Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis: Update on Diagnosis and Management
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ferro JM, Correia M, Pontes C, for the Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Portuguese Collaboration Study Group (VENOPORT), et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis in Portugal 1980–98. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2001;11:177–82.
Coutinho JM, Zuurbier SM, Aramideh M, Stam J. The incidence of cerebral venous thrombosis: a cross-sectional study. Stroke. 2012;43:3375–7. A well designed cross-sectional epidemiological study performed in the Netherlands showing a incidence of CVT of 1.32/100 000/year.
Ferro JM, Canhão P, Stam J, ISCVT Investigators, et al. Prognosis of cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis: results of the International Study on Cerebral Vein and Dural Sinus Thrombosis (ISCVT). Stroke. 2004;35:664–70.
Biousse V, Conard J, Brouzes C. Frequency of 20210 GA mutation in the 3′- untranslated region of the prothrombin gene in 35 cases of cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke. 1998;29:1398–400.
Martinelli I, Sacchi E, Landi G, et al. High risk of cerebral-vein thrombosis in carriers of prothrombin-gene mutation and in users of oral contraceptives. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1793–7.
Deschiens MA, Conard J, Horellou MH, et al. Coagulation studies, factor V Leiden, and anticardiolipin antibodies in 40 cases of cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke. 1996;27:1724–30.
Zuber M, Toulon P, Marnet L, et al. Factor V Leiden mutation in cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke. 1996;27:1721–3.
Lauw MN, Barco S, Coutinho JM, Middeldorp S. Cerebral venous thrombosis and thrombophilia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2013;39:913–27.
Gouveia LO, Canhão P. Allele 677T MTHFR: Prothrombotic risk factor for cerebral venous thrombosis? A meta-analysis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;25:152–3.
Marjot T, Yadav S, Hasan N, et al. Genes associated with adult cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke. 2011;42:913–8. A systematic review of studies investigating the association of CVT with different genetic mutations, showing that genes in the clotting cascade are more important in venous than in arterial stroke.
Khealani BA, Wasay M, Saadah M, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis. A descriptive multicenter study of patients in Pakistan and Middle East. Stroke. 2008;39:2707–11.
Khan M, Wasay M, Menon B, et al. Pregnancy and puerperium-related strokes in Asian women. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;22:1393–8. A multicentre retrospective study in Asia showing that CVT is an important contributor to pregnancy-related strokes.
Edris F, Kerner CM, Feyles V, et al. Successful management of an extensive intracranial sinus thrombosis in a patient undergoing IVF: case report and review of the literature. Fertil Steril. 2007;88:705.e9-14.
Saadatnia M, Fatehi F, Basiri K, et al. Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis risk factors. Int J Stroke. 2009;4:111–23.
Canhão P, Abreu LF, Ferro JM, ISCVT Investigators, et al. Safety of lumbar puncture in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis. Eur J Neurol. 2013;20:1075–80. This nested case control study shows that it is safe to perform a lumbar puncture in patients with CVT.
Biousse V, Ameri A, Bousser MG. Isolated intracranial hypertension as the only sign of cerebral venous thrombosis. Neurology. 1999;53:1537–42.
Geraldes R, Sousa PR, Fonseca AC, et al. Nontraumatic convexity subarachnoid hemorrhage: different etiologies and outcomes. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;23:e23–30.
Cumurciuc R, Crassard I, Sarov M, et al. Headache as the only neurological sign of cerebral venous thrombosis: a series of 17 cases. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:1084–7.
Lopes MG, Ferro J, Pontes C, for the Venoport Investigators, et al. Headache and cerebral venous thrombosis. Cephalalgia. 2000;20:292.
De Bruijn SF, Stam J, Kappelle LJ, CVST Study Group. Thunderclap headache as first symptom of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Lancet. 1996;348:1623–5.
Sharma B, Satija V, Dubey P, Panagariya A. Subarchnoid haemorrhage with transient ischemic attack: another masquerade in cerebral venous thrombosis. Indian J Med Sci. 2010;64:85–9.
Martins IP, Sá J, Pereira RC, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis – May mimic migraine with aura. Headache Q. 2001;12:121–4.
Ferro JM, Canhão P, Bousser MG, et al. ISCVT Investigators. Cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis in elderly patients. Stroke. 2005;36:1927–32.
Ferro JM, Lopes MG, Rosas MJ, VENOPORT Investigators, et al. Delay in hospital admission of patients with cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2005;19:152–6.
Ferro JM, Canhão P, Bousser MG, ISCVT Investigators, et al. Delay in the diagnosis of cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis (CVT). Influence on outcome. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;25 suppl 2:17.
Jacobs K, Moulin T, Bogousslavsky J, et al. The stroke syndrome of cortical vein thrombosis. Neurology. 1996;47:376–82.
Cakmak S, Hermier M, Montavon A, et al. T2*-weighted MRI in cortical venous thrombosis. Neurology. 2004;63:1698.
Duncan IC, Fourie PA. Imaging of cerebral isolated cortical vein thrombosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2005;184:1317–9.
Buonanno F, Moody DM, Ball MR, et al. Computed cranial tomographic findings in cerebral sino-venous occlusion. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1978;2:281–90.
Ozsvath RR, Casey SO, Lustrin ES, et al. Cerebral venography: comparison of CT and MR projection venography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1997;169:1699–707.
Rodallec MH, Krainik A, Feydy A, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis and multidetector CT angiography: tips and tricks. RadioGraphics. 2006;26:S5–S18.
Wetzel SG, Kirsch E, Stock KW. Cerebral veins: comparative study of CT venography with intra-arterial digital subtraction angiography. Am J Neuroradiol. 1999;20:249–55.
Dormont D, Anxionnat R, Evrard S, et al. MRI in cerebral venous thrombosis. J Neuroradiol. 1994;21:81–99.
Isensee C, Reul J, Thron A. Magnetic resonance imaging of thrombosed dural sinuses. Stroke. 1994;25:29–34.
Leach JL, Wolujewics M, Strub WM. Partially recanalized chronic dural sinus thrombosis: findings on MR imaging, time-of-flight MR Venography, and contrast-enhancement venography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2007;28:782–9.
Selim M, Fink J, Linfante I, et al. Diagnosis of cerebral venous thrombosis with echo-planar T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Neurol. 2002;59:1021–6.
Fellner FA, Fellner C, Aichner FT, et al. Importance of T2*- weighted gradient-echo MRI for diagnosis of cortical vein thrombosis. Eur J Neurol. 2005;56:235–9.
Idbaih A, Boukobza M, Crassard I, et al. MRI of clot in cerebral venous thrombosis: high diagnostic value of susceptibility-weighted images. Stroke. 2006;37:991–5.
Ducreux D, Oppenheim C, Vandamme X, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging patterns of brain damage associated with cerebral venous thrombosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22:261–8.
Ayanzen RH, Bird CR, Keller PJ, et al. Cerebral MR venography: normal anatomy and potential diagnostic pitfalls. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21:74–8.
Crassard I, Soria C, Tzourio C, et al. A negative D-dimer assay does not rule out cerebral venous thrombosis: a series of seventy-three patients. Stroke. 2005;36:1716–9.
Dentali F, Squizzato A, Marchesi C, et al. D-dimer testing in the diagnosis of cerebral vein thrombosis: a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the literature. J Thromb Haemost. 2012;10:582–9. A detailed systematic review depicting the value and limitations of D-Dimer testing to screen for CVT.
Dentali F, Gianni M, Crowther MA, et al. Natural history of cerebral vein thrombosis: a systematic review. Blood. 2006;108:1129–34.
Ferro JM, Bacelar-Nicolau H, Rodrigues T, ISCVT and VENOPORT investigators, et al. Risk score to predict the outcome of patients with cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;28:39–44.
Canhão P, Ferro JM, Lindgren AG, ISCVT Investigators, et al. Causes and predictors of death in cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke. 2005;36:1720–5.
Diaz JM, Schiffman JS, Urban ES, et al. Superior sagittal sinus thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a syndrome rediscovered. Acta Neurol Scand. 1992;86:390–6.
Miranda B, Ferro JM, Canhão P, ISCVT Investigators, et al. Venous thromboembolic events after cerebral vein thrombosis. Stroke. 2010;41:1901–6.
Martinelli I, Bucciarelli P, Passamonti SM, et al. Long-term evaluation of the risk of recurrence after cerebral sinus-venous thrombosis. Circulation. 2010;121:2740–6.
Ferro JM, Correia M, Rosas MJ, et al. Cerebral Venous Thrombosis Portuguese Collaborative Study Group [Venoport]. Seizures in cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;15:78–83.
Purvin VA, Trobe JD, Kosmorsky G. Neuro-ophthalmic features of cerebral venous obstruction. Arch Neurol. 1995;52:880–5.
Buccino G, Scoditti U, Patteri I, et al. Neurological and cognitive long-term outcome in patients with cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Acta Neurol Scand. 2003;107:330–5.
de Bruijn SF, Budde M, Teunisse S, et al. Long-term outcome of cognition and functional health after cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. Neurology. 2000;54:1687–9.
Bugnicourt JM, Guegan-Massardier E, Roussel M, et al. Cognitive impairment after cerebral venous thrombosis: a two-center study. J Neurol. 2013;260:1324–31. A detailed neuropsychological study in two French centers showing that cognitive impairment persists in up to 1/3 of cases of CVT and is associated with failure to return to full-time employment.
Baumgartner RW, Studer A, Arnold M, et al. Recanalisation of cerebral venous thrombosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003;74:459–61.
Strupp M, Covi M, Seelos K, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis: correlation between recanalization and clinical outcome – a long-term follow-up of 40 patients. J Neurol. 2002;249:1123–4.
Favrole P, Guichard JP, Crassard I, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging of intravascular clots in cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke. 2004;35:99–103.
Einhäupl K, Stam J, Bousser MG, et al. European Federation of Neurological Societies. EFNS guideline on the treatment of cerebral venous and sinus thrombosis in adult patients. Eur J Neurol. 2010;17:1229–35.
Saposnik G, Barinagarrementeria F, Brown Jr RD, et al. American heart association stroke council and the council on epidemiology and prevention. Diagnosis and management of cerebral venous thrombosis: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2011;42:1158–92. A detailed and comprehensive guideline for the diagnosis and management of CVT.
Einhäupl KM, Villringer A, Meister W, et al. Heparin treatment in sinus venous thrombosis. Lancet. 1991;338:597–600.
De Bruijn SF, Stam J. CVST study group. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of anticoagulant treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin for cerebral sinus thrombosis. Stroke. 1999;30:484–8.
Stam J, de Bruijn SF, deVeber G. Anticoagulation for cerebral sinus thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;8:CD002005. Anticoagulant treatment for CVT appears to be safe and is associated with an important reduction in the risk of death or dependency.
Cundiff DK. Anticoagulants for cerebral venous thrombosis: harmful to patients? Stroke. 2014;45:298–304.
Coutinho JM, Bousser MG, Stam J. Response to evidence-basis for anticoagulants for cerebral sinus venous thrombosis? Stroke. 2013;44:e68.
Wingerchuk DM, Wijdicks EF, Fulgham JR. Cerebral venous thrombosis complicated by hemorrhagic infarction: factors affecting the initiation and safety of anticoagulation. Cerebrovasc Dis. 1998;8:25–30.
Ghandehari K, Riasi HR, Noureddine A, et al. Safety assessment of anticoagulation therapy in patients with hemorrhagic cerebral venous thrombosis. Iran J Neurol. 2013;12:87–91. An Iranian prospective single center series of 102 CVT patients with hemorrhagic brain lesions of whom 52 were anticoagulated. Clinical course was similar in anticoagulated and non anticoagulated patients, a finding which supports the safety of anticoagulation in CVT patients with hemorrhagic brain lesions.
Coutinho JM, Ferro JM, Canhão P, ISCVT Investigators, et al. Unfractionated or low-molecular weight heparin for the treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke. 2010;41:2575–80.
Misra UK, Kalita J, Chandra S, et al. Low molecular weight heparin versus unfractionated heparin in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: a randomized controlled trial. Eur J Neurol. 2012;19:1030–6. A RCT performed in India comparing the outcome of 32 acute CVT patients randomized to low molecular weight heparin or unfractionated heparin. Low molecular weight heparin resulted in significantly lower hospital mortality.
Canhão P, Falcão F, Ferro JM. Thrombolytics for cerebral sinus thrombosis: a systematic review. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2003;15:159–66.
Dentali F, Squizzato A, Gianni M, et al. Safety of thrombolysis in cerebral venous thrombosis. A systematic review of the literature. Thromb Haemost. 2010;104:10551062.
Stam J, Majoie BLM, van Delden OM, et al. Endovascular thrombectomy and thrombolysis for severe cerebral sinus thrombosis: a prospective study. Stroke. 2008;39:1487–90.
Coutinho JM, Ferro JM, Zuurbier SM, et al. Thrombolysis or anticoagulation for cerebral venous thrombosis: rationale and design of the TO-ACT trial. Int J Stroke. 2013;8:135–40. Description of the protocol of the TO-ACT trial comparing anticoagulation with thrombolysis in patients with severe acute CVT.
Hon SF, Li HL, Cheng PW. Use of direct thrombin inhibitor for treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;21:915.e11-5.
Canhão P, Cortesão A, Cabral M, for the ISCVT investigators, et al. Are steroids useful to treat cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke. 2008;39:105–10.
Théaudin M, Crassard I, Bresson D, et al. Should decompressive surgery be performed in malignant cerebral venous thrombosis? a series of 12 patients. Stroke. 2010;41:727–31.
Ferro JM, Crassard I, Coutinho JM, Second International Study on Cerebral Vein and Dural Sinus Thrombosis (ISCVT 2) Investigators, et al. Decompressive surgery in cerebrovenous thrombosis: a multicenter registry and a systematic review of individual patient data. Stroke. 2011;42:2825–31. A retrospective multicentre registry of 38 patients and a meta-analysis of individual patient data from 31 published cases showing that decompressive surgery (craniectomy or hematoma evacuation) is life saving in acute CVT patients with large brain lesions and impending herniation, and often results in favourable outcome, even in patients with severe clinical condition.
Rajan Vivakaran TT, Srinivas D, Kulkarni GB, Somanna S. The role of decompressive craniectomy in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis. J Neurosurg. 2012;117:738–44. In this Indian single center experience, 26/34 acute CVT patients treated with decompressive surgery had a good outcome.
Aaron S, Alexander M, Moorthy RK, et al. Decompressive craniectomy in cerebral venous thrombosis: a single centre experience. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84:995–1000. An impressive series of 44 CVT patients treated with decompressive surgery in a single center in India, with very good outcomes.
Lobo S, Ferro JM, Barinagarrementeria F, et al. Shunting in acute cerebral venous thrombosis: a systematic review. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;37:38–42. This case series and systematic review shows that shunting alone does not appear to be effective in preventing death due to herniation in acute CVT patients.
Higgins JN, Owler BK, Cousins C, et al. Venous sinus stenting for refractory bening intracranial hypertension. Lancet. 2002;359:228–30.
Murdock J, Tzu JH, Schatz NJ, Lee WW. Optic nerve sheath fenestration for the treatment of papilledema secondary to cerebral venous thrombosis. J Neuroophthalmol. 2014;34:67–9.
Ferro JM, Canhão P, Bousser MG, ISCVT Investigators, et al. Early seizures in cerebral vein and dural sinus thrombosis: risk factors and role of antiepileptics. Stroke. 2008;39:1152–8.
Horga A, Santamaria E, Quinlez A, et al. Cerebral venous thrombosis associated with repeated use of emergency contraception. Eur J Neurol. 2007;14:e-5.
Ciron JK, Godenèche G, Vandamme X, et al. Obstetrical outcome of young women with a past history of cerebral venous thrombosis. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;36:55–61. A multicentre French study of 45 pregnancies in 24 women with a past history of CVT. The study confirms that CVT is not a contraindication for future pregnancies.