Chapter 53 Laboratory studies in the investigation of stroke

Handbook of Clinical Neurology - Tập 94 - Trang 1081-1095 - 2008
Mar Castellanos1, José Castillo2, Antoni Dávalos3
1Hospital Universitari Doctor Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain
2Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
3Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abilleira, 2003, Matrix metalloproteinase‐9 concentration after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage, J Neurosurg, 99, 65, 10.3171/jns.2003.99.1.0065 Adams, 1986, Nonhemorrhagic cerebral infarction in young adults, Arch Neurol, 43, 793, 10.1001/archneur.1986.00520080041017 Adams, 1996, Stroke, 27, 1711 Adams, 2003, Guidelines for the early management of patients with ischemic stroke: a scientific statement from the Stroke Council of the American Stroke Association, Stroke, 34, 1056, 10.1161/01.STR.0000064841.47697.22 Akopov, 1996, Dynamic of polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation in acute cerebral infarction and their correlation with brain tissue damage, Stroke, 27, 1739, 10.1161/01.STR.27.10.1739 Álvarez‐Sabín, 2004, Temporal profile of matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors after spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. Relationship to clinical and radiological outcome, Stroke, 35, 1316, 10.1161/01.STR.0000126827.69286.90 Ames, 1968, Cerebral ischemia, II: the no‐reflow phenomenon, Am J Pathol, 52, 437 Arboix, 2000, Cerebrovascular disease in the cancer patient, Rev Neurol, 31, 1250 Arenillas, 2003, C‐reactive protein predicts further ischemic events in first‐ever transient ischemic attack or stroke patients with intracranial large‐artery occlusive disease, Stroke, 34, 2463, 10.1161/01.STR.0000089920.93927.A7 Bogousslavsky, 1988, The Lausanne Stroke Registry: analysis of 1,000 consecutive patients with first stroke, Stroke, 19, 1083, 10.1161/01.STR.19.9.1083 Bousser, 2004, Cerebral venous thrombosis, 301 Bridgen, 1997, The hypercoagulable state: who, how, and when to test and treat, Postgrad Med, 101, 249, 10.3810/pgm.1997.05.252 Brott, 1997, Early hemorrhage growth in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage, Stroke, 28, 1, 10.1161/01.STR.28.1.1 Bushnell, 2000, Diagnostic testing for coagulopathies in patients with ischemic stroke, Stroke, 31, 3067, 10.1161/01.STR.31.12.3067 Canova, 1999, C‐reactive protein (CPR) in cerebrovascular events, Atherosclerosis, 147, 49, 10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00162-8 Carlson, 1999, Inflammatory cytokines IL‐1 alpha, IL‐1 beta, IL‐6 and TNF‐alpha impart neuroprotection to an excitotoxin through distinct pathways, J Immunol, 163, 3963, 10.4049/jimmunol.163.7.3963 Castellanos, 2002, Iron intake increases infarct volume after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats, Brain Res, 952, 1, 10.1016/S0006-8993(02)03179-7 Castellanos, 2002, Inflammation‐mediated damage in progressing lacunar infarctions. A potential therapeutic target, Stroke, 33, 982, 10.1161/hs0402.105339 Castellanos, 2003, Plasma metalloproteinase‐9 concentration predicts hemorrhagic transformation in acute ischemic stroke, Stroke, 34, 40, 10.1161/01.STR.0000046764.57344.31 Castellanos, 2004, Plasma cellular‐fibronectin concentration predicts hemorrhagic transformation after thrombolytic therapy in acute ischemic stroke, Stroke, 35, 1671, 10.1161/01.STR.0000131656.47979.39 Castellanos, 2004, Molecular markers of progressing stroke are associated with diffusion‐weighted MRI lesion growth in patients with acute ischemic stroke, Stroke, 35, 247 Castellanos, 2004, Molecular markers of endothelial injury and diffusion‐weighted MRI in acute ischemic stroke, Stroke, 35, 329 Castillo, 1999, Deteriorating stroke: diagnostic criteria, predictors, mechanisms and treatment, Cerebrovasc Dis, 9, 1, 10.1159/000047548 Castillo, 2001, Paraneoplastic strokes, 139 Castillo, 2004, Biochemical changes and inflammatory response as markers for brain ischemia: molecular markers of diagnostic utility and prognosis in human clinical practice, Cerebrovasc Dis, 17, 7, 10.1159/000074791 Castillo, 1994, Mortality and morbidity of acute cerebral infarction related with temperature and basal analytic parameters, Cerebrovasc Dis, 4, 66, 10.1159/000108454 Castillo, 1996, Neuroexcitatory amino acids and their relation to infarct size and neurological deficit in ischemic stroke, Stroke, 27, 1060, 10.1161/01.STR.27.6.1060 Castillo, 1997, Progression of ischaemic stroke and excitotoxic amino acids, Lancet, 349, 79, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)04453-4 Castillo, 2000, Nitric oxide‐related brain damage in acute ischemic stroke, Stroke, 31, 852, 10.1161/01.STR.31.4.852 Castillo, 2002, Molecular signatures of brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage, Neurology, 58, 624, 10.1212/WNL.58.4.624 Chalmers, 2004, Haemophilia and the newborn, Blood Rev, 18, 85, 10.1016/S0268-960X(03)00062-6 Chen, 1994, Anti‐CD11b monoclonal antibody reduces ischemic cell damage after transient focal cerebral ischemia in rat, Ann Neurol, 35, 458, 10.1002/ana.410350414 Clark, 1997, Increased gelatinase A (MMP‐2) and gelatinase B (MMP‐9) activities in human brain after focal ischemia, Neurosci Lett, 238, 53, 10.1016/S0304-3940(97)00859-8 Dávalos, 1999, Progressing stroke, 149 Dávalos, 1990, Deteriorating ischemic stroke: risk factors and prognosis, Neurology, 40, 1865, 10.1212/WNL.40.12.1865 Dávalos, 1994, Iron‐related brain damage in acute ischemic stroke, Stroke, 25, 1543, 10.1161/01.STR.25.8.1543 Dávalos, 1997, Body temperature and fibrinogen are related to early neurological deterioration in acute ischemic stroke, Cerebrovasc Dis, 7, 64, 10.1159/000108169 Dávalos, 1997, Duration of glutamate release after acute ischemic stroke, Stroke, 28, 708, 10.1161/01.STR.28.4.708 Dávalos, 1999, Neurological deterioration in acute ischemic stroke. Potential predictors and associated factors in the European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study, Stroke, 30, 2631, 10.1161/01.STR.30.12.2631 Dávalos, 2000, Body iron stores and early neurologic deterioration in acute cerebral infarction, Neurology, 54, 1568, 10.1212/WNL.54.8.1568 Di Napoli, 2002, Inflammation, hemostatic markers, and antithrombotic agents in relation to long‐term risk of new cardiovascular events in first‐ever ischemic stroke patients, Stroke, 33, 1763, 10.1161/01.STR.0000019124.54361.08 Di Napoli, 2005, Evaluation of C‐reactive protein measurement for assessing the risk and prognosis in ischemic stroke: a statement for Health Care Professionals from the CPR Pooling Project Members, Stroke, 36, 1316, 10.1161/01.STR.0000165929.78756.ed Elkind, 2004, Collagen vascular and infectious diseases, 575 Elneihoum, 1996, Leukocyte activation detected by increased plasma levels of inflammatory mediators in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular diseases, Stroke, 27, 1734, 10.1161/01.STR.27.10.1734 2003, European stroke initiative recommendations for stroke management—update 2003, Cerebrovasc Dis, 16, 311, 10.1159/000072554 Fassbender, 1994, Proinflammatory cytokines in serum of patients with acute cerebral ischemia: kinetics of secretion and relation to the extent of brain damage and outcome of disease, J Neurol Sci, 122, 135, 10.1016/0022-510X(94)90289-5 Feuerstein, 1998, Inflammatory mediators and brain injury. The role of cytokines and chemokines in stroke and CNS diseases, Vol. I, 507 Fisher, 1996, Evolving stroke and the ischemic penumbra, Neurology, 47, 884, 10.1212/WNL.47.4.884 Fishman, 1992, Cerebrospinal fluid in cerebrovascular disorders, 103 Foerch, 2005, Evaluation of serum S100β as a surrogate marker for long‐term outcome and infarct volume in acute middle cerebral artery infarction, Arch Neurol, 62, 1130, 10.1001/archneur.62.7.1130 Gasche, 1999, Early appearance of activated metalloproteinase‐9 after focal cerebral ischemia in mice: a possible role in blood–brain barrier dysfunction, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 19, 1020, 10.1097/00004647-199909000-00010 Gill, 1992, The effect of MK‐801 on cortical spreading depression in the penumbral zone following focal ischemia in the rat, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 12, 371, 10.1038/jcbfm.1992.54 Hamann, 1995, Microvascular basal lamina antigens disappear during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion, Stroke, 26, 2120, 10.1161/01.STR.26.11.2120 Hamann, 1996, Hemorrhagic transformation and microvascular integrity during focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 16, 1373, 10.1097/00004647-199611000-00036 Hart, 1990, Hematologic disorders and ischemic stroke. A selective review, Stroke, 21, 1111, 10.1161/01.STR.21.8.1111 Härtl, 1996, Experimental antileukocyte interventions in cerebral ischemia, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 16, 1108, 10.1097/00004647-199611000-00004 Heiss, 2004, Identifying thresholds for penumbra and irreversible tissue damage, Stroke, 35, 2671, 10.1161/01.STR.0000143329.81997.8a Hoe Heo, 1999, Matrix metalloproteinases increase very early during experimental focal cerebral ischemia, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 19, 624, 10.1097/00004647-199906000-00005 Hossman, 1996, Periinfarct depolarizations, Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev, 8, 195 Hsu, 1998, Meningococcal meningitis presenting as stroke in an afebrile adult, Ann Emerg Med, 32, 620, 10.1016/S0196-0644(98)70044-7 Iraguli, 1986, Behçet syndrome presenting as cerebrovascular disease, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 49, 838, 10.1136/jnnp.49.7.838 Jorgensen, 1994, Effect of blood pressure and diabetes on stroke in progression, Lancet, 344, 156, 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92757-X Katzan, 2001, Thrombolytic therapy, 207 Kogure, 1998, Neurochemistry of stroke, 69 Kogure, 1997, Molecular and biochemical events within the brain subjected to cerebral ischemia, Clin Neurosci, 4, 179 Lee, 1975, Cerebrospinal fluid in cerebral hemorrhage and infarction, Stroke, 6, 638, 10.1161/01.STR.6.6.638 Lee, 1997, Mechanisms of edema formation after intracerebral hemorrhage: effects of thrombin on cerebral blood flow, blood–brain barrier permeability, and cell survival in a rat model, J Neurosurg, 86, 272, 10.3171/jns.1997.86.2.0272 Lietz, 2005, Hemorrhagic stroke in a child with protein S and factor VII deficiency, Pediatr Neurol, 32, 208, 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2004.08.008 Linink, 1993, Evidence supporting a role for programmed cell death in focal cerebral ischemia in rats, Stroke, 24, 2002, 10.1161/01.STR.24.12.2002 Liu, 1994, Tumor necrosis factor‐α expression in ischemic neurons, Stroke, 25, 1481, 10.1161/01.STR.25.7.1481 Lutgens, 2000, Both early and delayed anti‐CD40L antibody treatment induces a stable plaque phenotype, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 97, 7464, 10.1073/pnas.97.13.7464 Lynch, 2004, Novel diagnostic test for acute stroke, Stroke, 35, 57, 10.1161/01.STR.0000105927.62344.4C Macik, 1995, Clinical and laboratory evaluation of the hypercoagulable states, Clin Chest Med, 16, 375, 10.1016/S0272-5231(21)01099-6 Markus, 1998, Neurology and the blood: haematological abnormalities in ischaemic stroke, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 64, 150, 10.1136/jnnp.64.2.150 Martí‐Fábregas, 2005, Hemostatic markers of recanalization in patients with ischemic stroke treated with rtPA, Neurology, 65, 366, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000171704.50395.ba Mayer, 1994, Neurological deterioration in non comatose patients with supratentorial intracerebral hemorrhage, Neurology, 44, 1379, 10.1212/WNL.44.8.1379 Mayer, 1994, Perilesional blood flow and edema formation in acute intracerebral hemorrhage, J Neurosurg, 80, 51 Mayer, 2005, Recombinant Activated Factor VII Intracerebral Hemorrhage Trial Investigators. Recombinant activated factor VII for acute intracerebral hemorrhage, N Engl J Med, 352, 777, 10.1056/NEJMoa042991 Mayer, 2005, Safety and feasibility of recombinant factor VIIa for acute intracerebral hemorrhage, Stroke, 36, 74, 10.1161/01.STR.0000149628.80251.b8 Mies, 1993, Correlation between peri‐infarct DC shifts and ischemic neuronal damage in rat, Neuroreport, 4, 709, 10.1097/00001756-199306000-00027 Mies, 1994, Prevention of peri‐infarct direct current shifts with glutamate antagonist NBQX following occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in the rat, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 14, 802, 10.1038/jcbfm.1994.100 Missier, 1997, S‐100 protein and neuron‐specific enolase concentrations in blood as indicators of infarction volume and prognosis in acute ischemic stroke, Stroke, 28, 1956, 10.1161/01.STR.28.10.1956 Montaner, 2001, Matrix metalloproteinase expression after human cardioembolic stroke: temporal profile and relation to neurological impairment, Stroke, 32, 1759, 10.1161/01.STR.32.8.1759 Montaner, 2003, Matrix metalloproteinase‐9 pretreatment level predicts intracranial hemorrhagic complications after thrombolysis in human stroke, Circulation, 107, 598, 10.1161/01.CIR.0000046451.38849.90 Muir, 1999, C‐reactive protein and outcome after ischemic stroke, Stroke, 30, 981, 10.1161/01.STR.30.5.981 1995, Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke, N Engl J Med, 333, 1581, 10.1056/NEJM199512143332401 1997, Intracerebral hemorrhage after intravenous tPa therapy for ischemic stroke, Stroke, 28, 2109, 10.1161/01.STR.28.11.2109 Pozzilli, 1985, Imaging of leukocyte accumulation in human cerebral infarcts, Stroke, 16, 251, 10.1161/01.STR.16.2.251 Quinones‐Hinojosa, 2003, Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage due to coagulation disorders, Neurosurg Focus, 15, E3, 10.3171/foc.2003.15.4.3 Qureshi, 1997, Human immunodeficiency virus infection and stroke in young adults, Arch Neurol, 54, 1150, 10.1001/archneur.1997.00550210078016 Relton, 1992, Interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist inhibits ischaemic and excitotoxic neuronal damage in the rat, Brain Res Bull, 29, 243, 10.1016/0361-9230(92)90033-T Reynolds, 2003, Early biomarkers of stroke, Clin Chem, 49, 1733, 10.1373/49.10.1733 Ribo, 2004, Admission fibrinolytic profile predicts clot lysis resistance in stroke patients treated with tissue plasminogen activator, Thromb Haemost, 91, 1146, 10.1160/TH04-02-0097 Ribo, 2004, Admission fibrinolytic profile is associated with symptomatic hemorrhagic transformation in stroke patients treated with tissue plasminogen activator, Stroke, 35, 2123, 10.1161/01.STR.0000137608.73660.4c Ries, 1997, Cerebrovascular involvement in the acute phase of bacterial meningitis, J Neurol, 244, 51, 10.1007/s004150050050 1997, Progressing stroke: epidemiology, Cerebrovasc Dis, 7, 2, 10.1159/000108229 Rogers, 2003, Cerebrovascular complications in cancer patients, Neurol Clin, 21, 167, 10.1016/S0733-8619(02)00066-X Romanic, 1994, Extracellular matrix‐degrading proteinases in the nervous system, Brain Pathol, 4, 145, 10.1111/j.1750-3639.1994.tb00825.x Rosell, 2005, A matrix metalloproteinase protein array reveals a strong relation between MMP‐9 and MMP‐13 with diffusion‐weighted image lesion increase in human stroke, Stroke, 36, 1415, 10.1161/01.STR.0000170641.01047.cc Rosenberg, 1997, Metalloproteinase inhibition blocks edema intracerebral hemorrhage in the rat, Neurology, 48, 921, 10.1212/WNL.48.4.921 Rosenberg, 1990, Collagenase‐induced intracerebral hemorrhage in rats, Stroke, 21, 801, 10.1161/01.STR.21.5.801 Rosenberg, 1996, Proteolytic cascade enzymes increase in focal cerebral ischemia in rat, J Cereb Blood Flow Metab, 16, 360, 10.1097/00004647-199605000-00002 Rosenberg, 1998, Matrix metalloproteinases and TIMPS are associated with blood–brain barrier opening after reperfusion in rats, Stroke, 29, 2189, 10.1161/01.STR.29.10.2189 Rost, 2001, Plasma concentration of C‐reactive protein and risk of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack: The Framingham Study, Stroke, 32, 2575, 10.1161/hs1101.098151 Schlaug, 1997, Time course of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) abnormality in human stroke, Neurology, 49, 113, 10.1212/WNL.49.1.113 Schmidley, 1990, Free radicals in central nervous system ischemia, Stroke, 25, 7 Schmid‐Schönbein, 1980, The interaction of leukocytes and erythrocytes in capillary and postcapillary, Microvasc Res, 19, 45, 10.1016/0026-2862(80)90083-7 Schönbeck, 2000, Inhibition of CD40 signaling limits evolution of established atherosclerosis in mice, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 97, 7458, 10.1073/pnas.97.13.7458 Schönbeck, 2001, Soluble CD40L and cardiovascular risk in women, Circulation, 104, 2266, 10.1161/hc4401.099447 Schwab, 1998, Early hemicraniectomy in patients with complete middle cerebral artery infarction, Stroke, 29, 1888, 10.1161/01.STR.29.9.1888 Serena, 2001, Neurological deterioration in acute lacunar infarctions. The role of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, Stroke, 32, 1154, 10.1161/01.STR.32.5.1154 Serena, 2005, The prediction of malignant cerebral infarction by molecular brain barrier disruption markers, Stroke, 36, 1921, 10.1161/01.STR.0000177870.14967.94 Silva, 2005, Molecular signatures of vascular injury are associated with early growth of intracerebral hemorrhage, Stroke, 36, 86, 10.1161/01.STR.0000149615.51204.0b Tarkowski, 1995, Early intrathecal production of interleukin‐6 predicts the volume of brain lesion in stroke, Stroke, 26, 1393, 10.1161/01.STR.26.8.1393 Tatlisumak, 1996, Hematologic disorders associated with ischemic stroke, J Neurol Sci, 140, 1, 10.1016/0022-510X(96)00051-2 Tatlisumak, 1998, A glycine site antagonist, ZD9379 reduces the number of spreading depressions and infarct size in rats with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, Stroke, 29, 190, 10.1161/01.STR.29.1.190 Tohgi, 1990, Coagulation‐fibrinolysis abnormalities in acute and chronic phases of cerebral thrombosis and embolism, Stroke, 21, 1663, 10.1161/01.STR.21.12.1663 Toni, 1995, Progressing neurological deficit secondary to acute ischemic stroke, Arch Neurol, 52, 670, 10.1001/archneur.1995.00540310040014 Van Cott, 2002, Laboratory evaluation of hypercoagulability with venous or arterial thrombosis. Venous thromboembolism, myocardial infarction, stroke, and other conditions, Arch Pathol Lab Med, 126, 1281, 10.5858/2002-126-1281-LEOHWV Verma, 2003, C‐reactive protein and atherothrombosis—beyond a biomarker: an actual partaker of lesion formation, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 285, 1253, 10.1152/ajpregu.00170.2003 Vila, 1999, Cytokine‐induced inflammation and long‐term stroke functional outcome, J Neurol Sci, 162, 185, 10.1016/S0022-510X(98)00319-0 Vila, 2000, Proinflammatory cytokines and early neurological worsening in ischemic stroke, Stroke, 31, 2325, 10.1161/01.STR.31.10.2325 Vila, 2003, Levels of anti‐inflammatory cytokines and neurological worsening in acute ischemic stroke, Stroke, 34, 671, 10.1161/01.STR.0000057976.53301.69 Wang, 1994, Concomitant cortical expression of TNF‐α and IL‐1β mRNA follows early response gene expression in transient focal ischemia, Mol Chem Neuropathol, 23, 103, 10.1007/BF02815404 Weststrate, 1996, Brain infarcts in adults with bacterial meningitis, Lancet, 347, 399, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90577-2 Xi, 1998, The role of blood clot formation on early edema development following experimental intracerebral hemorrhage, Stroke, 29, 2580, 10.1161/01.STR.29.12.2580 Xi, 2001, Mechanisms of edema formation after intracerebral hemorrhage. Effects of extravasated red blood cells on blood flow and blood–brain barrier integrity, Stroke, 32, 2932, 10.1161/hs1201.099820 Xi, 2002, Pathophysiology of brain edema formation, Neurosurg Clin N Am, 13, 371, 10.1016/S1042-3680(02)00007-4 Zalduondo, 1996, Meningitis, vasculitis, and cerebritis caused by CNS histoplasmosis: radiologic‐pathologic correlation, AJR Am J Roentgenol, 166, 194, 10.2214/ajr.166.1.8571874