Central venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference combined with arterial-to-venous oxygen content difference (PcvaCO2/CavO2) reflects microcirculatory oxygenation alterations in early septic shock

Dellinger, 2013, Surviving Sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock, 2012, Intensive Care Med, 39, 165, 10.1007/s00134-012-2769-8 Cecconi, 2014, Consensus on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring. Task force of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, Intensive Care Med, 40, 1795, 10.1007/s00134-014-3525-z PRISM Investigators, 2017, Early, goal-directed therapy for septic shock - a patient-level meta-analysis, N Engl J Med, 376, 2223, 10.1056/NEJMoa1701380 Perner, 2017, The intensive care medicine research agenda on septic shock, Intensive Care Med, 43, 1294, 10.1007/s00134-017-4821-1 Legrand, 2018, Could resuscitation be based on microcirculation data? Yes, Intensive Care Med, 10.1007/s00134-018-5121-0 De Backer, 2014, Pathophysiology of microcirculatory dysfunction and the pathogenesis of septic shock, Virulence, 5, 73, 10.4161/viru.26482 Gruartmoner, 2017, Microcirculatory monitoring in septic patients: where do we stand?, Med Intensiva, 41, 44, 10.1016/j.medin.2016.11.011 Lamia, 2006, Meaning of arterio-venous PCO2 difference in circulatory shock, Minerva Anestesiol, 72, 604 Ospina-Tascón, 2016, Can venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide differences reflect microcirculatory alterations in patients with septic shock?, Intensive Care Med, 42, 211, 10.1007/s00134-015-4133-2 Mekontso-Dessap, 2002, Combination of venoarterial PCO2 difference with arteriovenous O2 content difference to detect anaerobic metabolism in patients, Intensive Care Med, 28, 272, 10.1007/s00134-002-1215-8 Mesquida, 2015, Central venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference combined with arterial-to-venous oxygen content difference is associated with lactate evolution in the hemodynamic resuscitation process in early septic shock, Crit Care, 19, 126, 10.1186/s13054-015-0858-0 Monnet, 2013, Lactate and venoarterial carbon dioxide difference/arterial-venous oxygen difference ratio, but not central venous oxygen saturation, predict increase in oxygen consumption in fluid responders, Crit Care Med, 41, 1412, 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318275cece von Elm, 2007, Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies, BMJ, 335, 806, 10.1136/bmj.39335.541782.AD Singer, 2016, The third international consensus definitions for Sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3), JAMA, 315, 801, 10.1001/jama.2016.0287 Monnet, 2011, Precision of the transpulmonary thermodilution measurements, Crit Care, 15, R204, 10.1186/cc10421 Douglas, 1998, Calculation of whole blood CO2 content, J Appl Physiol, 65, 473, 10.1152/jappl.1988.65.1.473 Gómez, 2009, Characterization of tissue oxygen saturation and the vascular occlusion test: influence of measurement sites, probe sizes and deflation thresholds, Crit Care, 13, S3, 10.1186/cc8001 Mesquida, 2013, Skeletal muscle oxygen saturation (StO2) measured by near-infrared spectroscopy in the critically ill patients, Biomed Res Int, 2013, 10.1155/2013/502194 Skarda, 2007, Dynamic near-infrared spectroscopy measurements in patients with severe sepsis, Shock, 27, 348, 10.1097/01.shk.0000239779.25775.e4 Vallée, 2008, Central venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference: an additional target for goal-directed therapy in septic shock?, Intensive Care Med, 34, 2218, 10.1007/s00134-008-1199-0 van Beest, 2013, Central venous-arterial pCO2 difference as a tool in resuscitation of septic patients, Intensive Care Med, 39, 1034, 10.1007/s00134-013-2888-x Ospina-Tascon, 2013, Persistently high venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide differences during early resuscitation are associated with poor outcomes in septic shock, Crit Care, 17, R294, 10.1186/cc13160 Soller, 2008, Oxygen saturation determined from deep muscle, not thenar tissue, is an early indicator of central hypovolemia in humans, Crit Care Med, 36, 176, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000295586.83787.7E Bartels, 2011, Multi-site and multi-depth near-infrared spectroscopy in a model of simulated (central) hypovolemia: lower body negative pressure, Intensive Care Med, 37, 671, 10.1007/s00134-010-2128-6 Soller, 2008, Noninvasively determined muscle oxygen saturation is an early indicator of central hypovolemia in humans, J Appl Physiol, 104, 475, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00600.2007 Ospina-Tascon, 2015, Combination of arterial lactate levels and venous-arterial CO2 to arterial-venous O2 content difference ratio as markers of resuscitation in patients with septic shock, Intensive Care Med, 41, 796, 10.1007/s00134-015-3720-6 Doerschug, 2007, Impairment in microvascular reactivity are related to organ failure in human sepsis, Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol, 293, H1065, 10.1152/ajpheart.01237.2006 Mesquida, 2012, Prognostic implications of tissue oxygen saturation in human septic shock, Intensive Care Med, 38, 592, 10.1007/s00134-012-2491-6 Saludes, 2017, Central venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference and the effect of venous hyperoxia: a limiting factor, or an additional marker of severity in shock?, J Clin Monit Comput, 31, 1203, 10.1007/s10877-016-9954-1 Mesquida, 2018, Respiratory quotient estimations as additional prognostic tools in early septic shock, J Clin Monit Comput, 32, 1065, 10.1007/s10877-018-0113-8 Mallat, 2015, Repeatability of blood gas parameters, PCO2 gap, and PCO2 gap to arterial-to-venous oxygen content difference in critically ill adult patients, Medicine, 94, e415, 10.1097/MD.0000000000000415