Challenges, Strategies, and Recommendations for the Huge Surge in Plastic and Medical Waste during the Global COVID-19 Pandemic with Circular Economy Approach

Targol Teymourian1, Termeh Teymoorian2, Elaheh Kowsari2, Seeram Ramakrishna3
1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez St., Tehran 15875-4413, Iran
2Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Hafez St., Tehran 15875-4413, Iran
3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore, 119260, Singapore

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Ab Rahman MF, Rusli A, Misman MA, Rashid AA (2020) Biodegradable gloves for waste management post-COVID-19 outbreak: a shelf-life prediction. ACS Omega 5:30329–30335

Abu-Qdais H, Al-Ghazo M, Al-Ghazo E (2020) Statistical analysis and characteristics of hospital medical waste under novel Coronavirus outbreak. Global Journal of Environmental Science and Management 6:21–30

Al Huraimel K, Alhosani M, Kunhabdulla S, Stietiya MH (2020) SARS-CoV-2 in the environment: modes of transmission, early detection and potential role of pollutions. Sci Total Environ:140946

Anderson EL, Turnham P, Griffin JR, Clarke CC (2020) Consideration of the aerosol transmission for COVID-19 and public health risk analysis

Aydin O, Emon B, Cheng S, Hong L, Chamorro LP, Saif MTA (2020) Performance of fabrics for home-made masks against the spread of COVID-19 through droplets: a quantitative mechanistic study. Extreme Mechanics Letters 40:100924

Barcelo D (2020) An environmental and health perspective for COVID-19 outbreak: meteorology and air quality influence, sewage epidemiology indicator, hospitals disinfection, drug therapies and recommendations. J Environ Chem Eng:104006

Battelle (2016) Final report for the bioquell hydrogen peroxide vapor (HPV) decontamination for re-use of N95 respirators. https://www.fda.gov/emergency-preparedness-and-response/mcm-regulatory-science/investigating-decontamination-and-reuse-respirators-public-health-emergencies

Behera PR, Farzana R, Sahajwalla V (2020) Reduction of oxides obtained from waste Ni-MH battery’s positive electrode using waste plastics to produce nickel based alloy. J Clean Prod 249:119407

Bengali S (2020) The COVID-19 pandemic is unleashing a tidal wave of plastic waste The Los Angeles Times

Bergman MS, Viscusi DJ, Heimbuch BK, Wander JD, Sambol AR, Shaffer RE (2010) Evaluation of multiple (3-cycle) decontamination processing for filtering facepiece respirators. Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 5:155892501000500405

Bergman M, Fisher EM, Heimbuch BK (2020) A review of decontamination methods for filtering facepiece respirators. Journal of the International Society for Respiratory Protection 37:71

Bigdeloo M, Teymourian T, Kowsari E, Ramakrishna S, Ehsani A (2021) Sustainability and circular economy of food wastes: waste reduction strategies, higher recycling methods, and improved valorization. Materials Circular Economy 3:3. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42824-021-00017-3

Braga F, Scarpa GM, Brando VE, Manfè G, Zaggia L (2020) COVID-19 lockdown measures reveal human impact on water transparency in the Venice Lagoon. Sci Total Environ:139612

CDC (2020) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Coronavirus disease – decontamination and re-use. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/ppe-strategy/decontamination-reuse-respirators.html Accessed 10th July, 2020

Chakraborty I, Maity P (2020) COVID-19 outbreak: migration, effects on society, global environment and prevention. Sci Total Environ:138882

Chakraborty T, Islam M, Zaman S, Kabir A, Ghosh G (2020) Jute (Corchorus olitorius) stick charcoal as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solution SN. Appl Sci 2:1–10

Chan JF-W et al (2020) A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet 395:514–523

Chang A et al (2020) Cleaning and disinfectant chemical exposures and temporal associations with COVID-19—National Poison Data System, United States, January 1, 2020–March 31, 2020. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 69:496

Chauhan A, Jakhar SK, Chauhan C (2020) The interplay of circular economy with industry 4.0 enabled smart city drivers of healthcare waste disposal. J Clean Prod 279:123854

Chen L, Wang L, Cho DW, Tsang DCW, Tong L, Zhou Y, Yang J, Hu Q, Poon CS (2019) Sustainable stabilization/solidification of municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash by incorporation of green materials. J Clean Prod 222:335–343

Chin A et al. (2020) Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in different environmental conditions MedRxiv

Cobo S, Dominguez-Ramos A, Irabien A (2018) From linear to circular integrated waste management systems: a review of methodological approaches. Resour Conserv Recycl 135:279–295

Commission E (2020) Waste management in the context of coronavirus crisis. https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/waste_management_guidance_dg-env.pdf. Accessed 25 May 2020

Contreras LEV, Perkins KM, Ellenbecker M, Moure-Eraso R, Vega NEM (2020) COVID-19 pandemic lessons to facilitate future engagement in the global climate crisis. J Clean Prod:125178

Convention B (2020) Waste management an essential public service in the fight to beat COVID-19. http://www.basel.int/Implementation/PublicAwareness/PressReleases/-WastemanagementandCOVID19/tabid/8376/Default.aspx. Accessed 20 May 2020

Darnell ME, Subbarao K, Feinstone SM, Taylor DR (2004) Inactivation of the coronavirus that induces severe acute respiratory syndrome, SARS-CoV. J Virol Methods 121:85–91

Das O et al (2020) The need for fully bio-based facemasks to counter coronavirus outbreaks: a perspective. Sci Total Environ:139611

Datta P, Mohi GK, Chander J (2018) Biomedical waste management in India: critical appraisal Journal of laboratory physicians 10:6

Dennis R, Cashion A, Emanuel S, Hubbard D (2020) Ozone gas: scientific justification and practical guidelines for improvised disinfection using consumer-grade ozone generators and plastic storage boxes. J Sci Med:2

Derraik JG, Anderson WA, Connelly EA, Anderson YC (2020) Rapid review of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 viability, susceptibility to treatment, and the disinfection and reuse of PPE, particularly filtering facepiece respirators. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17:6117

Di Maria F et al (2020a) Minimization of spreading of SARS-CoV-2 via household waste produced by subjects affected by COVID-19 or in quarantine. Sci Total Environ 743:140803

Di Maria F, Sisani F, Contini S, Ghosh SK, Mersky RL (2020b) Is the policy of the European Union in waste management sustainable? An assessment of the Italian context. Waste Management 103:437–448

Dietz L, Horve PF, Coil DA, Fretz M, Eisen JA, Van Den Wymelenberg K (2020) 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic: built environment considerations to reduce transmission. Msystems 5

Ding Z, Chen H, Liu J, Cai H, Evrendilek F, Buyukada M (2020) Pyrolysis dynamics of two medical plastic wastes: drivers, behaviors, evolved gases, reaction mechanisms, and pathways. J Hazard Mater 402:123472

Duarte P, Santana VT (2020) Disinfection measures and control of SARS-COV-2 transmission global biosecurity 1

Dutheil F, Baker JS, Navel V (2020) COVID-19 as a factor influencing air pollution? Environmental Pollution (Barking, Essex: 1987) 263:114466

Emmanuel J, Puccia C, Spurgin R (2001) Non-incineration medical waste treatment technologies Washington (DC): health care without harm

Environment MoEa (2020) Guidelines for the Management and Technology of Emergency Disposal of Medical Wastes of Pneumonia with New Coronavirus Infection (Trial). http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-01/29/content_5472997.htm. Accessed 1.13.2021

Fadare OO, Okoffo ED (2020) Covid-19 face masks: a potential source of microplastic fibers in the environment. Sci Total Environ 737:140279

Faridi S, Niazi S, Sadeghi K, Naddafi K, Jila Y, Mansour S, Shafiei JNZ, Khosro S, Ramin N, Masud Y, Fatemeh M, Adel M, Sadegh HM, Talat MA (2020) A field indoor air measurement of SARS-CoV-2 in the patient rooms of the largest hospital in Iran. Sci Total Environ 725:1–5

Gertsman S et al. (2020) Microwave-and heat-based decontamination of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (FFR): a systematic review

Hahladakis JN, Iacovidou E, Gerassimidou S (2020) Plastic waste in a circular economy. In: Plastic Waste and Recycling. Elsevier, pp. 481–512

Heimbuch B, Harnish D (2019) Research to mitigate a shortage of respiratory protection devices during public health emergencies applied research associates:275

Heller L, Mota CR, Greco DB (2020) COVID-19 faecal-oral transmission: are we asking the right questions? Sci Total Environ:138919

Hong J, Zhan S, Yu Z, Hong J, Qi C (2018) Life-cycle environmental and economic assessment of medical waste treatment. J Clean Prod 174:65–73

Ilyas S, Srivastava RR, Kim H (2020) Disinfection technology and strategies for COVID-19 hospital and bio-medical waste management. Sci Total Environ 749:141652

ISWA (2020) Waste Management during the Covid-19 pandemic ISWA's recommendations. https://www.iswa.org/fileadmin/galleries/0001_COVID/ISWA_Waste_Management_During_COVID-19.pdf. Accessed 20 May 2020

ItalyWWF (2020) In the disposal ofmasks and gloves, responsibility is required.WWF International. https://www.wwf.it/chi_siamo/organizzazione. Accessed 8 June 2020

Jatta M, Kiefer C, Patolia H, Pan J, Harb C, Marr LC, Baffoe-Bonnie A (2020) N95 reprocessing by low temperature sterilization with 59% vaporized hydrogen peroxide during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Am J Infect Control

Jiang P, Fu X, Van Fan Y, Klemeš JJ, Chen P, Ma S, Zhang W (2021) Spatial-temporal potential exposure risk analytics and urban sustainability impacts related to COVID-19 mitigation: a perspective from car mobility behaviour. J Clean Prod 279:123673

Jonathan (2013) What plastic materials are safe for autoclaving? https://www.oberk.com/packaging-crash-course/5-questions-about-autoclaving-plastic-bottles-and-glass-bottles

Jung S, Hemmatian T, Song E, Lee K, Seo D, Yi J, Kim J (2021) Disinfection treatments of disposable respirators influencing the bactericidal/bacteria removal efficiency, filtration performance, and structural integrity. Polymers 13:45

Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E (2020) Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect 104:246–251

Kaufman L, Chasan E (2020) Cities wonder whether recycling counts as essential during the virus. Bloomberg Green

Kitajima M et al (2020) SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: state of the knowledge and research needs. Sci Total Environ:139076

Klemeš JJ, Van Fan Y, Tan RR, Jiang P (2020) Minimising the present and future plastic waste, energy and environmental footprints related to COVID-19. Renew Sust Energ Rev 127:109883

Kulkarni BN, Anantharama V (2020) Repercussions of COVID-19 pandemic on municipal solid waste management: challenges and opportunities. Sci Total Environ 743:140693

Kumar H, Azad A, Gupta A, Sharma J, Bherwani H, Labhsetwar NK, Kumar R (2020) COVID-19 creating another problem? Sustainable solution for PPE disposal through LCA approach. Environ Dev Sustain:1–15

Lewis D (2020) Is the coronavirus airborne? Experts can’t agree. Nature 580:175

Li X-G, Lv Y, Ma B-G, Chen Q-B, Yin X-B, Jian S-W (2012) Utilization of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash in blended cement. J Clean Prod 32:96–100

Lindsey P et al (2020) Conserving Africa’s wildlife and wildlands through the COVID-19 crisis and beyond. Nat Ecol Evol 4:1300–1310

Lindsley WG, Martin SB, Thewlis RE, Sarkisian K, Nwoko JO, Mead KR, Noti JD (2015) Effects of Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) on N95 Respirator Filtration Performance and Structural Integrity. J Occup Environ Hyg 12(8):509–517

Lowe JJ, Paladino, K.D., Farke, J.D., Boulter, K., Cawcutt, K., Emodi, M., Gibbs, S., Hankins, R., Hinkle, L., Micheels, T., Schwedhelm, S., Vasa, A., Wadman, M., Watson, S., Rupp, M.E (2020) N95 filtering facemask respirator ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) process for decontamination and reuse. Nebrasca Medicine

Malgorzata G-J, Krawczyk A, Jurczak A, Strzelecka M, Rechciński M, Boćkowski M (2020) Environmental: choices vs. COVID-19 pandemic fear-plastic governance re-assesment. Society Register 4:49–66

Mallapur C (2020) Sanitation workers at risk from discarded medical waste related to COVID-19 IndiaSpend URL: https://www.indiaspend com/sanitation-workersat-risk-from-discarded-medical-waste-related-tocovid-19

Manenti R et al (2020) The good, the bad and the ugly of COVID-19 lockdown effects on wildlife conservation: insights from the first European locked down country. Biol Conserv 249:108728

Manupati VK, Ramkumar M, Baba V, Agarwal A (2020) Selection of the best healthcare waste disposal techniques during and post COVID-19 pandemic era. J Clean Prod 281:125175

McEvoy B, Rowan NJ (2019) Terminal sterilization of medical devices using vaporized hydrogen peroxide: a review of current methods and emerging opportunities. J Appl Microbiol 127:1403–1420

Mir RA, Pandey O (2019) Waste plastic derived carbon supported Mo2C composite catalysts for hydrogen production and energy storage applications. J Clean Prod 218:644–655

Monella LM (2020) Will plastic pollution get worse after the COVID-19 pandemic? https://www.euronews.com/2020/05/12/will-plastic-pollution-get-worseafter-the-covid-19-pandemic. Accessed 8 June 2020

Morawska L, Cao J (2020) Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: the world should face the reality. Environ Int:105730

Muhammad S, Long X, Salman M (2020) COVID-19 pandemic and environmental pollution: a blessing in disguise? Sci Total Environ:138820

Napper IE, Thompson RC (2019) Environmental deterioration of biodegradable, oxo-biodegradable, compostable, and conventional plastic carrier bags in the sea, soil, and open-air over a 3-year period. Environ Sci Technol 53:4775–4783

Nghiem LD, Morgan B, Donner E, Short MD (2020) The COVID-19 pandemic: considerations for the waste and wastewater services sector. Case studies in chemical and environmental engineering:100006

Nowakowski P, Kuśnierz S, Sosna P, Mauer J, Maj D (2020) Disposal of personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 pandemic is a challenge for waste collection companies and society: a case study in Poland. Resources 9:116

Nzediegwu C, Chang SX (2020) Improper solid waste management increases potential for COVID-19 spread in developing countries resources. Conservation, and Recycling 161:104947

O’Hearn K et al. (2020) Decontaminating N95 masks with ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) does not impair mask efficacy and safety: a systematic review

OSHA U (2020) COVID-19. https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/covid-19/controlprevention.html#solidwaste. Accessed 5.17.20

Pakravan-Charvadeh MR, Mohammadi-Nasrabadi F, Gholamrezai S, Vatanparast H, Flora C, Nabavi-Pelesaraei A (2020) The short-term effects of COVID-19 outbreak on dietary diversity and food security status of Iranian households (a case study in Tehran province). J Clean Prod:124537

Payne J, McKeown P, Jones MD (2019) A circular economy approach to plastic waste. Polym Degrad Stab 165:170–181

Phan LT, Nguyen TV, Luong QC, Nguyen TV, Nguyen HT, le HQ, Nguyen TT, Cao TM, Pham QD (2020) Importation and human-to-human transmission of a novel coronavirus in Vietnam. N Engl J Med 382:872–874

Pinon A, Vialette M (2018) Survival of viruses in water. Intervirology 61:214–222

Prata JC, Silva ALP, Da Costa JP, Mouneyrac C, Walker TR, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos T (2019) Solutions and integrated strategies for the control and mitigation of plastic and microplastic pollution. Int J Environ Res Public Health 16:2411

Prata JC, Silva AL, Walker TR, Duarte AC, Rocha-Santos T (2020) COVID-19 pandemic repercussions on the use and management of plastics. Environ Sci Technol 54:7760–7765

Price AD et al. (2020) Is the fit of N95 facial masks effected by disinfection? A study of heat and UV disinfection methods using the OSHA protocol fit test medRxiv

Rowan NJ (2019) Pulsed light as an emerging technology to cause disruption for food and adjacent industries–quo vadis? Trends Food Sci Technol 88:316–332

Rowan NJ, Laffey JG (2020a) Challenges and solutions for addressing critical shortage of supply chain for personal and protective equipment (PPE) arising from coronavirus disease (COVID19) pandemic–case study from the Republic of Ireland. Sci Total Environ:138532

Rowan NJ, Laffey JG (2020b) Unlocking the surge in demand for personal and protective equipment (PPE) and improvised face coverings arising from coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic–implications for efficacy, re-use and sustainable waste management. Sci Total Environ:142259

Rutz C et al (2020) COVID-19 lockdown allows researchers to quantify the effects of human activity on wildlife. Nat Ecol Evol 4:1156–1159

Ryan PG, Maclean K, Weideman EA (2020) The impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on urban street litter in South Africa. Environmental Processes 7:1303–1312

Saadat S, Rawtani D, Hussain CM (2020) Environmental perspective of COVID-19. Sci Total Environ:138870

Scaraboto D, Joubert A, Gonzalez-Arcos C (2020) Using lots of plastic packaging during the coronavirus crisis? You’re not alone. Conversation 668:1077–1093

Severo EA, De Guimarães JCF, Dellarmelin ML (2020) Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on environmental awareness, sustainable consumption and social responsibility: evidence from generations in Brazil and Portugal. J Clean Prod:124947

Shah SAA, Longsheng C, Solangi YA, Ahmad M, Ali S (2020) Energy trilemma based prioritization of waste-to-energy technologies: implications for post-COVID-19 green economic recovery in Pakistan. J Clean Prod:124729

Sharma HB, Vanapalli KR, Cheela VRS, Ranjan VP, Jaglan AK, Dubey B, Goel S, Bhattacharya J (2020) Challenges, opportunities, and innovations for effective solid waste management during and post COVID-19 pandemic. Resour Conserv Recycl 162:105052

Shen M, Song B, Zeng G, Zhang Y, Huang W, Wen X, Tang W (2020) Are biodegradable plastics a promising solution to solve the global plastic pollution? Environ Pollut:114469

Silva ALP, Prata JC, Walker TR, Duarte AC, Ouyang W, Barcelò D, Rocha-Santos T (2020) Increased plastic pollution due to COVID-19 pandemic: challenges and recommendations. Chem Eng J:126683

Sim K, Chua HC, Vieta E, Fernandez G (2020) The anatomy of panic buying related to the current COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry Res 288:113015

Singh SH (2020) Lockdown helps bring back plastic bags. The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/lockdown-helps-bring-back-plastic-bags/article31381638.ece. Accessed 13 July 2020

Singh N, Tang Y, Ogunseitan OA (2020a) Environmentally sustainable management of used personal protective equipment. Environ Sci Technol 54:8500–8502

Singh N, Tang Y, Zhang Z, Zheng C (2020b) COVID-19 waste management: effective and successful measures in Wuhan. China Resources, Conservation, and Recycling 163:105071

SNPA (2020) CoViD-19 emergency: SNPA indications on waste management. Sistema Nazionale per la Protezione dell'Ambiente (ITALY). https://www.snpambiente.it/2020/03/24/emergenza-covid-19-indicazionisnpa-sulla-gestione-dei-rifiuti/. Accessed 5.17.20

Sogancioglu M, Yel E, Ahmetli G (2017) Pyrolysis of waste high density polyethylene (HDPE) and low density polyethylene (LDPE) plastics and production of epoxy composites with their pyrolysis chars. J Clean Prod 165:369–381

Somani M, Srivastava AN, Gummadivalli SK, Sharma A (2020) Indirect implications of COVID-19 towards sustainable environment: an investigation in Indian context. Bioresource Technology Reports 11:100491

Song W, Pan B, Kan H, Xu Y, Yi Z (2020) Evaluation of heat inactivation of virus contamination on medical mask. J Microbes Infections 15:31–35

Sousa AF et al (2015) Biobased polyesters and other polymers from 2, 5-furandicarboxylic acid: a tribute to furan excellency. Polym Chem 6:5961–5983

Tabish M et al (2020) Approaches for prevention and environmental management of novel COVID-19. Environ Sci Pollut Res:1–11

Tenenbaum L (2020) The amount of plastic waste is surging because of the coronavirus pandemic Forbes URL: https://www.forbes.com/sites/lauratenenbaum/2020/04/25/plastic-waste-during-the-time-of-covid-19

Thakur V (2020) Framework for PESTEL dimensions of sustainable healthcare waste management: learnings from COVID-19 outbreak. J Clean Prod:125562

Thakur V, Mangla SK, Tiwari B (2020) Managing healthcare waste for sustainable environmental development: a hybrid decision approach. Bus Strateg Environ

Tirkolaee EB, Abbasian P, Weber G-W (2020a) Sustainable fuzzy multi-trip location-routing problem for medical waste management during the COVID-19 outbreak. Sci Total Environ:143607

Tirkolaee EB, Mahdavi I, Esfahani MMS, Weber G-W (2020b) A robust green location-allocation-inventory problem to design an urban waste management system under uncertainty. Waste Manag 102:340–350

UN (2020) Waste Management during the COVID-19 Pandemic Available from: https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/waste-management-during-covid-19-pandemic-response-recovery

UNEP (2020) BASEL:waste management an essential public service in the fight to beat COVID-19. . The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and The Basel Convention. http://www.basel.int/Implementation/PublicAwareness/PressReleases/WastemanagementandCOVID19/tabid/8376/Default.aspx. Accessed 5.17.20

USEPA (2020) Recycling and sustainable management of food during the coronavirus (COVID-19) public health emergency. https://www.epa.gov/coronavirus/recycling-and-sustainablemanagement-food-during-coronavirus-covid-19-public-health. 25 May 2020

Van Doremalen N et al (2020) Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med 382:1564–1567

Vanapalli KR, Sharma HB, Ranjan VP, Samal B, Bhattacharya J, Dubey BK, Goel S (2020) Challenges and strategies for effective plastic waste management during and post COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Total Environ 750:141514

Varbanov PS, Jia X, Lim JS (2020) Process assessment, integration and optimisation: the path towards cleaner production. J Clean Prod:124602

Veronesi P, Leonelli C, Moscato U, Cappi A, Figurelli O (2005) Non-incineration microwave assisted sterilization of medical waste. J Microw Power Electromagn Energy 40:211–218

Vollmer I et al (2020) Beyond mechanical recycling: giving new life to plastic waste. Angew Chem Int Ed 59:15402–15423

Voudrias EA (2016) Technology selection for infectious medical waste treatment using the analytic hierarchy process. J Air Waste Manage Assoc 66:663–672

Wang J et al (2020a) Disinfection technology of hospital wastes and wastewater: suggestions for disinfection strategy during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in China. Environ Pollut:114665

Wang L, Wu W-M, Bolan NS, Tsang DC, Li Y, Qin M, Hou D (2020b) Environmental fate, toxicity and risk management strategies of nanoplastics in the environment: current status and future perspectives. J Hazard Mater 401:123415

WHO (2020) Water, sanitation, hygiene, and Waste Management For the COVID-19 virus: Interim guidance. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331846/WHO-2019-nCoV-IPC_WASH-2020.3-eng.pdf. Accessed 4.30.20

WIEGO (2020) Informal worker demands during COVID-19 crisis. https://www.wiego.org/informal-workerdemands-during-covid-19-crisis. 25 May 2020

Wilson DC et al (2015) Global waste management outlook. UNEP

Yao B-G, Wang Y-x, Ye X-Y, Zhang F, Peng Y-L (2019) Impact of structural features on dynamic breathing resistance of healthcare face mask. Sci Total Environ 689:743–753

Yin S, Rajarao R, Sahajwalla V (2018) Thermal transformation of metallized plastic packaging waste into value-added Al/Al3C4/AlN resources. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 7:1723–1733

Yunus AP, Masago Y, Hijioka Y (2020) COVID-19 and surface water quality: improved lake water quality during the lockdown. Sci Total Environ:139012

Zambrano-Monserrate MA, Ruano MA, Sanchez-Alcalde L (2020) Indirect effects of COVID-19 on the environment. Sci Total Environ:138813

Zhang Y et al (2018) Effect of the aerosol-phase state on secondary organic aerosol formation from the reactive uptake of isoprene-derived epoxydiols (IEPOX). Environ Sci Technol Lett 5:167–174

Zhang H, Tang W, Chen Y, Yin W (2020) Disinfection threatens aquatic ecosystems. Science 368:146–147

Zhao B, O'Connor D, Zhang J, Peng T, Shen Z, Tsang DC, Hou D (2018) Effect of pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, and residence time on rapeseed stem derived biochar. J Clean Prod 174:977–987