Chapter 37 Cervical artery dissections

Abboud, 2005, Stent assisted endovascular thrombolysis of internal carotid artery dissection, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 76, 292, 10.1136/jnnp.2004.041863 Adams, 1982, Intracranial hemorrhage produced by spontaneous dissecting intracranial aneurysm, Arch Neurol, 39, 773, 10.1001/archneur.1982.00510240035009 Ahl, 2004, Dissection of the brain supplying arteries over the life span, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 75, 1194, 10.1136/jnnp.2003.013326 Amarenco, 1994, Carotid artery dissection with renal infarcts, Two cases. Stroke, 25, 2488, 10.1161/01.STR.25.12.2488 Arnold, 2002, Thrombolysis in patients with acute stroke caused by cervical artery dissection: analysis of 9 patients and review of the literature, Arch Neurol, 59, 549, 10.1001/archneur.59.4.549 Barbour, 1994, Internal carotid artery redundancy is significantly associated with dissection, Stroke, 25, 1201, 10.1161/01.STR.25.6.1201 Bassetti, 1996, Recurrence of cervical artery dissection. A prospective study of 81 patients, Stroke, 27, 1804, 10.1161/01.STR.27.10.1804 Baumgartner, 2001, Carotid dissection with and without ischemic events: local symptoms and cerebral artery findings, Neurology, 57, 827, 10.1212/WNL.57.5.827 Ben Hamouda‐M'rad, 1995, Internal carotid artery redundancy is significantly associated with dissection, Stroke, 26, 1962 Benninger, 2004, Mechanism of ischemic infarct in spontaneous carotid dissection, Stroke, 35, 482, 10.1161/01.STR.0000109766.27393.52 Bergqvist, 1997, Posterior cervical spinal cord infarction following vertebral artery dissection, Neurology, 48, 1112, 10.1212/WNL.48.4.1112 Biller, 1986, Cervicocephalic arterial dissections. A ten‐year experience, Arch Neurol, 43, 1234, 10.1001/archneur.1986.00520120019010 Biousse, 1992, Pain as the only manifestation of internal carotid artery dissection, Cephalalgia, 12, 314, 10.1046/j.1468-2982.1992.1205314.x Biousse, 1994, Extracranial vertebral artery dissection presenting as subarachnoid hemorrhage, Stroke, 25, 714, 10.1161/01.STR.25.3.714 Biousse, 1994, Head pain in non‐traumatic carotid artery dissection: a series of 65 patients, Cephalalgia, 14, 33, 10.1046/j.1468-2982.1994.1401033.x Biousse, 1995, Time course of symptoms in extracranial carotid artery dissections A series of 80 patients, Stroke, 26, 235, 10.1161/01.STR.26.2.235 Bogousslavsky, 1987, Ischemic stroke in adults younger than 30 years of age. Cause and prognosis, Arch Neurol, 44, 479, 10.1001/archneur.1987.00520170009012 Bogousslavsky, 1987, Spontaneous carotid dissection with acute stroke, Arch Neurol, 44, 137, 10.1001/archneur.1987.00520140009010 Bousser, 1985, Ischemic strokes and migraine, Neuroradiology, 27, 583, 10.1007/BF00340855 Brandt, 2002, Spontaneous cervical artery dissection: from risk factors toward pathogenesis, Stroke, 33, 657, 10.1161/str.33.3.657 Brandt, 2001, Pathogenesis of cervical artery dissections: association with connective tissue abnormalities, Neurology, 57, 24, 10.1212/WNL.57.1.24 Broderick, 1989, Incidence rates of stroke in the eighties: the end of the decline in stroke?, Stroke, 20, 577, 10.1161/01.STR.20.5.577 Calvet, 2004, Increased stiffness of the carotid wall material in patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissection, Stroke, 35, 2078, 10.1161/01.STR.0000136721.95301.8d Caplan, 1985, Spontaneous dissection of the extracranial vertebral arteries, Stroke, 16, 1030, 10.1161/01.STR.16.6.1030 Caplan, 1988, Dissection of the intracranial vertebral artery, Neurology, 38, 868, 10.1212/WNL.38.6.868 Caso, 2004, Recanalization of cervical artery dissection: influencing factors and role in neurological outcome, Cerebrovasc Dis, 17, 93, 10.1159/000075775 Cohen, 2003, Emergent stenting to treat patients with carotid artery dissection: clinically and radiologically directed therapeutic decision making, Stroke, 34, e254, 10.1161/01.STR.0000101915.11128.3D Coric, 1998, Primary stenting of the extracranial internal carotid artery in a patient with multiple cervical dissections: technical case report, Neurosurgery, 43, 956, 10.1097/00006123-199810000-00139 Cronqvist, 1986, Young stroke patients. An angiographic study, Acta Radiol Suppl, 369, 34 Crum, 2000, Spinal manifestations of vertebral artery dissection, Neurology, 55, 304, 10.1212/WNL.55.2.304 Czechowsky, 2002, Neurological outcome and quality of life after stroke due to vertebral artery dissection, Cerebrovasc Dis, 13, 192, 10.1159/000047775 D'Anglejan‐Chatillon, 1989, Migraine—a risk factor for dissection of cervical arteries, Headache, 29, 560, 10.1111/j.1526-4610.1989.hed2909560.x D'Anglejan Chatillon, 1990, Dissection of the extracranial internal carotid artery. 62 cases, Presse Med, 19, 661 De Broucker, 1994, Unilateral paralysis of the lower cranial nerves caused by lesion of the internal carotid artery, Rev Neurol (Paris), 150, 850 Derex, 2000, Intravenous tPA in acute ischemic stroke related to internal carotid artery dissection, Neurology, 54, 2159, 10.1212/WNL.54.11.2159 Detwiler, 1987, Pseudoaneurysm of the extracranial vertebral artery. Case report, J Neurosurg, 67, 935, 10.3171/jns.1987.67.6.0935 Dreier, 2004, Delayed occlusion after internal carotid artery dissection under heparin, Cerebrovasc Dis, 18, 296, 10.1159/000080355 Droste, 2001, Clinically silent circulating microemboli in 20 patients with carotid or vertebral artery dissection, Cerebrovasc Dis, 12, 181, 10.1159/000047701 Dziewas, 2003, Cervical artery dissection—clinical features, risk factors, therapy and outcome in 126 patients, J Neurol, 250, 1179, 10.1007/s00415-003-0174-5 Ehrenfeld, 1976, Spontaneous dissection of the internal carotid artery, Arch Surg, 111, 1294, 10.1001/archsurg.1976.01360290128019 Fisher, 1982, The headache and pain of spontaneous carotid dissection, Headache, 22, 60, 10.1111/j.1526-4610.1982.hed2202060.x Fletcher, 1995, Traumatic carotid and vertebral artery dissection in a professional jockey: a cautionary tale, Br J Sports Med, 29, 143, 10.1136/bjsm.29.2.143 Gallai, 2001, Mild hyperhomocyst(e)inemia: a possible risk factor for cervical artery dissection, Stroke, 32, 714, 10.1161/01.STR.32.3.714 Genius, 2005, Postacute C‐reactive protein levels are elevated in cervical artery dissection, Stroke, 36, e42, 10.1161/01.STR.0000158911.74006.d6 Georgiadis, 2005, IV thrombolysis in patients with acute stroke due to spontaneous carotid dissection, Neurology, 64, 1612, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000159548.45013.C1 Giroud, 1993, Spontaneous vertebral artery dissection initially revealed by a pain in one upper arm, Stroke, 24, 480, 10.1161/01.STR.24.3.480 Giroud, 1994, Incidence of internal carotid artery dissection in the community of Dijon, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 57, 1443, 10.1136/jnnp.57.11.1443 Gobert, 1996, Cranial nerve palsies due to internal carotid artery dissection: seven cases, Acta Neurol Belg, 96, 55 Goldberg, 1986, Cervical internal carotid artery dissecting hemorrhage: diagnosis using MR, Radiology, 158, 157, 10.1148/radiology.158.1.3940374 Goodman, 1983, Hemilingual paralysis caused by spontaneous carotid artery dissection, Arch Neurol, 40, 653, 10.1001/archneur.1983.04050090089016 Grau, 1997, Infection‐associated cervical artery dissection. Three cases, Stroke, 28, 453, 10.1161/01.STR.28.2.453 Grau, 1999, Association of cervical artery dissection with recent infection, Arch Neurol, 56, 851, 10.1001/archneur.56.7.851 Grond‐Ginsbach, 2002, Exclusion mapping of the genetic predisposition for cervical artery dissections by linkage analysis, Ann Neurol, 52, 359, 10.1002/ana.10268 Grond‐Ginsbach, 2002, Sequence analysis of the COL5A2 gene in patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissections, Neurology, 58, 1103, 10.1212/WNL.58.7.1103 Grond‐Ginsbach, 2004, Alpha‐1‐antitrypsin deficiency alleles are not associated with cervical artery dissections, Neurology, 62, 1190, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000118304.08215.4C Guillon, 1999, Long‐term follow‐up of aneurysms developed during extracranial internal carotid artery dissection, Neurology, 53, 117, 10.1212/WNL.53.1.117 Guillon, 2003, Infection and the risk of spontaneous cervical artery dissection: a case‐control study, Stroke, 34, e79, 10.1161/01.STR.0000078309.56307.5C Haldeman, 2002, Clinical perceptions of the risk of vertebral artery dissection after cervical manipulation: the effect of referral bias, Spine J, 2, 334, 10.1016/S1529-9430(02)00411-4 Haldeman, 2002, Stroke, cerebral artery dissection, and cervical spine manipulation therapy, J Neurol, 249, 1098, 10.1007/s00415-002-0783-4 Hart, 1988, Vertebral artery dissection, Neurology, 38, 987, 10.1212/WNL.38.6.987 Hart, 1983, Dissections of cervical and cerebral arteries, Neurol Clin, 1, 155, 10.1016/S0733-8619(18)31177-0 Hennerici, 1989, High‐resistance Doppler flow pattern in extracranial carotid dissection, Arch Neurol, 46, 670, 10.1001/archneur.1989.00520420090028 Hinse, 1991, Dissection of the extracranial vertebral artery: report of four cases and review of the literature, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 54, 863, 10.1136/jnnp.54.10.863 Hundsberger, 1998, Symmetrical infarction of the cervical spinal cord due to spontaneous bilateral vertebral artery dissection, Stroke, 29, 1742, 10.1161/01.STR.29.8.1742 Josien, 1992, Extracranial vertebral artery dissection: nine cases, J Neurol, 239, 327, 10.1007/BF00867589 Kaps, 1990, Intracranial haemodynamics in patients with spontaneous carotid dissection. Transcranial Doppler ultrasound follow‐up studies, Eur Arch Psychiatry Neurol Sci, 239, 246, 10.1007/BF01738579 Kremer, 2003, Carotid dissection with permanent and transient occlusion or severe stenosis: long‐term outcome, Neurology, 60, 271, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000043580.70857.92 Kuivaniemi, 1993, Exclusion of mutations in the gene for type III collagen (COL3A1) as a common cause of intracranial aneurysms or cervical artery dissections: results from sequence analysis of the coding sequences of type III collagen from 55 unrelated patients, Neurology, 43, 2652, 10.1212/WNL.43.12.2652 Labauge, 1971, [Aneurysms of the extracranial segment of the carotid axis and their surgical treatment Apropos of 13 cases.], Rev Neurol (Paris), 124, 512 Labouret, 1993, [Cervical myelopathy disclosing dissection of the extracranial vertebral artery.], Rev Neurol (Paris), 149, 559 Lanczik, 2005, Multiparametric MRI and ultrasound findings in patients with internal carotid artery dissection, Neurology, 65, 469, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000175885.21790.ae Lapresle, 1986, Cranial nerve ischaemic arterial syndromes. A review, Brain, 109, 207, 10.1093/brain/109.1.207 Lasjaunias, 1978, The ascending pharyngeal artery and the blood supply of the lower cranial nerves, J Neuroradiol, 5, 287 Leclerc, 1996, Helical CT for the diagnosis of extracranial internal carotid artery dissection, Stroke, 27, 461, 10.1161/01.STR.27.3.461 Leclerc, 1998, Helical CT for the follow‐up of cervical internal carotid artery dissections, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 19, 831 Leclerc, 1999, Preliminary experience using contrast‐enhanced MR angiography to assess vertebral artery structure for the follow‐up of suspected dissection, AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 20, 1482 Leys, 1987, Bilateral spontaneous dissection of extracranial vertebral arteries, J Neurol, 234, 237, 10.1007/BF00618256 Leys, 1995, Follow‐up of patients with history of cervical‐artery dissection, Cerebrovasc Dis, 5, 337, 10.1159/000107817 Leys, 2002, Clinical outcome in 287 consecutive young adults (15 to 45 years) with ischemic stroke, Neurology, 59, 26, 10.1212/WNL.59.1.26 Lichy, 2002, Lipopolysaccharide receptor CD14 polymorphism and risk of stroke in a South‐German population, J Neurol, 249, 821, 10.1007/s00415-002-0726-0 Linden, 1992, Spontaneous vertebral artery dissection initially mimicking myocardial infarction, Stroke, 23, 1021, 10.1161/01.STR.23.7.1021 Lucas, 1998, Stroke patterns of internal carotid artery dissection in 40 patients, Stroke, 29, 2646, 10.1161/01.STR.29.12.2646 Lucas, 2000, Dissections artérielles vertébrales: suivi par angiographie par résonance magnétique et injection de gadolinium, Rev Neurol (Paris), 156, 1096 Lucas, 2000, Vertebral artery dissections: follow‐up with magnetic resonance angiography and injection of gadolinium, Rev Neurol (Paris), 156, 1096 Lucas, 2004, Impairment of endothelial function in patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissection: evidence for a general arterial wall disease, Cerebrovasc Dis, 17, 170, 10.1159/000075787 Lyrer, 2003, Antithrombotic drugs for carotid artery dissection, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10.1002/14651858.CD000255 Lyrer, 2004, Antithrombotic drugs for carotid artery dissection, Stroke, 35, 613, 10.1161/01.STR.0000112970.63735.FC Maitland, 1983, Abducens nerve palsy due to spontaneous dissection of the internal carotid artery, Arch Neurol, 40, 448, 10.1001/archneur.1983.04050070078022 Majamaa, 1994, Familial aggregation of cervical artery dissection and cerebral aneurysm, Stroke, 25, 1704, 10.1161/01.STR.25.8.1704 Martins, 1993, Headaches during intracranial endovascular procedures: a possible model of vascular headache, Headache, 33, 227, 10.1111/j.1526-4610.1993.hed3305227.x Mas, 1987, Extracranial vertebral artery dissections: a review of 13 cases, Stroke, 18, 1037, 10.1161/01.STR.18.6.1037 Mas, 1992, Extracranial vertebral artery dissection, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 55, 979, 10.1136/jnnp.55.10.979-a Mokri, 1986, Spontaneous dissection of the cervical internal carotid artery, Ann Neurol, 19, 126, 10.1002/ana.410190204 Mokri, 1987, Familial occurrence of spontaneous dissection of the internal carotid artery, Stroke, 18, 246, 10.1161/01.STR.18.1.246 Mokri, 1992, Spontaneous dissection of the cervical internal carotid artery. Presentation with lower cranial nerve palsies, Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 118, 431, 10.1001/archotol.1992.01880040097016 Mokri, 1996, Cranial nerve palsy in spontaneous dissection of the extracranial internal carotid artery, Neurology, 46, 356, 10.1212/WNL.46.2.356 Montalbetti, 1995, Elongated styloid process and Eagle's syndrome, Cephalalgia, 15, 80, 10.1046/j.1468-2982.1995.015002080.x Panisset, 1990, Multiple cranial neuropathy as a feature of internal carotid artery dissection, Stroke, 21, 141, 10.1161/01.STR.21.1.141 Parbhoo, 2001, Vertebral artery injury in cervical spine trauma, Injury, 32, 565, 10.1016/S0020-1383(00)00232-1 Peters, 1995, Dissection of the internal carotid artery after chiropractic manipulation of the neck, Neurology, 45, 2284, 10.1212/WNL.45.12.2284 Pezzini, 2002, Plasma homocysteine concentration, C677T MTHFR genotype, and 844ins68bp CBS genotype in young adults with spontaneous cervical artery dissection and atherothrombotic stroke, Stroke, 33, 664, 10.1161/hs0302.103625 Pezzini, 2002, Hyperhomocysteinemia: a potential risk factor for cervical artery dissection following chiropractic manipulation of the cervical spine, J Neurol, 249, 1401, 10.1007/s00415-002-0851-9 Pozzati, 1990, Long‐term follow‐up of occlusive cervical carotid dissection, Stroke, 21, 528, 10.1161/01.STR.21.4.528 Quint, 1990, Magnetic resonance demonstration of vertebral artery dissection. Report of two cases, J Neurosurg, 72, 964, 10.3171/jns.1990.72.6.0964 Rae‐Grant, 1989, Post traumatic extracranial vertebral artery dissection with locked‐in syndrome: a case with MRI documentation and unusually favourable outcome, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 52, 1191, 10.1136/jnnp.52.10.1191 Rogalewski, 2005, Symptomatic hemicrania continua after internal carotid artery dissection, Headache, 45, 167, 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2005.05034_2.x Ross, 1988, Cervical root compression by a traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the vertebral artery: case report, Neurosurgery, 22, 414, 10.1227/00006123-198802000-00025 Rother, 1995, Magnetic resonance angiography of spontaneous vertebral artery dissection suspected on Doppler ultrasonography, J Neurol, 242, 430, 10.1007/BF00873545 Rothwell, 2001, Chiropractic manipulation and stroke: a population‐based case‐control study, Stroke, 32, 1054, 10.1161/01.STR.32.5.1054 Schellinger, 2001, Masking of vertebral artery dissection by severe trauma to the cervical spine, Spine, 26, 314, 10.1097/00007632-200102010-00019 Schievink, 2001, Spontaneous dissection of the carotid and vertebral arteries, N Engl J Med, 344, 898, 10.1056/NEJM200103223441206 Schievink, 1993, Internal carotid artery dissection in a community. Rochester, Minnesota, 1987–1992, Stroke, 24, 1678, 10.1161/01.STR.24.11.1678 Schievink, 1994, Recurrent spontaneous cervical‐artery dissection, N Engl J Med, 330, 393, 10.1056/NEJM199402103300604 Schievink, 1994, Spontaneous dissections of cervicocephalic arteries in childhood and adolescence, Neurology, 44, 1607, 10.1212/WNL.44.9.1607 Schievink, 1994, Alpha 1‐antitrypsin deficiency in intracranial aneurysms and cervical artery dissection, Lancet, 343, 452, 10.1016/S0140-6736(94)92693-X Schievink, 1996, Recurrent spontaneous arterial dissections: risk in familial versus nonfamilial disease, Stroke, 27, 622, 10.1161/01.STR.27.4.622 Schievink, 1998, Seasonal pattern of spontaneous cervical artery dissection, J Neurosurg, 89, 101, 10.3171/jns.1998.89.1.0101 Smith, 2003, Spinal manipulative therapy is an independent risk factor for vertebral artery dissection, Neurology, 60, 1424, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000063305.61050.E6 Srinivasan, 1996, Transcranial Doppler in the evaluation of internal carotid artery dissection, Stroke, 27, 1226, 10.1161/01.STR.27.7.1226 Steinke, 1994, Noninvasive monitoring of internal carotid artery dissection, Stroke, 25, 998, 10.1161/01.STR.25.5.998 Sturzenegger, 1993, Cranial nerve palsies in spontaneous carotid artery dissection, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 56, 1191, 10.1136/jnnp.56.11.1191 Sturzenegger, 1993, Ultrasound findings in spontaneous extracranial vertebral artery dissection, Stroke, 24, 1910, 10.1161/01.STR.24.12.1910 Touze, 2001, Aneurysmal forms of cervical artery dissection: associated factors and outcome, Stroke, 32, 418, 10.1161/01.STR.32.2.418 Touze, 2003, Risk of stroke and recurrent dissection after a cervical artery dissection: a multicenter study, Neurology, 61, 1347, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000094325.95097.86 Touze, 2003, Early asymptomatic recurrence of cervical artery dissection: three cases, Neurology, 61, 572, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000078886.33560.A5 Tulyapronchote, 1994, Delayed sequelae of vertebral artery dissection and occult cervical fractures, Neurology, 44, 1397, 10.1212/WNL.44.8.1397 Tzourio, 2002, Migraine and the risk of cervical artery dissection: a case‐control study, Neurology, 59, 435, 10.1212/WNL.59.3.435 Van Den Berg, 1998, The role of type III collagen in spontaneous cervical arterial dissections, Ann Neurol, 43, 494, 10.1002/ana.410430413 Vila, 2003, Levels of alpha1‐antitrypsin in plasma and risk of spontaneous cervical artery dissections: a case‐control study, Stroke, 34, e168, 10.1161/01.STR.0000085085.20390.A3 Volker, 2005, Generalized arteriopathy in patients with cervical artery dissection, Neurology, 64, 1508, 10.1212/01.WNL.0000159739.24607.98 Von Pein, 2002, Analysis of the COL3A1 gene in patients with spontaneous cervical artery dissections, J Neurol, 249, 862, 10.1007/s00415-002-0745-x Wagner, 2004, MMP‐9 polymorphisms are not associated with spontaneous cervical artery dissection, Stroke, 35, e62, 10.1161/01.STR.0000115754.20124.4F Youl, 1990, Three cases of spontaneous extracranial vertebral artery dissection, Stroke, 21, 618, 10.1161/01.STR.21.4.618 Young, 1991, Extracranial vertebral artery dissection following tonic clonic seizure, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 54, 365, 10.1136/jnnp.54.4.365 Zuber, 1999, Carotid artery dissection due to elongated styloid process, Neurology, 53, 1886, 10.1212/WNL.53.8.1886