scores in Nigerian elderly community residents. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1993;8:503–10.
Zhang Z, Hong X, Li H. The mini-mental state examination in the Chinese residents population aged 55 years and over in the urban and rural areas of Beijing. Chin J Neurol. 1999;3:149–53.
Chiu HF, Lee HC, Chung WS, Kwong PK. Reliability and validity of the Cantonese version of mini-mental state examination—a preliminary study. J Hong Kong Col Psychiatrists. 1994;4:25–8.
Ganguli M, Ratcliff G, Chandra V, Sharma S, Gilby J, Pandav R, et al. A Hindi version of the MMSE: the development of a cognitive screening instrument for a largely illiterate rural elderly population in India. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1995;10:367–77.
Sjahrir H, Ritarwan K, Tarigan S, Rambe AS, Lubis ID, Bhakti I. The mini mental state examination in healthy individuals in Medan, Indonesia by age and education level. Neurol J Southeast Asia. 2001;6:19–22.
Kitamura T. Mini-Mental State (MMSE). In: Ootsuka T, Honma A, editors. Assessment manual of intellectual function for the demented elderly. Tokyo: World Planning; 1991. p. 35–8. (in Japanese).
Kang Y, Na DL, Hahn S. A validity study on the Korean mini-mental state examination (K-MMSE) in dementia patients. J Korean Neurol Assoc. 1997;15:300–8.
Ibrahim NM, Shohaimi S, Chong HT, Rahman AH, Razali R, Esther E, et al. Validation study of the mini-mental state examination in a Malay-speaking elderly population in Malaysia. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. 2009;27:247–53.
Ligsay AD. Validation of the mini-mental state examination among the Filipino elderly. Manila: M.Sc. Thesis, University of the Philippines; 2004.
Ng TP, Niti M, Chiam PC, Kua EH. Ethnic and educational differences in cognitive test performance on mini-mental state examination in Asians. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007;15:130–9.
Shyu YI, Yip PK. Factor structure and explanatory variables of the mini-mental state examination (MMSE) for elderly persons in Taiwan. J Formos Med Assoc. 2001;100:676–83.
Thai Cognitive Test Development Committee 1999. Mini-mental state examination-Thai 2002. Bangkok: Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medical Services, Ministry of Public Health, Thailand; 2002.
Ganguli M, Ratcliff G, Huff FJ, Belle S, Kancel MJ, Fischer L, et al. Serial sevens versus world backwards: a comparison of the two measures of attention from the MMSE. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1990;3:203–7.
Molloy DW, Alemayehu E, Roberts R. Reliability of a standardized mini-mental state examination compared with the traditional mini-mental state examination. Am J Psychiatry. 1991;148:102–5.
Espino DV, Lichtenstein MJ, Palmer RF, Hazuda HP. Evaluation of the mini-mental state examination's internal consistency in a community-based sample of Mexican-American and European-American elders: results from the San Antonio longitudinal study of aging. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:822–7.
Folstein MF. Mini-mental and son. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1998;13:290–4.
Werner P, Heinik J, Lin R, Bleich A. ‘yes’ ifs, ands or buts: examining performance and correlates of the repetition task in the mini-mental state examination. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1999;14:719–25.
Katzman R, Zhang MY, Ouang-Ya-Qu WZY, Liu WT, Yu E, et al. A Chinese version of the mini-mental state examination: impact of illiteracy in a shanghai dementia survey. J Clin Epidemiol. 1988;41:971–8.
Steis MR, Schrauf RW. A review of translations and adaptations of the min-state examination in languages other than English and Spanish. Res Gerontol Nurs. 2009;2:214–24.
Rowland J, Conforti D, Basic D, Vrantsidis F, Hill K, LoGiudice D, et al. A study to evaluate the Rowland universal dementia assessment scale (RUDAS) in two populations outside the Sydney south west area health service: south west area health service and the National Ageing Research Institute, report for the Australian Government Department of Health and ageing; 2007.
Xu G, Meyer JS, Huang Y, Du F, Chowdhury M, Quach M. Adapting mini-mental state examination for dementia screening among illiterate or minimally educated elderly Chinese. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2003;18:609–16.
Zhang MY, Katzman R, Salmon D, Jin H, Cai GJ, Wang ZY, et al. The prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in shanghai, China: impact of age, gender and education. Ann Neurol. 1990;27:428–37.
Sahadevan S, Lim PPJ, Tan NJL, Chan SP. Diagnostic performance of two mental status tests in the older Chinese: influence of education and age on cut-off values. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000;15:234–41.
Lee SM, Lin X, Haralambous B, Dow B, Vrantsidis F, Tinney J, Blackberry I, Lautenschlager NT, LoGiudice D. Factors impacting on early detection of dementia in older people of Asian background in primary healthcare. Asia Pac Psychiatry. 2011;3:120–7.
Park JH, Kwon YC. Modification of the mini-mental state examination for use in the elderly in a non-western society. Part 1. Development of Korean version of mini-mental state examination. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1990;5:381–7.
Lee DY, Lee KU, Lee JH, Kim KW, Jhoo JH, Youn JC, et al. A normative study of the mini-mental state examination in the Korean elderly. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2002;41:508–5.
Kim TH, Jhoo JH, Park JH, Kim JL, Ryu SH, Moon SW, et al. Korean version of mini mental status examination for dementia screening and its' short form. Psychiatry Investig. 2010;7:102–8.
Feng L, Chong MS, Lim WS, Ng TP. The modified mini-mental state examination test: normative data for Singapore Chinese older adults and its performance in detecting early cognitive impairment. Singapore Med J. 2012;53:458–62.
Tombaugh TN, McIntyre NJ. The mini-mental state examination: a comprehensive review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40:922–35.
Tombaugh TN, McDowell I, Kristjansson B, Hubley AM. Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and the modified MMSE (3MS): a psychometric comparison and normative data. Psychol Assess. 1996;8:48–59.
Ideno Y, Takayama M, Hayashi K, Takagi H, Sugai Y. Evaluation of a Japanese version of the mini-mental state examination in elderly persons. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2012;12:310–6.
Ganguly M, Chandra V, Gilby JE, Ratcliff G, Sharma SD, Pandav R, et al. Cognitive test performance in a community-based nondemented elderly sample in rural India: the indo-US cross-national dementia epidemiology study. Int Psychogeriatr. 1996;8:507–24.
Tsolaki M, Iakovidou V, Navrozidou H, Aminta M, Pantazi T, Kazis A. Hindi mental state examination (HMSE) as a screening test for illiterate demented patients. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2000;15:662–4.
Ismail RI, Mansyur M, Fidiansjah, Maharani P, Rahardjo TB. Module detection cognitive status. 1st ed. Ismail RI, ed. Jakarta: Center for Ageing Studies UI; 2010:6.
Fujiwara Y, Watanabe S, Kumagai S, Yoshida Y, Takabayashi K, Morita M, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of older community residents with mild cognitive decline. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2002;2:57–67.
Fujiwara Y, Suzuki H, Yasunaga M, Sugiyama M, Ijuin M, Sakuma N, et al. Brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment in older Japanese: validation of the Japanese version of the Montreal cognitive assessment. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2010;10:225–32.
Abat MEM, Reyes FA, Ramos MA Jr. Mini-mental status examination profile of the elderly Filipino hemodialysis patient. Phil J Intern Med. 2009;47:161–73.
Chiu HF, Lam LC. Relevance of outcome measures in different cultural groups - does one size fit all? Int Psychogeriatr. 2007;19:457–66.