Challenges in the management of acute peptic ulcer bleeding

Hearnshaw, 2011, Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the UK: patient characteristics, diagnoses and outcomes in the 2007 UK audit, Gut, 60, 1327, 10.1136/gut.2010.228437

Lau, 2011, Systematic review of the epidemiology of complicated peptic ulcer disease: incidence, recurrence, risk factors and mortality, Digestion, 84, 102, 10.1159/000323958

Li, 2010, Epidemiology of peptic ulcer disease: endoscopic results of the systematic investigation of gastrointestinal disease in China, Am J Gastroenterol, 105, 2570, 10.1038/ajg.2010.324

Dong, 2004, Epidemiology of peptic ulcer disease in Wuhan area of China from 1997 to 2002, World J Gastroenterol, 10, 3377, 10.3748/wjg.v10.i22.3377

Xinghua, 1996, Epidemiological survey of peptic ulcer disease in Beijing area: endoscopic analysis of 358644 cases, Chin J Dig, 16, 152

Wang, 2003, Meta-analysis on the epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in China, Zonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi, 24, 443

Moran, 2010, Future cardiovascular disease in China: markov model and risk factor scenario projections from the coronary heart disease policy model – China, Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes, 3, 243, 10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.109.910711

Ho, 2013, Use of prophylactic gastroprotective therapy in patients with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug- and aspirin-associated ulcer bleeding: a cross-sectional study, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 10.1111/apt.12259

van Leerdam, 2003, Acute upper GI bleeding: did anything change? Time trend analysis of incidence and outcome of acute upper GI bleeding between 1993/1994 and 2000, Am J Gastroenterol, 98, 1494, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.07517.x

Ohmann, 2005, Time-trends in the epidemiology of peptic ulcer bleeding, Scand J Gastroenterol, 40, 914, 10.1080/00365520510015809

Sadic, 2009, Bleeding peptic ulcer—time trends in incidence, treatment and mortality in Sweden, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 30, 392, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2009.04058.x

Kang, 2006, Recent trends in hospital admissions and mortality rates for peptic ulcer in Scotland 1982–2002, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 24, 65, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02960.x

Lanas, 2009, Time trends and impact of upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation in clinical practice, Am J Gastroenterol, 104, 1633, 10.1038/ajg.2009.164

Laine, 2012, Trends for incidence of hospitalization and death due to GI complications in the United States from 2001–2009, Am J Gastroenterol, 107, 1190, 10.1038/ajg.2012.168

Loperfido, 2009, Changing trends in acute upper-GI bleeding: a population-based study, Gastrointest Endosc, 70, 212, 10.1016/j.gie.2008.10.051

Wu, 2009, A nationwide population-based cohort study shows reduced hospitalization for peptic ulcer disease associated with H. pylori eradication and proton pump inhibitor use, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 7, 427, 10.1016/j.cgh.2008.12.029

Rockall, 1995, Incidence and mortality from acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in the United Kingdom, BMJ, 311, 222, 10.1136/bmj.311.6999.222

Barkun, 2004, The Canadian Registry on Nonvariceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding and Endoscopy (RUGBE): endoscopic hemostasis and proton pump inhibition are associated with improved outcomes in a real-life setting, Am J Gastroenterol, 99, 1238, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.30272.x

Marmo, 2008, Predictive factors of mortality from nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a multicenter study, Am J Gastroenterol, 103, 1639, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01865.x

Wang, 2010, Trends and outcomes of hospitalization for peptic ulcer disease in the United States, 1993–2006, Ann Surg, 251, 251, 10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181b975b8

Barkun, 2010, International consensus recommendations on the management of patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding, Ann Intern Med, 152, 101, 10.7326/0003-4819-152-2-201001190-00009

Hearnshaw, 2010, Outcomes following early red blood transfusion in acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 32, 215, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04348.x

Villanueva, 2013, Transfusion strategies for acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, N Engl J Med, 368, 11, 10.1056/NEJMoa1211801

Jairath, 2012, Prevalence, management, and outcomes of patients with coagulopathy after acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the United Kingdom, Transfusion

Wolf, 2007, Impact of anticoagulation on rebleeding following endoscopic therapy for nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, Am J Gastroenterol, 102, 290, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.00969.x

Baradarian, 2004, Early intensive resuscitation of patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding decreases mortality, Am J Gastroenterol, 99, 619, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.04073.x

Srygley, 2012, Does this patient have a severe upper gastrointestinal bleed?, JAMA, 307, 1072, 10.1001/jama.2012.253

Rockall, 1996, Risk assessment after acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, Gut, 38, 316, 10.1136/gut.38.3.316

Blatchford, 2000, A risk score to predict need for treatment for upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, Lancet, 356, 1318, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02816-6

Stanley, 2011, Multicenter comparison of the Glasgow Blatchford and Rockall Scores in the prediction of clinical end-points after upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 34, 470, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04747.x

Saltzman, 2011, A simple risk score accurately predicts in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and cost in acute upper GI bleeding, Gastrointest Endosc, 74, 1215, 10.1016/j.gie.2011.06.024

Sreedharan, 2010, Proton pump inhibitor treatment initiated prior to endoscopic diagnosis in upper gastrointestinal bleeding, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 7, 10.1002/14651858.CD005415.pub3

Barkun, 2010, Prokinetics in acute upper GI bleeding: a meta-analysis, Gastrointest Endosc, 72, 1138, 10.1016/j.gie.2010.08.011

Cook, 1992, Endoscopic therapy for acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a meta-analysis, Gastroenterology, 102, 139, 10.1016/0016-5085(92)91793-4

Spiegel, 2001, Endoscopy for acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage: is sooner better? A systematic review, Arch Intern Med, 161, 1393, 10.1001/archinte.161.11.1393

Lin, 1996, Early or delayed endoscopy for patients with peptic ulcer bleeding: a prospective randomized study, J Clin Gastroenterol, 22, 267, 10.1097/00004836-199606000-00005

Lee, 1999, Endoscopy-based triage significantly reduces hospitalization rates and costs of treating upper GI bleeding: a randomized controlled trial, Gastrointest Endosc, 50, 755, 10.1016/S0016-5107(99)70154-9

Bjorkman, 2004, Urgent vs. elective endoscopy for acute non-variceal upper-GI bleeding: an effectiveness study, Gastrointest Endosc, 60, 1, 10.1016/S0016-5107(04)01287-8

Laine, 2009, Endoscopic therapy for bleeding ulcers: an evidence based approach based on meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials, Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 1, 33, 10.1016/j.cgh.2008.08.016

Bleau, 2002, Recurrent bleeding from peptic ulcer associated with adherent clot: a randomized study comparing endoscopic treatment with medical therapy, Gastrointest Endosc, 56, 1, 10.1067/mge.2002.125365

Jensen, 2002, Randomized trial of medical or endoscopic therapy to prevent recurrent ulcer hemorrhage in patients with adherent clots, Gastroenterology, 123, 407, 10.1053/gast.2002.34782

Kahi, 2005, Endoscopic therapy versus medical therapy for bleeding peptic ulcer with adherent clot: a meta-analysis, Gastroenterology, 129, 855, 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.06.070

Calvet, 2004, Addition of a second endoscopic treatment following epinephrine injection improves outcome in high risk bleeding ulcers, Gastroenterology, 126, 441, 10.1053/j.gastro.2003.11.006

Marmo, 2007, Dual therapy versus monotherapy in the endoscopic treatment of high-risk bleeding ulcers: a meta-analysis of controlled trials, Am J Gastroenterol, 102, 279, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2006.01023.x

Barkun, 2009, Endoscopic hemostasis in peptic ulcer bleeding for patients with high-risk lesions: a series of meta-analyses, Gastrointest Endosc, 69, 786, 10.1016/j.gie.2008.05.031

Sung, 2007, Endoscopic clipping versus injection and thermo-coagulation in the treatment of non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta-analysis, Gut, 56, 1364, 10.1136/gut.2007.123976

Marmo, 2003, Outcome of endoscopic treatment for peptic ulcer bleeding: is a second look necessary? A meta-analysis, Gastrointest Endosc, 57, 62, 10.1067/mge.2003.48

El Ouali, 2012, Is routine second look endoscopy effective after endoscopic hemostasis in acute peptic ulcer bleeding? A meta-analysis, Gastrointest Endosc, 76, 283, 10.1016/j.gie.2012.04.441

Leontiadis, 2006, Proton pump inhibitor treatment for acute peptic ulcer bleeding, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1, 10.1002/14651858.CD002094.pub3

Lanas, 2013, Effect of proton pump inhibitors on the outcomes of peptic ulcer bleeding: comparison of event rates in routine clinical practice and a clinical trial, Scand J Gastroenterol, 10.3109/00365521.2012.758764

Sung, 2009, Intravenous esomeprazole for prevention of recurrent peptic ulcer bleeding: a randomized trial, Ann Intern Med, 150, 455, 10.7326/0003-4819-150-7-200904070-00105

Andriulli, 2008, High- versus low-dose proton pump inhibitors after endoscopic hemostasis in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding: a multicenter, randomized study, Am J Gastroenterol, 103, 3011, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02149.x

Wang, 2010, High-dose vs. non-high-dose proton pump inhibitors after endoscopic treatment in patients with bleeding peptic ulcer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Arch Intern Med, 170, 751, 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.100

Chan, 2011, Randomized controlled trial of standard versus high dose intravenous omeprazole after endoscopic therapy in high-risk patients with acute peptic ulcer bleeding, Br J Surg, 98, 640, 10.1002/bjs.7420

Liu, 2012, Effect of intravenous proton pump inhibitor regimens and timing of endoscopy on clinical outcomes of peptic ulcer bleeding, J Gastroenterol Heptatol, 27, 1473, 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2012.07191.x

Hawkey, 2001, Drug treatments in upper gastrointestinal bleeding: value of endoscopic findings as surrogate end points, Gut, 49, 372, 10.1136/gut.49.3.372

Jairath, 2012, National Audit of the use of surgery and radiological embolization after failed endoscopic hemostasis for non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding, Br J Surg, 99, 1672, 10.1002/bjs.8932

Elmunzer, 2008, Systematic review of the predictors of recurrent hemorrhage after endoscopic hemostatic therapy for bleeding peptic ulcers, Am J Gastroenterol, 103, 2625, 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.02070.x

Loffroy, 2009, Role of transcatheter arterial embolization for massive bleeding from gastroduodenal ulcers, World J Gastroenterol, 21, 5889, 10.3748/wjg.15.5889

Ripoll, 2004, Comparison of transcatheter arterial embolization and surgery for treatment of bleeding peptic ulcer after endoscopic treatment failure, J Vasc Interv Radiol, 15, 447, 10.1097/01.RVI.0000126813.89981.B6

Eriksson, 2008, Transcatheter arterial embolization versus surgery in the treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding after therapeutic endoscopy failure, J Vasc Interv Radiol, 19, 1413, 10.1016/j.jvir.2008.06.019

Larssen, 2008, Transcatheter arterial embolization in the management of bleeding duodenal ulcers: a 5·5-year retrospective study of treatment and outcome, Scand J Gastroenterol, 43, 217, 10.1080/00365520701676443

Venclauskas, 2010, Is transcatheter arterial embolization a safer alternative than surgery when endoscopic therapy fails in bleeding duodenal ulcer?, Scand J Gastroenterol, 45, 299, 10.3109/00365520903486109

Wong, 2011, A comparison of angiographic embolization with surgery after failed endoscopic hemostasis to bleeding peptic ulcers, Gastrointest Endosc, 73, 900, 10.1016/j.gie.2010.11.024

Ang, 2012, A comparison of surgery versus transcatheter angiographic embolization in the treatment of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding uncontrolled by endoscopy, Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 24, 929, 10.1097/MEG.0b013e32835463bc

Lau, 1999, Endoscopic re-treatment compared with surgery in patients with recurrent bleeding after initial endoscopic control of bleeding ulcers, N Engl J Med, 340, 751, 10.1056/NEJM199903113401002

Eerenberg, 2011, Reversal of rivaroxaban and dabigatran by prothrombin complex concentrate: a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study in healthy subjects, Circulation, 124, 1573, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.029017

Marlu, 2012, Effect of non-specific reversal agents on anticoagulant activity of dabigatran and rivaroxaban: a randomized crossover ex vivo study in healthy volunteers, Thromb Haemost, 108, 217, 10.1160/TH12-03-0179

Sung, 2010, Continuation of low-dose aspirin therapy in peptic ulcer bleeding: a randomized trial, Ann Intern Med, 152, 1, 10.7326/0003-4819-152-1-201001050-00179

Iakovou, 2005, Incidence, predictors, and outcome of thrombosis after successful implantation of drug-eluting stents, JAMA, 293, 2126, 10.1001/jama.293.17.2126

Airoldi, 2007, Incidence and predictors of drug-eluting stent thrombosis during and after discontinuation of thienopyridine treatment, Circulation, 116, 745, 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.686048

Eisenstein, 2007, Clopidogrel use and long-term clinical outcomes after drug eluting stent implantation, JAMA, 297, 159, 10.1001/jama.297.2.joc60179

Witt, 2012, Risk of thromboembolism, recurrent hemorrhage, and death after warfarin therapy interruption for gastrointestinal tract bleeding, Arch Intern Med, 17, 1

Singer, 2008, Antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation, Chest, 133, 546S, 10.1378/chest.08-0678

Nikolsky, 2009, Gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with acute coronary syndromes: incidence, predictors, and clinical implications, J Am Coll Cardiol, 54, 1293, 10.1016/j.jacc.2009.07.019

Lincoff, 2004, Long-term efficacy of bivalirudin and provisional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade vs heparin and planned glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade during percutaneous coronary revascularization: REPLACE-2 randomized trial, JAMA, 292, 696, 10.1001/jama.292.6.696

2011, Managing acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding, Lancet, 377, 1048, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60419-4

Sung, 2011, Early clinical experience of the safety and effectiveness of Hemospray in achieving hemostasis in patients with acute peptic ulcer bleeding, Endoscopy, 43, 291, 10.1055/s-0030-1256311

Bhatt, 2008, ACCF/ACG/AHA 2008 expert consensus document on reducing the gastrointestinal risks of antiplatelet therapy and NSAID use: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents, J Am Coll Cardiol, 52, 1502, 10.1016/j.jacc.2008.08.002

Abraham, 2010, Am J Gastroenterol, 105, 2533, 10.1038/ajg.2010.445

Van Soest, 2011, Suboptimal gastroprotective coverage of NSAID use and the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and ulcers: an observational study using three European databases, Gut, 60, 1650, 10.1136/gut.2011.239848

Bhatt, 2010, Clopidogrel with or without omeprazole in coronary artery disease, N Engl J Med, 363, 1909, 10.1056/NEJMoa1007964

Gisbert, 2004, Meta-analysis: Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy vs antisecretory non-eradication therapy for the prevention of recurrent bleeding from peptic ulcer, Aliment Pharmacol Ther, 19, 617, 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2004.01898.x

Lanas, 2006, Risk of upper gastrointestinal ulcer bleeding associated with selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors, traditional non-aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, aspirin and combinations, Gut, 55, 1731, 10.1136/gut.2005.080754

Chan, 2007, Combination of a cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitor and a proton-pump inhibitor for prevention of recurrent bleeding in patients at very high risk: a double blind, randomised trial, Lancet, 369, 1621, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60749-1

Wong, 2009, High incidence of mortality and recurrent bleeding in patients with Helicobacter pylori negative idiopathic bleeding ulcers, Gastroenterology, 137, 525, 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.05.006

Gluud, 2012, Tranexamic acid for upper gastrointestinal bleeding, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 18, 10.1002/14651858.CD006640.pub2