Challenges of friction reduction of engine plain bearings – Tackling the problem with novel bearing materials

Regulation (EC) No 443/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 setting emission performance standards for new passenger cars as part of the Community's integrated approach to reduce CO 2 emissions from light-duty vehicles, Official Journal of the European Union, 2009, L140. Avolio, 2017, Energy based optimization of a diesel hybrid fulfilling future real driving emission legislation Schommers, 2013, Reibungsminimierung bei Verbrennungsmotoren, MTZ Mot Z, 74, 566, 10.1007/s35146-013-0170-y Stribeck, 1903 Woydt, 2010, The history of the Stribeck curve and ball bearing steels: the role of Adolf Martens, Wear, 268, 1542, 10.1016/j.wear.2010.02.015 Priest, 2000, Automobile engine tribology — approaching the surface, Wear, 241, 193, 10.1016/S0043-1648(00)00375-6 Taylor, 1998, Automobile engine tribology—design considerations for efficiency and durability, Wear, 221, 1, 10.1016/S0043-1648(98)00253-1 Czichos, 2010 Galda, 2009, Dimples shape and distribution effect on characteristics of Stribeck curve, Tribol Int, 42, 1505, 10.1016/j.triboint.2009.06.001 Patir, 1978, An average flow model for determining effects of three-dimensional roughness on partial hydrodynamic lubrication, J Lubric Technol, 100, 12, 10.1115/1.3453103 Patir, 1979, Application of average flow model to lubrication between rough sliding surfaces, J Lubric Technol, 101, 220, 10.1115/1.3453329 Tormos martínez, 2014, Evaluation of the fuel economy improvement due to low viscosity lubricants in a light duty diesel engine running under the new european driving cycle (NEDC) Aufischer, 2016, Bearing technology combinations for low friction cranktrains, MTZ Ind, 6, 56, 10.1007/s40353-016-0028-0 Covitch, 2010, Extending SAE J300 to viscosity grades below SAE 20, SAE Int J Fuels Lubr, 3, 1030, 10.4271/2010-01-2286 Eichler, 2014, Nachhaltige und emotionale Antriebskonzepte, MTZ Mot Z, 75, 140, 10.1007/s35146-014-0427-0 Aufischer, 2015, Friction reduction opportunities in combustion engine crank train bearings Aufischer, 2016, Friction reduction in truck engine crank trains from the view of a bearing manufacturer Aufischer, 2010, Lager in verbrennungsmotoren Affenzeller, 1996 Aufischer, 2014, Modular bearing designs to cope with the new engine designs demanding high performance, lead-free solutions, and robustness, J Eng Gas Turbines Power, 136, 10.1115/1.4027779 Becker, 2004, Trends in tribological materials and engine technology, Tribol Int, 37, 569, 10.1016/j.triboint.2003.12.006 Adam, 2010, Crankshaft bearings for engines with start-stop systems, MTZ Worldw, 71, 22, 10.1007/BF03228047 Summer, 2017, Tribology of journal bearings: start stop operation as life-time factor, Tribol Schmier, 64, 44 Gebretsadik, D.W. ; Hardell, J.; et al.: Friction and wear characteristics of different Pb-free bearing materials in mixed and boundary lubrication regimes. Wear, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wear.2015.06.002. Gebretsadik, 2015, Tribological performance of tin-based overlay plated engine bearing materials, Tribol Int, 92, 281, 10.1016/j.triboint.2015.06.014 Grün, 2011, Tribological performance of thin overlays for journal bearings, Tribol Int, 44, 1271, 10.1016/j.triboint.2010.10.027 Summer, 2017, Damage equivalent test methodologies as design elements for journal bearing systems, Lubricants, 5, 47, 10.3390/lubricants5040047 Bergmann, 2017, Expansion of the metrological visualization capability by the implementation of acoustic emission analysis, Adv Tribol, 2017, 17, 10.1155/2017/3718924 Summer, 2015, Tribological study of crankshaft bearing systems: comparison of forged steel and cast iron counterparts under start–stop operation, Wear, 338–339, 232, 10.1016/j.wear.2015.06.022 Pondicherry, 2013, Comprehensive study of ZDDP-tribofilms formed under soft contact conditions Grün, 2010, Model scale generation and microscopic characterisation of tribofilms formed on Fe and Cu alloys, Lubric Sci, 22, 237, 10.1002/ls.113 Pondicherry, 2013, Applicability of ring-on-disc and pin-on-plate test methods for Cu–steel and Al–steel systems for large area conformal contacts, Lubric Sci, 25, 231, 10.1002/ls.1187 Grün, 2013, Tribological functionality of aluminium sliding materials with hard phases under lubricated conditions, Wear, 298–299, 127, 10.1016/j.wear.2012.11.048 Grün, 2013, Tribometric development tools for journal bearings - a novel test adapter Forstner, 2007, Application oriented bearing testing Aufischer, 2010, Diesel engine bearings for a lead free future, SAE Tech Pap, 32, 0060 Grün, 2009, Fundamentals of optimizing aluminium-based journal bearing materials, Proc IME J J Eng Tribol, 223, 777, 10.1243/13506501JET546 Zhang, Y. ; Tudela, I.; et al.: High strength tin-based overlay for medium and high speed diesel engine bearing tribological applications. Tribol Int, (0), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2015.03.010. Spikes, 2004, The history and mechanisms of ZDDP, Tribol Lett, 17, 469, 10.1023/B:TRIL.0000044495.26882.b5 Nicholls, 2005, Review of the lubrication of metallic surfaces by zinc dialkyl-dithiophosphates, Tribol Int, 38, 15, 10.1016/j.triboint.2004.05.009