Challenges in achieving effective high-level disinfection in endoscope reprocessing

American Journal of Infection Control - Tập 48 - Trang 309-315 - 2020
Cori L. Ofstead1, Krystina M. Hopkins1, Brandy L. Buro1, John E. Eiland1, Harry P. Wetzler1
1Ofstead & Associates, Inc, St Paul, MN

Tài liệu tham khảo

Snyder, 2017, Randomized comparison of 3 high-level disinfection and sterilization procedures for duodenoscopes, Gastroenterology, 153, 1018, 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.06.052 Saliou, 2016, Measures to improve microbial quality surveillance of gastrointestinal endoscopes, Endoscopy, 48, 704, 10.1055/s-0042-107591 Legemate, 2019, Pre-use ureteroscope contamination after high-level disinfection: reprocessing effectiveness and the relation with cumulative ureteroscope use, J Urol, 201, 1144, 10.1097/JU.0000000000000108 Ofstead, 2016, Assessing residual contamination and damage inside flexible endoscopes over time, Am J Infect Control, 44, 1675, 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.06.029 Ofstead, 2018, Effectiveness of reprocessing for flexible bronchoscopes and endobronchial ultrasound bronchoscopes, Chest, 154, 1024, 10.1016/j.chest.2018.04.045 Ofstead, 2016, Practical toolkit for monitoring endoscope reprocessing effectiveness: identification of viable bacteria on gastroscopes, colonoscopes, and bronchoscopes, Am J Infect Control, 44, 815, 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.01.017 Ofstead, 2017, Longitudinal assessment of reprocessing effectiveness for colonoscopes and gastroscopes: results of visual inspections, biochemical markers, and microbial cultures, Am J Infect Control, 45, e26, 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.10.017 Visrodia, 2017, Duodenoscope reprocessing surveillance with adenosine triphosphate testing and terminal cultures: a clinical pilot study, Gastrointest Endosc, 86, 180, 10.1016/j.gie.2017.03.1544 Ofstead, 2015, Persistent contamination on colonoscopes and gastroscopes detected by biologic cultures and rapid indicators despite reprocessing performed in accordance with guidelines, Am J Infect Control, 43, 794, 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.03.003 Ofstead, 2018, Residual moisture and waterborne pathogens inside flexible endoscopes: evidence from a multisite study of endoscope drying effectiveness, Am J Infect Control, 46, 689, 10.1016/j.ajic.2018.03.002 Food and Drug Administration. Supplemental measures to enhance duodenoscope reprocessing: FDA safety communication. Available from:https://www.fdanews.com/ext/resources/files/08-15/081015-duodenoscopes-fda.pdf?1520541508. Accessed September 18, 2019. Rutala, 2015, ERCP scopes: what can we do to prevent infections?, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 36, 643, 10.1017/ice.2015.98 Rutala, 2016, Reprocessing semicritical items: current issues and new technologies, Am J Infect Control, 44, e53, 10.1016/j.ajic.2015.12.029 Rex, 2017, A double-reprocessing high-level disinfection protocol does not eliminate positive cultures from the elevators of duodenoscopes, Endoscopy, 50, 588 Bartles, 2018, A randomized trial of single versus double high-level disinfection of duodenoscopes and linear echoendoscopes using standard automated reprocessing, Gastrointest Endosc, 88, 306, 10.1016/j.gie.2018.02.016 Kumarage, 2019, Transmission of multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa between two flexible ureteroscopes and an outbreak of urinary tract infection: The fragility of endoscope decontamination, J Hosp Infect, 102, 89, 10.1016/j.jhin.2019.02.015 Greene, 2018, American Urological Association antibiotic best practice statement and ureteroscopy: does antibiotic stewardship help?, J Endourol, 32, 283, 10.1089/end.2017.0796 Wendelboe, 2008, Outbreak of cystoscopy related infections with Pseudomonas aeruginosa: New Mexico, 2007, J Urol, 180, 588, 10.1016/j.juro.2008.04.003 Jimeno, 2016, Outbreak of urinary tract infections by Salmonella spp. after cystoscopic manipulation, Actas Urol Esp, 40, 646, 10.1016/j.acuro.2016.02.005 Galdys, 2019, Bronchoscope-associated clusters of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 40, 40, 10.1017/ice.2018.263 Guy, 2016, Outbreak of pulmonary Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections related to contaminated bronchoscope suction valves, Lyon, France, 2014, Euro Surveill, 21, 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.28.30286 Jorgensen, 2016, Heat-resistant, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in endoscope-mediated outbreak, J Hosp Infect, 93, 57, 10.1016/j.jhin.2016.01.014 Reddick, 2017, Investigation of salmonellosis outbreak following a hospital endoscopy: a public health case study, Can J Infect Control, 32, 156 Bajolet, 2013, Gastroscopy-associated transmission of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa, J Hosp Infect, 83, 341, 10.1016/j.jhin.2012.10.016 Rauwers, 2019, Independent root cause analysis of contributing factors, including dismantling of 2 duodenoscopes, to an outbreak of multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, Gastrointest Endosc, 90, 793, 10.1016/j.gie.2019.05.016 Ross, 2015, A quarantine process for the resolution of duodenoscope-associated transmission of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, Gastrointest Endosc, 82, 477, 10.1016/j.gie.2015.04.036 Robertson, 2017, Transmission of Salmonella enteritidis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography because of inadequate endoscope decontamination, Am J Infect Control, 45, 440, 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.11.024 Humphries, 2017, Duodenoscope-related outbreak of a carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae identified using advanced molecular diagnostics, Clin Infect Dis, 65, 1159, 10.1093/cid/cix527 Shenoy, 2018, Transmission of mobile colistin resistance (mcr-1) by duodenoscope, Clin Infect Dis, 68, 1327, 10.1093/cid/ciy683 Kim, 2016, Risk factors associated with the transmission of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae via contaminated duodenoscopes, Gastrointest Endosc, 83, 1121, 10.1016/j.gie.2016.03.790 Ofstead, 2010, Endoscope reprocessing methods: a prospective study on the impact of human factors and automation, Gastroenterol Nurs, 33, 304, 10.1097/SGA.0b013e3181e9431a Ofstead, 2019, Managing bronchoscope quality and cost: results of a real-world study, PROCESS, March/April, 63 Ofstead, 2019, Endoscope reprocessing: current practices and challenges in the field, PROCESS, July/August, 60 Ofstead, 2017, The effectiveness of sterilization for flexible ureteroscopes: a real-world study, Am J Infect Control, 45, 888, 10.1016/j.ajic.2017.03.016 Barakat, 2018, Scoping the scope: endoscopic evaluation of endoscope working channels with a new high-resolution inspection endoscope (with video), Gastrointest Endosc, 88, 601, 10.1016/j.gie.2018.01.018 Thaker, 2018, Inspection of endoscope instrument channels after reprocessing using a prototype borescope, Gastrointest Endosc, 88, 612, 10.1016/j.gie.2018.04.2366 Ofstead, 2016, Simethicone residue remains inside gastrointestinal endoscopes despite reprocessing, Am J Infect Control, 44, 1237, 10.1016/j.ajic.2016.05.016 Ofstead, 2019, Widespread clinical use of simethicone, insoluble lubricants, and tissue glue during endoscopy: a call to action for infection preventionists, Am J Infect Control, 47, 666, 10.1016/j.ajic.2019.02.012 van Stiphout, 2016, Crystallization in the waterjet channel in colonoscopes due to simethicone, Endoscopy, 48, E394, 10.1055/s-0042-120261 Barakat, 2010, Simethicone is retained in endoscopes despite reprocessing: Impact of its use on working channel fluid retention and adenosine triphosphate bioluminescence values (with video), Gastrointest Endosc, 89, 115, 10.1016/j.gie.2018.08.012 Visrodia, 2014, The use of rapid indicators for the detection of organic residues on clinically used gastrointestinal endoscopes with and without visually apparent debris, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 35, 987, 10.1086/677148 Seidelman, 2019, Mycobacterium avium pseudo-outbreak associated with an outpatient bronchoscopy clinic: lessons for reprocessing, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 40, 106, 10.1017/ice.2018.298 Epstein, 2014, New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-producing carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli associated with exposure to duodenoscopes, JAMA, 312, 1447, 10.1001/jama.2014.12720 Rieger, 2019, Discriminating among grounded theory approaches, Nurs Inq, 26, e12261, 10.1111/nin.12261 Singh, 2018, Selecting a grounded theory approach for nursing research, Glob Qual Nurs Res, 5 2016 2017 Metrex Research Corp. Metricide OPA Plus Solution. Available from:https://www.metrex.com/sites/default/files/content/education-file/education-file-upload/metricide-opa-plus-wall-chart-77-1191.pdf. Accessed September 16, 2019. 2016 2015 STERIS. S40 Sterilant concentrate package insert. Mentor (OH): STERIS Corporation; 2018. Olympus. Acecide-C high-level disinfectant and sterilant instruction manual. Center Valley (PA): Olympus Corporation of the Americas; 2011. Olympus. Acecide®-C high-level disinfectant. Available from:https://medical.olympusamerica.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Acecide-C_Product_Brochure.pdf. Accessed September 17, 2019. 2018 2013 Metrex Research Corp. MetriCide technical bulletin. Available from: https://www.metrex.com/sites/default/files/content/education-file/education-file-upload/metricide-technical-bulletin-us-en.pdf. Accessed September 16, 2019. Metrex Research Corp. MetriCide. Available from: www.metrex.com/en-us/products/high-level-disinfectants/metricide. Accessed September 18, 2019. 2010 Metrex Research Corp. MetriCide 28. Available from: www.metrex.com/en-us/products/high-level-disinfectants/metricide-28. Accessed September 18, 2019. 2013 STERIS. Revital-Ox RESERT high-level disinfectant instructions for use. Mentor (OH): STERIS Corporation; 2011. 2015, 1 Van Wicklin, 2017, Guideline for processing flexible endoscopes, 1 2016 STERIS. Revital-Ox RESERT R60 Solution Test Strip instructions for use. Mentor (OH): STERIS Corporation; 2015. STERIS. Verify chemical indicator for S40 sterilant instructions for use. Mentor (OH): STERIS Corporation; 2012. 2015 2015 2013 Olympus. Acecide peracetic acid test strips–quick reference. Center Valley (PA): Olympus Corporation of the Americas; 2011. 2016 Metrex Research Corp. Quick reference for using MetriCide® OPA Plus Solution Test Strips. Available from:https://www.metrex.com/sites/default/files/content/education-file/education-file-upload/guide-to-using-metricide-opa-plus-solution-test-strips-77-1401.pdf. Accessed July 15, 2019. Metrex Research Corp. Quick reference for using MetriTest Test Strips. Available from:https://www.metrex.com/sites/default/files/content/education-file/education-file-upload/guide-to-using-metritest-test-strips-77-1400.pdf. Accessed September 18, 2019. Cooke, 2003, An evaluation of Cidex OPA (0.55% ortho-phthalaldehyde) as an alternative to 2% glutaraldehyde for high-level disinfection of endoscopes, J Hosp Infect, 54, 226, 10.1016/S0195-6701(03)00040-9 Vesley, 1999, Microbial bioburden in endoscope reprocessing and an in-use evaluation of the high-level disinfection capabilities of Cidex PA, Gastroenterol Nurs, 22, 63, 10.1097/00001610-199903000-00007 Foliente, 2001, Efficacy of high-level disinfectants for reprocessing GI endoscopes in simulated-use testing, Gastrointest Endosc, 53, 456, 10.1067/mge.2001.113380 Hession, 2003, Endoscope disinfection by ortho-phthalaldehyde in a clinical setting: an evaluation of reprocessing time and costs compared with glutaraldehyde, Gastroenterol Nurs, 26, 110, 10.1097/00001610-200305000-00005 Leong, 1987, Dilution of glutaraldehyde by automatic endoscope machine washers: the need for a quality control program, Am J Infect Control, 15, 86, 10.1016/0196-6553(87)90025-3 Cooke, 2001, Monitoring glutaraldehyde dilution in automated washer/disinfectors, J Hosp Infect, 48, 243, 10.1053/jhin.2001.0957 Cox, 1995, Glutaraldehyde concentration in the sterilization of endoscopes, Pathology, 27, 362, 10.1080/00313029500169313 Kaczmarek, 1992, Multi-state investigation of the actual disinfection/sterilization of endoscopes in health care facilities, Am J Med, 92, 257, 10.1016/0002-9343(92)90074-L Reynolds, 1992, Variability in reprocessing policies and procedures for flexible fiberoptic endoscopes in Massachusetts hospitals, Am J Infect Control, 20, 283, 10.1016/S0196-6553(05)80231-7 Barbosa, 2010, Endoscope reprocessing using glutaraldehyde in endoscopy services of Goiania, Brazil: a realidade em servicos de endoscopia de Goiania, GO, Arq Gastroenterol, 47, 219, 10.1590/S0004-28032010000300002 2018 2017 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 FDA, MAUDE adverse event report: Olympus Medical Systems Corporation Olympus OES Cystonephrofiberscope 8364744, 2019, Food and Drug Administration; Silver Spring (MD). 2010 Garrick, 2010 Food and Drug Administration. The FDA provides interim results of duodenoscope reprocessing studies conducted in real-world settings: FDA safety communication. Available from:https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/safety-communications/fda-provides-interim-results-duodenoscope-reprocessing-studies-conducted-real-world-settings-fda. Accessed September 16, 2019. Ofstead, 2017, A glimpse at the true cost of reprocessing endoscopes: results of a pilot project, Communiqué, Jan/Feb, 63 2019 2019 2019 2015 Metrex Research Corp. Metrex MetriCide™ 28 material safety data sheet. Available from:https://www.metrex.com/sites/default/files/content/education-file/education-file-upload/MetriCide%2028%20Canada%20MSDS%20(7-14-2015).pdf. Accessed September 16, 2019. Olympus Corporation of the Americas. Acecide®-C use-solution material safety data sheet. 2014. Available from:https://medical.olympusamerica.com/sites/default/files/pdf/Acecide-C_MSDS_Use_Solution.pdf. Accessed September 18, 2019. 2018 2018 2018 Mehta, 2019, Response to Shulimzon and Chatterji, Chest, 155, 1301, 10.1016/j.chest.2019.03.006 Pynnonen, 2019, Reprocessing flexible endoscopes in the otolaryngology clinic, Otolaryngol Clin North Am, 52, 391, 10.1016/j.otc.2019.02.009 Mehta, 2018, Burying our heads in the sand: cross-contamination during bronchoscopy, Chest, 154, 1001, 10.1016/j.chest.2018.07.006 Gawande, 2010