Change in self-esteem, self-efficacy and the mood dimensions of depression as potential mediators of the physical activity and depression relationship: Exploring the temporal relation of change

American Psychiatric Association, 1994

Bandura, 1997

Bartholomew, 2002, Affective responses to an aerobic dance class: the impact of perceived performance, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 73, 301, 10.1080/02701367.2002.10609024

Bartholomew, 2005, Effects of acute exercise on mood and well-being in patients with major depressive disorder, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 37, 2032, 10.1249/01.mss.0000178101.78322.dd

Beck, 1996

Blumenthal, 1999, Effects of exercise training on older adults with major depression, Archives of Internal Medicine, 159, 2349, 10.1001/archinte.159.19.2349

Bodin, 2004, Mood and self-efficacy during acute exercise in clinical depression. A randomised, controlled study, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26, 623, 10.1123/jsep.26.4.623

Brown, 1992, Aerobic exercise in the psychological treatment of adolescents, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 74, 555, 10.2466/pms.1992.74.2.555

Chu, I-H., Buckworth, J., Kirby, T.E., & Emery, C.F. Effect of exercise intensity on depressive symptoms in women. Mental Health and Physical Activity. Retrieved February 6, 2009 from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/17552966, in press.

Clark, 1991, Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications, Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 316, 10.1037/0021-843X.100.3.316

Craft, 2005, Exercise and clinical depression: examining two psychological mechanisms, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 6, 151, 10.1016/j.psychsport.2003.11.003

Craft, 1998, The effect of exercise on clinical depression and depression resulting from mental illness: a meta-analysis, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 20, 339, 10.1123/jsep.20.4.339

Crawford, 2004, The Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS): Construct validity, measurement properties and normative data in a large non-clinical sample, British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 245, 10.1348/0144665031752934

Doss, 2004, Changing the way we study change in psychotherapy, Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11, 368, 10.1093/clipsy.bph094

Doyne, 1987, Running versus weight lifting in the treatment of depression, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 55, 748, 10.1037/0022-006X.55.5.748

Faulkner, 2006, Physical activity and the process of psychiatric rehabilitation: theoretical and methodological issues, Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 29, 258, 10.2975/29.2006.258.266

Foley, 2008, An examination of potential mechanisms for exercise as a treatment for depression: a pilot study, Mental Health and Physical Activity, 1, 47, 10.1016/j.mhpa.2008.07.001

Fox, 1990

Fox, 2000, The effects of exercise on self-perceptions and self-esteem, 88

Gauvin, 1996, A naturalistic study of the impact of acute physical activity on feeling states and affect in women, Health Psychology, 15, 391, 10.1037/0278-6133.15.5.391

Gençöz, 2002, Discriminant validity of low positive affect: is it specific to depression?, Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 991, 10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00103-9

Hu, 2005, Does the physical self-efficacy scale assess self-efficacy or self-esteem?, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 27, 152, 10.1123/jsep.27.2.152

Kazdin, 2003, Delineating mechanisms of change in child and adolescent therapy: methodological issues and research recommendations, Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 44, 1116, 10.1111/1469-7610.00195

Knapen, 2003, The effectiveness of two psychomotor therapy programmes on physical fitness and physical self-concept in nonpsychotic psychiatric patients: a randomized controlled trial, Clinical Rehabilitation, 17, 637, 10.1191/0269215503cr659oa

Knubben, 2007, A randomized, controlled study on the effects of a short-term endurance training programme in patients with major depression, British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41, 29, 10.1136/bjsm.2006.030130

Lawlor, 2001, The effectiveness of exercise as an intervention in the management of depression: systematic review and meta-regression analysis of randomised controlled trials, British Medical Journal, 322, 763, 10.1136/bmj.322.7289.763

Mead, 2008, Exercise for depression, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, CD004366

Ohayon, 1999, The prevalence of depressive disorders in the United Kingdom, Biological Psychiatry, 45, 300, 10.1016/S0006-3223(98)00011-0

Ossip-Klein, 1989, Effects of running or weight lifting on self-concept in clinically depressed women, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 158, 10.1037/0022-006X.57.1.158

Preacher, 2008, Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models, Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879, 10.3758/BRM.40.3.879

Rosenberg, 1965

Ryckmann, 1982, Development and validation of a physical self-efficacy scale, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 891, 10.1037/0022-3514.42.5.891

Seligman, 2000, Positive psychology – an introduction, American Psychologist, 55, 5, 10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.5

Shrive, 2006, Dealing with missing data in a multi-question depression scale: a comparison of imputation methods, BMC Medical Research Methodology, 6, 10.1186/1471-2288-6-57

Sonstroem, 1994, Exercise and self-esteem: validity of model expansion and exercise associations, Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16, 29, 10.1123/jsep.16.1.29

Sonstroem, 1996, Life adjustment correlates of physical self-concepts, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 28, 619

Stathopoulou, 2006, Exercise interventions for mental health: a quantitative and qualitative review, Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 13, 179, 10.1111/j.1468-2850.2006.00021.x

Tabachnick, 1996

Tang, 1999, Reconsidering rapid early response in cognitive behavioral therapy for depression, Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 6, 283, 10.1093/clipsy.6.3.283

Taylor, 2005, Effectiveness of a primary care exercise referral intervention for changing physical self-perceptions over 9 months, Health Psychology, 24, 11, 10.1037/0278-6133.24.1.11

Van de Vliet, 2003, Changes in psychological well-being in female patients with clinically diagnosed depression: an exploratory approach in a therapeutic setting, Psychology, Health and Medicine, 8, 399, 10.1080/1354850310001604531

Van de Vliet, 2002, Relationships between self-perceptions and negative affect in adult Flemish psychiatric in-patients suffering from mood disorders, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 3, 309, 10.1016/S1469-0292(01)00023-1

Watson, 1988, Intraindividual and interindividual analyses of positive and negative affect: their relation to health complaints, perceived stress, and daily activities, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1020, 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1020

Watson, 1988, Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: the PANAS Scales, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063, 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063

Watson, 1985, Toward a consensual structure of mood, Psychological Bulletin, 98, 219, 10.1037/0033-2909.98.2.219

White, K.T. (2008). Why does physical activity alleviate depression? Identifying potential mediators and understanding the process of change. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.

Wilson, 1999, Rapid response to cognitive behavior therapy, Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 6, 289, 10.1093/clipsy/6.3.289

Yeung, 1996, The acute effects of exercise on mood state, Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 40, 123, 10.1016/0022-3999(95)00554-4