Changes in plant growth processes under microgravity conditions simulated by a three-dimensional clinostat

Atwell, B.J., I. Waters andH. Greenway. 1982. The effect of oxygen and turbulence on elongation of coleoptiles of submergence-tolerant and-intolerant rice cultivars. J. Exp. Bot.33: 1030–1044.

Bremekamp, C.E.B. 1925. Das Verhalten der graskeimlinge auf dem Klinostaten. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges.43: 159–165.

Brown, A.H., A.O. Dahl andD.K. Chapman. 1976. Limitation on the use of the horizontal clinostat as a gravity compensator. Plant Physiol.58: 127–130.

Clifford, P.E. 1979. Significance of spontaneous bending during klinostat rotation. Z. Pflanzenphysiol.95: 465–469.

Firn, R.D. andA.B. Myers. 1989. Plant movements caused by differential growth-unity or diversity of mechanisms?In P.W. Barlow ed., Differential Growth in Plants, pp. 47–55. Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Halstead, T.W. andF.R. Dutcher. 1987. Plants in space. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol.38: 317–345.

Hensel, W. andT.-H. Iversen. 1980. Ethylene production during clinostat rotation and effect on root geotropism. Z. Pflanzenphysiol.97: 343–352.

— andA. Sievers. 1981. Induction of gravity-dependent plasmatic responses in root statocytes by short time contact between amyloplasts and the distal endoplasmic reticulum complex. Planta153: 303–307.

Hoshizaki, T. andK. C. Hamner. 1962. An unusual stem bending response ofXanthium pensylvanicum to horizontal rotation. Plant Physiol.37: 453–459.

Hoson, T., S. Kamisaka, Y. Masuda, B. Buchen, A. Sievers andM. Yamashita. 1990a. Gravitropism and ultrastructure of plant roots grown under a simulated microgravity environment. Biol. Sci. Space4: 271–272. (in Japanese).

—,—,—,,M., Yamada andM. Yamashita. 1988. Development of 3-D clinostat and its possible use for the analysis of plant growth processes. Proc. Space Util. Symp.5: 52–56. (in Japanese with English abstract).

—,—,—,, andM. Yamashita. 1991. Changes in growth and the cell wall of higher plants in a simulated microgravity. Proc. Space Util. Symp.8: 163–168. (in Japanese with English abstract).

—,S. Maeda, K. Sakaguchi, H. Onishi andH. Ohta. 1990b. Changes in osmotic pressure and cell wall properties during auxin- and ethylene-induced growth of intact coleoptiles of rice. Physiol. Plant.78: 277–284.

—, andS. Wada 1980. Role of hydroxyproline-rich cell wall protein in growth regulation of rice coleoptiles grown on or under water. Plant Cell Physiol.21: 511–524.

—. 1983. Possible role of hexosamine-containing cell wall component in growth regulation of rice coleoptiles. Plant Cell Physiol.24: 1421–1430.

Ishizawa, K. andY. Esashi. 1984. Gaseous factors involved in the enhanced elongation of rice coleoptiles under water., Plant Cell Environ.7: 239–245.

Iversen, T.-H. andP. Larsen. 1973. Movement of amyloplasts in the statocytes of geotropically stimulated roots. The pre-inversion effect. Physiol. Plant.28: 172–181.

Kamisaka, S., K. Nishitani, T. Hoson andY. Masuda. 1988. Growth responses of higher plants to hypo-and hypergravity. Proc. Space Util. Symp.5: 47–51. (in Japanese with English abstract).

—,K.-S. Tan, T. Hoson andY. Masuda. 1991. Rice coleoptile growth in air and under water. Physiol. Plant.82: B2.

Larsen, P. 1953. Influence of gravity of rate of elongation and on geotropic and autotropic reactions in roots. Physiol. Plant.6: 735–774.

— 1957. The development of geotropic and spontaneous curvatures in roots. Physiol. Plant.10: 127–163.

— 1962. Geotropism. An introduction.In W. Ruhland, ed., Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, vol. 17/2, pp. 34–73. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

Leather, G.R., L.E. Forrence andF.B. Abeles 1972. Increased ethylene production during clinostat experiments may cause leaf epinasty. Plant Physiol.49: 183–186.

Lorenzi, G. andG. Perbal. 1990. Root growth and statocyte polarity in lentil seedling roots grown in microgravity or on a slowly rotating clinostat. Physiol. Plant.78: 532–537.

Nick, P., M. Furuya andE. Schäfer. 1991. Do microtubules control growth in tropism? Experiments with maize coleoptiles. Plant Cell Physiol.32: 999–1006.

—, andE. Schäfer. 1989. Nastic response of maize (Zea mays L.) coleoptiles during clinostat rotation. Planta179: 123–131.

Ohwaki, Y. 1967. Growth of rice coleoptiles in relation to oxygen concentrations. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ. Ser. IV33: 1–5.

Palmer, J.H. 1973. Ethylene as a cause of transient petiole epinasty inHelianthus annuus during clinostat experiments. Physiol. Plant.28: 188–193.

Prasad, T.K. andM.G. Cline. 1987. The role of gravity in apical dominance. Effects of clinostating on shoot inversion-induced ethylene production, shoot elongation and lateral bud growth. Plant Physiol.83: 505–509.

Raskin, I. andH. Kende. 1983. Regulation of growth in rice seedlings. J. Plant Growth Regul.2: 193–203.

Rasmussen, O., C. Baggerud andT.-H. Iversen. 1989. Preparatory studies for the use of plant protoplasts in space research. Physiol. Plant.76: 431–437.

Sachs, J. 1882. Ueber Ausschliessung der geotropischen und heliotropischen Krummungen wahrend des Wachsens. Arb. Botan. Inst. Wurzburg2: 209–225.

Shen-Miller, J., R. Hinchman andS.A. Gordon. 1968. Thresholds for georesponse to acceleration in gravity-compensatedAvena seedlings. Plant Physiol.43: 338–344.

Sievers, A., D. Volkmann, W. Hensel, V. Sobick andW. Briegleb. 1976. Cell polarity in root statocytes in spite of simulated weightlessness. Naturwissenschaften63: 343.

Sobick, V. andA. Sievers. 1979. Responses of roots to simulated weightlessness on the fastrotating clinostat.In R. Holmquist, ed., (COSPAR) Life Sciences and Space Research, vol. 17, pp. 285–290. Pergamon Press, Oxford.

Takahashi, H., H. Suge andT. Kato. 1991. Growth promotion by vibration at 50 Hz in rice and cucumber seedlings. Plant Cell Physiol.32: 729–732.

Volkmann, D., H.M. Behrens andA. Sievers. 1986. Development and gravity sensing of cress roots under microgravity. Naturwissenschaften73: 438–441.

Wada, S. 1961. Growth patterns of rice coleoptiles grown on water and under water. Sci. Rep. Tohoku Univ. Ser. IV27: 199–207.

Waldron, K.W. andC.T. Brett. 1990. Effects of extreme acceleration on the germination, growth and cell wall composition of pea epicotyls. J. Exp. Bot.41:71–77.