Changes in Kenyan coral reef community structure and function due to exploitation
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Bak, R. P. M. & G. van Eys, 1975. Predation of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum Philippi on living coral. Oecologia 20: 111?115.
Birkeland, C., 1977. The importance of biomass accumulation in early successional stages of benthic communities to the survival of coral recruits. Proc. 3rd Int. Coral Reef Symp. 1: 15?22.
Carpenter, R. C., 1981. Grazing by Diadema antillarum (Philippi) and its effects on the benthic algal community. J. Mar. Res. 39: 749?765.
Carpenter, R. C., 1984. Predator and population density control of homing behavior in the Caribbean echinoid Diadema antillarum. Mar. Biol. 82: 101?108.
Carpenter, R. C., 1986. Partitioning herbivory and its effects on coral reef algal communities. Ecol. Monogr. 56: 345?363.
Estes, J. A., N. S. Smith & J. F. Palmisano, 1978. Sea otter predation and community organization in western Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Ecology 59: 822?833.
Glynn, P. W., G. M. Wellington & C. Birkeland, 1979. Coral reef growth in the Galapagos: limitation by sea urchins. Science 203: 47?49.
Graunbaum, H., G. Bergman, D. P. Abott & J. C. Ogden, 1978. Intraspecific agonistic behavior in the rock-boring sea urchin, Echinometra lucunter (L.) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Bull. Mar. Sci. 28: 181?188.
Hamilton, H. G. H. & W. H. Brakel, 1984. Structure and coral fauna of East African reefs. Bull. Mar. Sci. 34: 248?266.
Hay, M. E., 1984. Patterns of fish and urchin grazing on Caribbean coral reefs: are previous results typical? Ecology 65: 446?454.
Hay, M. E. & P. R. Taylor, 1985. Competition between herbivorous fishes and urchins on Caribbean reefs. Oecologia 65: 591?598.
Herring, P. J. J., 1972. Observations on the distribution and feeding habits of some littoral echinoids from Zanzibar. J. nat. Hist. Lond. 6: 169?175.
Hurlbert, S. H., 1984. Pseudoreplication and the design of ecological experiments. Ecol. Monogr. 54: 187?211.
Khamala, C. P. M., 1971. Ecology of Echinometra mathaei (Echinoidea: Echinodermata) at Diani Beach, Kenya. Mar. Biol. 2: 167?172.
Lawrence, J. M., 1975. On the relationship between marine plants and sea urchins. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 13: 213?286.
Lewis, S. A., 1986. The role of herbivorous fishes in the community organization of a Caribbean reef community. Ecol. Monogr. 51: 183?200.
Muthiga, N. A. & T. R. McClanahan, 1987. Population changes of a sea urchin (Echinometra mathaei) on an exploited fringing reef. Afr. J. Ecol. 25: 1?8.
Ogden, J. C., 1977. Carbonate-sediment production by parrot fish and sea urchins on Caribbean reefs. Studies in Geology 4: 281?288.
Ogden, J. C., R. A. Brown & N. Salesky, 1973. Grazing by the Echinoid Diadema antillarum Philippi: Formation of Halos around West Indian Patch Reefs. Science 182: 715?717.
Ogden, J. C. & P. S. Lobel, 1978. The role of herbivorous fishes and urchins in coral reef communities. Env. Biol. Fish. 3: 49?63.
Pearse, J. S. & S. W. Arch, 1969. The aggregation behavior of Diadema (Echinodermata, Echinoidea). Micronesica 5: 165?171.
Sammarco, P. W., 1980. Diadema and its relationship to coral spat mortality: grazing, competition, and biological disturbance. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 45: 245?272.
Sammarco, P. W., 1982. Echinoid grazing as a structuring force in coral communities: whole reef manipulations. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 61: 31?55.
Sih, A., P. Crowley, M. McPeek, J. Petranka & K. Strohmeier, 1985. Predation, competition and prey communities. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 16: 269?311.
Smith, S. V., 1983. Coral reef calcification. In Perspectives on Coral Reefs. D. J. Barnes (ed.). Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville.: 240?247.
Stewart-Oaten, A., W. W. Murdoch & K. R. Parker, 1986. Environmental impact assessment: ?Pseudoreplication? in time? Ecology 67: 929?940.
Wharton, W. G. & K. H. Mann, 1981. Relationship between destructive grazing by the sea urchin, Stronglycentrotus droebachiensis, and the abundance of American lobster, Homarus americanus, on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. . 38: 1339?1349.