Challenges of high dam construction to computational mechanics

Chuhan Zhang1
1Department of Hydraulic Engineering Tsinghua University Beijing China

Tóm tắt

The current situations and growing prospects of China’s hydro-power development and high dam construction are reviewed, giving emphasis to key issues for safety evaluation of large dams and hydro-power plants, especially those associated with application of state-of-the-art computational mechanics. These include but are not limited to: stress and stability analysis of dam foundations under external loads; earthquake behavior of dam-foundation-reservoir systems, mechanical properties of mass concrete for dams, high velocity flow and energy dissipation for high dams, scientific and technical problems of hydro-power plants and underground structures, and newly developed types of dam-Roll Compacted Concrete (RCC) dams and Concrete Face Rock-fill (CFR) dams. Some examples demonstrating successful utilizations of computational mechanics in high dam engineering are given, including seismic nonlinear analysis for arch dam foundations, nonlinear fracture analysis of arch dams under reservoir loads, and failure analysis of arch dam-foundations. To make more use of the computational mechanics in high dam engineering, it is pointed out that much research including different computational methods, numerical models and solution schemes, and verifications through experimental tests and filed measurements is necessary in the future.

Tài liệu tham khảo

China Society for Hydro-Power Engineering. The China’s Year Book of Hydro-power. Beijing: China Society for Hydro-Power Engineering, 2002. Qian Zhengying, Zhang Guangdou. A comprehensive report on the study of sustainable development of China’s water resources. Beijing: China Water Power Press, 2001 (in Chinese) The United States Bureau of Reclamation. Treatise on dams. The United States Bureau of Reclamation, 1949 Pan Jiazheng. Design and computation of gravity dams. Beijing: China Water Power Press, 1965 (in Chinese) Londe P. Une method d’analyze o’trois dimensions de la stabilite d’une reae rocheme. Ponts Chaus, 1984, 1: 37–60 Zhu B F. Several problems in the optimum design of double-curved arch dams. Computational Structural Mechanics and Application, 1984, 3: 11–21 (in Chinese) Howell C H, Jaquith A C. Analysis of arch dams by trial-load method. Trans ASCE, 1929, 93: 1191 Clough R W. The finite element method in plane stress analysis. In: proceedings of ASCE second conf on electronic computation. ASCE, 1960 Clough R W, Raphael J M, Mojtahedi S. ADAP-A computer program for static and dynamic analysis of arch dams. Report EERC 73-14, 1973 Zienkiewicz O C. The finite element in structural and continuum mechanics. London: McGraw-Hill, 1967 Kawai T. New element models in discrete structural analysis. J Soc Naval Arch Jpn, 1977, 141: 187–193 Bazant Z P, Belytschko T B, Chang T P. Continuum theory for strain softening, J Eng Mech ASCE, 1984, 110: 1666–1692 Bazant Z P. Why continuum damage is nonlocal: Micromechanics arguments. J Eng Mech ASCE, 1991, 117: 1070–1087 Cundall P A. A computer model for simulating progressive large scale movement in blocky system. In: Proc Symp Int Soc Rock Mech. Nancy, France, 1971, 1: 1–8 Goodman R E, Shi G H. Block theory and its application to rock engineering. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1985 Hansen K D, Roehm L H. The response of concrete dams to earthquake. Water Power and Dam Construction, 1979, 31(4): 27–31 Swanson A A, Sharma R P. Effects of the 1971 San Fernando earthquake on Pacoima arch dam. In: Proc 13th ICOLD. New Delhi: ICOLD, 1979 Tsinghua University Design Group. Analysis of slope sliding and strengthen design of Miyun Baihe main dam during 1976 Tangshan earthquake. Report of Tsinghua Univ Design Group, 1978 Shen Chungkang, Chen Houchun, Zhang Chuhan, et al. Earthquakes induced by reservoir impounding and their effect on Hsingfengjiang dam. Scientia Sinica, 1974, 17(2): 239–272 Koyna. Koyna earthquake of 11 December 1967. Report of the UNESCO Committee of Experts. New Delhi, 1968 Clough R W, Zhang Guangdou. Earthquake behavior of arch dams. Oxford: Pergamon Journals Ltd, 1988 Zhang Chuhan, Xu Yanjie, Wang Guanglun, et al. Earthquake behavior of arch dams. In: Spencer B, Hu Y X (eds). Proceedings of China-US Millennium Symposium on earthquake engineering, Beijing: 2001 Wieland M. Seismic aspects of dams. General report question 83. International Commission on Large Dams. Montréal, 2003 Meier R W, Gerstle K H, Ko H Y. Effects of multiaxial compressive loading in the residual tensile strength of plain concrete. Report to the New Mexico Eng. Albuquerque: Research Inst University of New Mexico, 1981 Guo Z H, Wang C Z. Investigation of strength and failure criterion of concrete under multiaxial stresses. China Civil Engineering Journal. 1991, 3: 1–14 (in Chinese) Raphael J M. Tensile strength of concrete. ACI Journal, 1984, 81(2): 158–165 Bischoff P H. Compressive response of concrete to hard impact. Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. London: Imperial College of Science and Technology, 1988 Mavle L J, Ross C A. Review of strain rate effects for concrete in tension. ACI Materials Journal, 1988, 95(6): 735–739 Ebil J, Curbach M. An attempt to explain strength increase due to high loading rates. Nuclear Eng and Design, 1989, 112: 45–50 Ebil J, Schmidt-Hurtienne B. Stress history versus strain history. In: Proceedings of Euro-C 1998 Conference on Computation Modeling of Concrete Structure. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1998, 613–622 Li Q B, Zhang L X, Ansari F. Damage constitutive for high strength concrete in triaxial cyclic compression. Int J Solids Struct, 2002, 39: 4013–4025 Wang Zhongmin. Crack growth, computer strength and deformation of nonhomogeneous materials (concrete). Dissertation for the Doctoral Degree. Beijing: Tsinghua University, 1996 (in Chinese) Knapp R T, Daily J W, Hammitt F G. Cavitation. New York: Magraw Hill Book Co, 1970 Hammitt F G. Cavitation and multiphase flow phenomena. New York: McGraw Hill Book Co, 1980 Wang R X, Cui G T. Research of arch dam vibration induced by the spillway flood nape dropping on the river bed. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 1991, 6: 26–34 (in Chinese) Kunming Design Institute of Water Power Research. Report on large flood overflow and energy dissipation incorporated with the Xiaowan arch dam. Contract No.85-208-01-04, 1995 Chen Chunting. Large flood overflow structures for high dams. Beijing: China Water Power Press, 1988 Lin B N, Li G F. Chinese research on high velocity flow and principal development in the art of energy dissipation. In: Proceedings of Post Symposium for High Dams, Beijing: 1988 Li Z, Lu D, Wang A, et al. Development and application of new technology for 3D geomechanical model test of large underground opening. In: Proc 10th Int ISRM Cong. ISRM, South Africa, 2003 Sun J, Wang S J. Rock mechanics and rock engineering in China: Developments and current state-of-the-art. International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, 2000, 37: 447–465 Wang S J. New era of rock mechanics and engineering. In: Proc 7th Chinese Symp. Rock Mech Eng. Beijing: Science and Technology Press, 2002 (in Chinese) Kawamoto T, Ichikawa Y, Kyoya T. Deformation and fracturing behavior of discontinuous rock mass and damage mechanics theory. Int J Numer Anal Meth Geomech, 1988, 12: 1–30 Zhou J, Lin G, Zhu T, et al. Experimental investigations into seismic failure of high arch dams. J Struct Eng ASCE, 2000, 126: 926–935 Swoboda G, Yang Q. An energy-based damage model of geomaterials (1): Formulation and numerical results. Int J Solid Struct, 1999, 36: 1719–1734 Yang Q. State of the art of rock damage mechanics and some key issues related to its development. In: Proc 7th Chinese Symp Rock Mech Eng. Beijing: Science and Technology Press, 2002 (in Chinese) Shi G H, Goodman R E. Two dimensional discontinuous analysis. Int J Numer Anal Meth Geomech, 1985, 9: 541–556 Shi G H. Manifold method of material analysis. In: Proceedings of Trans 9th Army Conf Appl Math Comp. Minnesota, USA, 1991, 51–76 Mei Z Y. Technology of pump-storage energy. Tsinghua University Press, 1988 (in Chinese) Raphael J M. The optimum gravity dam. In: Proceedings of Conference on Rapid Construction of Concrete Dams, ASCE. New York, 1970, 221–244 Dunstan M R H. Latest developments in RCC dams. In: Proc Inter Symp RCC Dam. China, 1999, 14–29 Liu G T, Li P H, Xie S N. RCC arch dams: Chinese research and practice. Hydropower and Dams, 2002, 9(3): 95–98 Cooke J B. Progress in rockfill dams (the Eighteenth Terzaghi Lecture). Journal of Geotechnical Engineering ASCE, 1984, 110(10): 1381–1414 Jiang Guochen, Zhao Zhenkai. High concrete face rock-fill dams in China. In: Proceedings of Symposium of CFRD 2000. Beijing, 2000 Duncan J M, Chang C Y. Nonlinear analysis of stress and strain in soils. Soil Mech Found Div ASCE, 1970, 96(5): 1629–1653 Domaschuk L, Valliappan P. Nonlinear settlement analysis by finite element. Geotecical Eng Div ASCE, 1975, 101: 601–614 Naylor D J, Richards H. Slipping strip analysis of reinforced earth. Int J Numer Anal Meth Geomech, 1978, 2(4): 343–366 Gao Lianshi. The nonlinear uncoupled K-G model for rockfill material and its verification. In: 14th Int Conf Soil Mech Found Eng. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1997 Roscoe K H, Burland J B. On the generalized stress-strain behavior of wet clay eng plasticity. Cambridge: Cambridge University, 1968 Lade P V. Elasto-plastic stress-strain theory for cohesionless soil with curved yield surfaces. Int J Solid Struct, 1977, 13: 1019–1035 Shen Zhujiang. A new model for stress-strain relationship for soils. In: Proceeding os the 5th Chinese National Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. Beijing: China Architecture and Building Press, 1990 Clough R W. Nonlinear mechanisms in the seismic response of arch dams. In: Proceedings of International Research Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Skopje, 1980, 102–106 Fenves G L, Mojtahedi S, Reimer R B. ADAP-88: A computer program for nonlinear earthquake analysis of concrete arch dams. Report No EERC 89-12. Berkeley: Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, 1989 Dowling M J, Hall J F. Nonlinear seismic analysis of arch dams. J Eng Mech ASCE, 1989, 115: 768–789 Zenz G, Obernhuber P, Aigner E. Concrete dam safety assessment under earthquake excitation. In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on New Trends and Guidelines on Dam Safety. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1988, 483–492 Zhang Chuhan, Xu Yanjie, Jin Feng. Effects of soil-structure interaction on nonlinear response of arch dams. In: Zhang Chuhan, Wolf J P, eds. Dynamic Soil-structure Interaction. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1998, 95–105 Chen H Q, Du X L, Hou S Z. Application of transmitting boundary to non-linear dynamic analysis of an arch dam-foundation-reservoir system. In: Zhang Chuhan, Wolf J P, eds. Dynamic Soil-structure Interaction. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1998, 115–124 Zhang Chuhan, Jin Feng, Pekau O A. Time domain procedure of FE-BE-IBE coupling for seismic interaction of arch dams and canyons. Earthquake Eng Struct Dyn, 1995, 24: 1 651–1 666 Zhang Chuhan, Jin Feng, Wang Guanglun. Seismic interaction between arch dam and rock canyon. In: Proc 11th World Conf Earthquake Eng. Acapulco, 1996, Paper No 595, 41–48 Zhang Chuhan, Xu Yanjie, Wang Guanglun, et al. Nonlinear seismic response of arch dams with contraction joint opening and joint reinforcements. Earthquake Eng Struct Dyn, 2000, 29: 1 547–1 566 Zhang Chuhan, Wang Guanglun, Zhao Chongbin. Seismic wave propagation effects on arch dam response. In: Proc 9th World Conf Earthquake Eng. Tokyo-Kyoto, 1988, VI, 367–372 Chopra A K, Tan H. Modeling of dam-foundation interaction in analysis of arch dams. In: Proc 10th World Conf Earthquake Eng. Madrid, 1992, 8: 4 623–4 626 Dominguez J, Maeso O. Model for the seismic analysis of arch dams including interaction effects. In: Proc 10th World Conf Earthquake Eng. Madrid, 1992, 8: 4 601–4 606 Linsbauer H N, Ingraffea A R, Rossmanith H P, et al. Simulation of cracking in large arch dam (Part I). J Struct Eng ASCE, 1989, 115: 1 599–1 615 Linsbauer H N, Ingraffea A R, Rossmanith H P, et al. Simulation of cracking in large arch dam (Part II). J Struct Eng ASCE, 1989, 115: 1 616–1 630 Martha L F, Lorca J L, Ingraffea A R, et al. Numerical simulation of crack initiation and propagation in an arch dam. Dam Engineering, 1991, 2: 193–213 Feng L M, Pekau O A, Zhang Chuhan. Cracking analysis of arch dams by 3-D boundary element method. J Struct Eng ASCE, 1996, 122: 691–699 Hillerbug A, Modeer M, Petersson P E. Analysis of crack formation and crack growth in concrete by means of fracture mechanics and finite elements. Cem Concr Res, 1976, 6: 773–782 Bazant Z P, Cedolin L. Blunt crack band propagation in finite element analysis. J Eng Mech ASCE, 1979, 105: 297–315 Bazant Z P, Oh B H. Crack band theory for fracture of concrete. Mat Struct, 1983, 16: 155–177 Bazant Z P. Mechanics of distributed crackings. Appl Mech Rev, 1986, 39: 675–705 Cope R J, Clark L A, Norris P. Modeling of reinforced concrete behavior for finite element analysis of bridge slabs. In: Taylor C, ed. Numerical Methods for nonlinear problems 1. Swansea: Pineridge Press, 457–470 Gupta A K, Akbar H. Cracking in reinforced concrete analysis. J Eng Mech ASCE, 1984, 110: 1 735–1 746 Jirasek M, Zimmermann T. Analysis of rotating crack model, J Eng Mech ASCE, 1998, 124: 842–851 Rots J G, Kusters G M A, Blaauwendraal J. The need for fracture mechanics options in finite element models for concrete structures. In: Damjanic F, ed. Proceedings of International Conference on Computer Aided Analysis and Design of Concrete Structures. Swansea: Pineridge Press, 1984, 19–32 Rots J G, Borst R. Analysis of mixed-mode fracture in concrete. Journal of Engineering Mechanics ASCE, 1987, 113(11): 1 739–1 758 Jirasek M, Zimmermann T. Rotating crack model with transition to scalar damage. Journal of Engineering Mechanics ASCE, 1998, 124(3): 277–284 Arrea M, Ingraffea A R. Mixed-mode crack propagation in mortar and concrete. Dept Struct Eng Report No 81-13, 1982 Baustadter K, Widmann R. The behavior of the Kölnbrein arch dam. In: Proceedings of 15th Congress of International Commission on large dams. Lausanne: 1985, 2(Q57, R3): 633–651 Demmer W, Ludescher H. Measures taken to reduce uplift and seepage at Kölnbrein dam. In: Proceedings of 15th Congress of International Commission on Large Dams. Lausanne: 1985, 3(Q58, R81): 1 373–1 393 Zhou Yuande, Chen Guanfu, Yin Xianjun, et al. Cracking analysis of high arch dam heel by engineering analogical method. Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering, 2002, 1: 19–26 (in Chinese) Development of Agriculture (France). Final report of the investigating committee of the Malpasset dam. Paris, 1960, I. II Londe P. The Malpasset dam failure. Engineering Geology, 1987, 24: 295–325 Ru N H, Jiang S Z. Accidents and safety of large dam: arch dams. Beijing: Chinese Water Power Press, 1995 Chen Z Z. The seismic influence on uplift-sliding of arch dam, earthquake behavior of arch dams. In: Clough, Zhang, eds. Proc of China-US Workshop. Beijing, 1987, 369–381